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Notes/Persian/The condition of Persian-speaking society (موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان)
Notes · PersianUK · A-Levels

The condition of Persian-speaking society (موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان)

This topic carries Edexcel's third theme, موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان, the condition and the varied aspects of Persian-speaking society. Theme 3 is the second of the two themes the specification describes as covering society past and present, which is why it sits in the second of the two social issues and trends slots; like Themes 1 and 4 it is set in the context of Iran only. Its first sub-theme is شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی, participation in environmental questions, with three aspects: changing attitudes to environmental questions, the acceptance of different kinds of energy, and pollution and its effect on Iranian society. Its second sub-theme is گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه, tourism and its effect on society, and it is worth counting its aspects yourself, because it has four rather than the usual three: cultural and natural tourist attractions, sites registered by UNESCO and the importance of preserving them, the effect of tourism on society, and the role of government. The research subject is انتظارات زنان در جامعه, women's expectations in society, with access to education, movement towards equality, and women's participation in the advancement of the arts. That last aspect collides with the Paper 2 works list in a way this topic flags explicitly, because three of the six works in Appendix 1 are by women.

5 sections·~35 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Foundation 1 · Standard 2 · Advanced 2

T·0222 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Persian about environment, heritage and societyAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Persian of documentary and journalistic registerAO3 · Manipulate Persian accurately, using environmental and civic vocabulary and complex structuresAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, Iranian society and its debates
Operators:شرح دهیدتوضیح دهیدتحلیل کنیدمقایسه کنیدارزیابی کنیداستدلال کنیدنتیجه بگیریدترجمه کنید

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate naming and accurate description: the Persian words for pollution, energy, heritage and tourism; two or three Iranian sites that are on the UNESCO list; what a government department for the environment does; and a reasoned personal view written in correct Persian with secure ezafe chains and correct verbal prepositions.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the description handled as argument. Which environmental claims are measurements, which are projections, and which are policy positions? What does preserving a site actually cost, and who bears the cost? On the research subject, which statements about women's lives in Iran are documented facts, which are contested assessments, and whose assessments are they? Answers must attribute every evaluation, must present the range of views held inside Iran rather than only those held about it, and must use the passive, the subjunctive and subordination deliberately.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. The condition of Persian-speaking society (موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان)
    • 01The shape of Theme Three, and counting its aspects (موضوع سوم)○
    • 02Attitudes, energy and pollution (شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی)◐
    • 03Tourism, heritage and the role of government (گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه)◐
    • 04Access to education and movement towards equality (انتظارات زنان در جامعه)●
    • 05Women and the arts, and a collision with Paper 2 (مشارکت زنان در پیشبرد هنر)●
§ 01

The shape of Theme Three, and counting its aspects (موضوع سوم)#

●○○FoundationLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبانLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section A (translation into English)

The shape of Theme Three, with its uneven branch

Theme Three: the branch with four aspectsProbability tree, 10 paths, Data: Environment → Attitudes; Environment → Energy types; Environment → Pollution; Tourism → Attractions; Tourism → UNESCO sites; Tourism → Social effect; Tourism → Role of the state; Research: women → Education access; Research: women → Toward equality; Research: women → Women in the artsEnvironmentTourismResearch: womenTheme ThreeAttitudesEnergy typesPollutionAttractionsUNESCO sitesSocial effectRole of the stateEducation accessToward equalityWomen in the arts
Fig. 1The same two-sub-themes-plus-research pattern as every theme, but the tourism branch carries four aspects rather than three — which is why it is the emphasised branch here. Count the aspect lines in your own specification for every sub-theme rather than trusting a summary; this specification is not uniform. Labels are English because the figure engine has no bidi handling, and the Persian titles are taught in the prose above.

Key points

Theme 3 has the same architecture as every other theme — two sub-themes plus one research subject, each divided into aspects — but it hides a counting trap that is worth catching at the start of the course. Most sub-themes in this specification have three aspects. گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه has four: جاذبه‌های گردشگری فرهنگی و طبیعی, cultural and natural attractions; سایت‌های ثبت‌شده توسط یونسکو و اهمیت حفظ آن‌ها, sites registered by UNESCO and the importance of preserving them; تأثیر گردشگری بر جامعه, the effect of tourism on society; and نقش دولت, the role of government. Count the aspect lines in your own copy of the specification for every sub-theme you study rather than assuming three, because a revision plan built on the wrong count leaves a hole exactly where a question can land.
The theme's own title is worth unpacking because it is the most abstract of the four. وضعیت is condition or state of affairs; جنبه‌های گوناگون is varied aspects; جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان is Persian-speaking society, with the ezafe on جامعه written ه‌ی and فارسی‌زبان a transparent compound joined by a half-space. Despite that broad title the theme is scoped, like Themes 1 and 4, to Iran only. So فارسی‌زبان here describes the society under study rather than licensing a comparison with Afghanistan or Tajikistan. Getting this right is not pedantry: a candidate who reads the title as an invitation to survey the whole Persian-speaking world will spend words on material that earns nothing.
Build the environmental vocabulary as a field, because it recurs in listening, reading and both translations. The problem words: آلودگی pollution, آلودگی هوا air pollution, پسماند or زباله waste, بازیافت recycling, خشکسالی drought, کم‌آبی water scarcity, ریزگردها airborne dust. The energy words: انرژی energy, نفت oil, گاز gas, انرژی تجدیدپذیر renewable energy, انرژی خورشیدی solar energy, انرژی بادی wind energy, نیروگاه power station. The institutional words: دولت government, سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست the environmental protection organisation, قانون law, سیاست policy, مسئولیت responsibility. And the attitude words the first aspect is actually about: نگرش outlook, آگاهی awareness, مشارکت participation, رفتار behaviour.
One distinction organises the whole first sub-theme and is worth writing into your notes on day one: شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی is about participation, not about the environment as a physical system. The examinable content is what people do and think — whether they sort waste, whether they regard drought as a shared responsibility, whether they accept unfamiliar kinds of energy — and not the hydrology of a lake. An answer that becomes a geography essay has drifted out of the specification. In Persian the move sounds like this: پرسش این نیست که آلودگی چگونه پدید می‌آید، بلکه این است که مردم و نهادها در برابر آن چه می‌کنند — the question is not how pollution arises, but what people and institutions do about it.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: an environmental paragraph into English, watching the passives

Translate into English and justify each choice. «در سال‌های گذشته آگاهی مردم نسبت به مسائل زیست‌محیطی افزایش یافته است. در بسیاری از شهرها زباله‌ها تفکیک می‌شوند و کارگاه‌های آموزشی برگزار می‌گردد، اما کارشناسان می‌گویند که این اقدام‌ها بدون سیاست‌گذاری بلندمدت کافی نیست.»

  1. 01Sentence one: an abstract subject and a perfect

    در سال‌های گذشته آگاهی مردم نسبت به مسائل زیست‌محیطی افزایش یافته است gives: In recent years public awareness of environmental questions has increased. Watch the chain: آگاهی مردم is the awareness of the people, one ezafe link; نسبت به is the fixed preposition with regard to, and it belongs to آگاهی, not to the verb. افزایش یافتن, to increase, is a compound verb in which یافتن carries the inflection; the present perfect یافته است again wants English present perfect because the result stands.

  2. 02Sentence two, first clause: an impersonal passive is not a mystery

    زباله‌ها تفکیک می‌شوند is waste is separated, or waste is sorted. تفکیک شدن is the passive of تفکیک کردن, built with شدن, and the plural verb agrees with زباله‌ها. English will usually prefer the singular mass noun waste, and that is a legitimate translation choice, not a loss. Do not invent an agent: the Persian names none, and adding the council or residents would be an addition the mark scheme has not asked for.

  3. 03Sentence two, second clause: a formal alternative to شدن

    کارگاه‌های آموزشی برگزار می‌گردد is training workshops are held. برگزار گردیدن uses گردیدن rather than شدن as the light verb, and گردیدن is a marker of formal written register — a newspaper or an official notice, not a conversation. The register is information you should carry into English: workshops are held reads better than they do workshops. Note also that the verb is singular although the subject is plural; formal Persian permits singular agreement with inanimate plurals, and it is not an error in the source.

  4. 04The final clause: the hedge is the point of the sentence

    اما کارشناسان می‌گویند که این اقدام‌ها بدون سیاست‌گذاری بلندمدت کافی نیست is but experts say that these measures are not sufficient without long-term policy-making. کارشناسان, experts, is the attribution; سیاست‌گذاری, policy-making, is a compound noun formed from سیاست and the verbal noun گذاری; بلندمدت, long-term, is a transparent compound. This clause reverses the drift of the first two sentences, so an English version that softens اما or drops the attribution has lost the paragraph's argument, and a points-based scheme will notice.

Result: In recent years public awareness of environmental questions has increased. In many cities waste is sorted and training workshops are held, but experts say that these measures are not sufficient without long-term policy-making.

Exam focus

  • Count the aspects in your own specification. Theme 3's tourism sub-theme has four, not three.
  • Iran only, despite the theme title's reference to Persian-speaking society.
  • Keep the first sub-theme on participation and attitude. It is a social theme, not a scientific one.

Typical mistakes

  • Assuming every sub-theme has three aspects. This one does not, and the missing fourth is نقش دولت — a whole examinable strand.
  • Reading فارسی‌زبان as licensing Afghan or Tajik material. Theme 3 is scoped to Iran.
  • Writing زیست محیطی with a space. It is زیست‌محیطی, one compound with a half-space.
  • Turning the environment sub-theme into a science answer. The aspects are about attitude, acceptance and social effect.

Active revision

عنوان موضوع سوم و هر دو زیرموضوع آن را به فارسی بنویسید، سپس شمار جنبه‌های هر زیرموضوع را بشمارید و در یک جمله توضیح دهید که چرا این تفاوت در شمارش برای برنامه‌ی درسی شما اهمیت دارد

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Attitudes, energy and pollution (شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع سوم — شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی: تغییر نگرش نسبت به مسائل زیست‌محیطی؛ پذیرفتن انواع مختلف انرژی؛ آلودگی و تأثیر آن بر جامعه‌ی ایرانLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 2 Section A (translation into Persian)

Key points

The first aspect, تغییر نگرش نسبت به مسائل زیست‌محیطی, asks about a change in outlook, which means you need a before and an after and some way of telling them apart. What can be said flatly is that environmental questions are discussed publicly and often in Iran — in the press, in broadcasting, in schools and by government bodies — and that a state environmental organisation exists with formal responsibilities. What is contested is whether the discussion has changed behaviour. The honest formula is comparative and attributed: بر اساس گزارش‌های خبری، در سال‌های اخیر توجه رسانه‌ها به مسائل زیست‌محیطی بیشتر شده است، هرچند اینکه این توجه رفتار روزمره را تغییر داده باشد، پرسشی جداگانه است. Notice the subjunctive تغییر داده باشد after اینکه: it marks the second clause as a proposition under discussion, not an assertion.
The second aspect, پذیرفتن انواع مختلف انرژی, is about acceptance, which is a social attitude, and not about the physics of generation. Iran holds very large oil and gas reserves, which is a documented fact and the natural starting point; alongside them sit انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر, renewables, of which انرژی خورشیدی and انرژی بادی are the two most discussed, plus hydroelectric generation from the country's dams, سدها, and the separate and politically distinct question of انرژی هسته‌ای, nuclear energy. Where the analysis lives is in the word پذیرفتن: acceptance may be a matter of cost, of familiarity, of trust in the institutions that build the plants, or of national self-image. Naming which kind of acceptance you are discussing is an AO4 move, and it costs one clause.
The third aspect, آلودگی و تأثیر آن بر جامعه‌ی ایران, is the one most heavily reported and therefore the easiest to research honestly. Air quality in large cities, particularly in winter, is a recurrent subject of Iranian reporting; airborne dust, ریزگردها, affects the west and south-west; drought and water scarcity, خشکسالی و کم‌آبی, are discussed nationally, and the shrinking of دریاچه‌ی ارومیه, Lake Urmia, has been the subject of a named restoration programme and of extensive public debate. All of that can be stated as reported fact. What must be attributed is causation and blame, on which Iranian commentators themselves disagree — some emphasising rainfall and climate, others water management, agriculture or dam-building.
The effect on society is where this aspect connects back to the theme's social framing, and it is worth listing the mechanisms rather than gesturing at them: تعطیلی مدارس, school closures on the worst air-quality days; بیماری‌های تنفسی, respiratory illness; مهاجرت, movement away from the worst-affected districts; and هزینه‌های درمان, treatment costs. Each of those is a social effect you can evidence from Persian-language reporting without a single fabricated number, and together they turn a description of pollution into an analysis of its consequences — which is exactly what تأثیر آن بر جامعه asks for.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: an English environmental paragraph into Persian

Translate into Persian and justify each decision. 'Air quality in the largest cities becomes a public issue every winter. Officials point to traffic and to old vehicles; other commentators argue that the problem cannot be solved without changing how the cities themselves are built. Whichever explanation is preferred, the schools close and the hospitals fill.'

  1. 01Sentence one: a habitual present, and a compound verb of becoming

    کیفیت هوا در بزرگ‌ترین شهرها هر زمستان به مسئله‌ای عمومی تبدیل می‌شود. Three things to watch. بزرگ‌ترین is the superlative, ترین with a half-space; superlatives precede the noun in Persian, unlike comparatives. هر زمستان, every winter, needs no preposition. تبدیل شدن به, to turn into, takes به and is the natural rendering of becomes here; مسئله‌ای carries the indefinite ای after a final silent ه, which is the spelling to learn — not مسئله‌ی, which would be an ezafe.

  2. 02Sentence two, first half: attribution with a verb of pointing

    مقام‌های رسمی به ترافیک و خودروهای فرسوده اشاره می‌کنند. اشاره کردن به, to point to or refer to, takes به and no را, because the verb is intransitive with a prepositional complement — a distinction that costs marks when it goes wrong. خودروهای فرسوده, worn-out vehicles, is more idiomatic Persian than a literal old vehicles; فرسوده is a past participle used adjectivally, exactly the use Appendix 2 lists. مقام‌های رسمی is officials; the plural suffix takes the half-space.

  3. 03Sentence two, second half: a negative modal with a subjunctive

    دیگر تحلیل‌گران استدلال می‌کنند که این مشکل بدون تغییر در شیوه‌ی ساخت شهرها حل نمی‌شود. حل شدن is the passive-flavoured intransitive of حل کردن and is the right register for cannot be solved. بدون تغییر در شیوه‌ی ساخت شهرها stacks three ezafe links — the manner of the construction of the cities — and stacking them correctly is precisely what the range strand of AO3 rewards. Note that Persian does not need a modal verb here: the negative present does the work of cannot.

  4. 04Sentence three: a concessive clause and a plain consequence

    هر توضیحی که پذیرفته شود، مدرسه‌ها تعطیل می‌شوند و بیمارستان‌ها پر. هر ... که plus a subjunctive is the standard whichever construction, and پذیرفته شود is a passive subjunctive — whichever explanation is accepted. The second half deliberately ends with an ellipsis of the verb after بیمارستان‌ها پر, which Persian permits when the verb is recoverable; if you prefer the safer version, write بیمارستان‌ها پر می‌شوند. The point of the sentence is rhetorical closure: the consequence holds regardless of which explanation wins, and that is a genuinely analytical move rather than a decorative one.

Result: کیفیت هوا در بزرگ‌ترین شهرها هر زمستان به مسئله‌ای عمومی تبدیل می‌شود. مقام‌های رسمی به ترافیک و خودروهای فرسوده اشاره می‌کنند؛ دیگر تحلیل‌گران استدلال می‌کنند که این مشکل بدون تغییر در شیوه‌ی ساخت شهرها حل نمی‌شود. هر توضیحی که پذیرفته شود، مدرسه‌ها تعطیل می‌شوند و بیمارستان‌ها پر می‌شوند.

Exam focus

  • The aspect is about acceptance and attitude. Say which kind of acceptance — cost, familiarity, trust, self-image — and you are already analysing.
  • Lake Urmia, urban air quality and airborne dust are three well-reported, safely researchable cases. Attribute all causal claims.
  • List the social mechanisms — closures, illness, movement, cost — rather than asserting that pollution harms society.

Typical mistakes

  • Turning the sub-theme into an essay on climate science. The aspects are social: attitude, acceptance, effect.
  • Asserting a single cause for drought or for a lake's decline. Iranian commentators disagree, and saying so is the accurate answer.
  • Confusing انرژی هسته‌ای with انرژی تجدیدپذیر. They are separate categories and separate debates.
  • Writing تجدید پذیر with a space. It is تجدیدپذیر, a compound; the half-space rule applies to the transparent compounds, not to this one, which is written solid.

Active revision

سه جمله بنویسید که هر کدام یکی از سه جنبه‌ی این زیرموضوع را پوشش دهد؛ در جمله‌ی نخست یک واقعیت گزارش‌شده، در جمله‌ی دوم یک ادعای منسوب، و در جمله‌ی سوم یک پیامد اجتماعی مشخص را بیاورید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 03

Tourism, heritage and the role of government (گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع سوم — گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه: جاذبه‌های گردشگری فرهنگی و طبیعی؛ سایت‌های ثبت‌شده توسط یونسکو و اهمیت حفظ آن‌ها؛ تأثیر گردشگری بر جامعه؛ نقش دولتLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section B (reading)

Where the two Theme Three sub-themes meet

Theme Three: where the sub-themes overlapVenn diagram with 2 sets, Environment, TourismEnvironmentTourismPollution,energyAttractionsHeritage, thestate
Fig. 2Environment and tourism look like separate sub-themes until you ask who protects a natural site and who pays for it. The overlap is where the strongest Section C paragraphs are written, because a claim that belongs to both sub-themes can be evidenced twice over. The region labels are kept short because the venn renderer truncates long ones, and they are in English because the figure engine has no bidi handling.

Key points

The first aspect separates جاذبه‌های فرهنگی from جاذبه‌های طبیعی, and the distinction is examinable because the two raise different questions. Cultural attractions in Iran that are safely nameable include تخت جمشید, Persepolis; میدان نقش جهان in اصفهان; the historic city of یزد; the ruins of چغازنبیل; پاسارگاد; and کاخ گلستان in تهران. Natural attractions include کویر لوت, the Lut desert; جنگل‌های هیرکانی, the Hyrcanian forests along the Caspian; and the mountain and coastal landscapes more generally. Learn a small number precisely rather than a long list vaguely — an examiner can tell the difference, and Section B will ask you to write about a text, not to recite a gazetteer.
The second aspect, سایت‌های ثبت‌شده توسط یونسکو و اهمیت حفظ آن‌ها, has two halves and the second half is the analytical one. Iran has a substantial number of properties inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, both cultural and natural, and the list has grown over time; confirm the current entries against UNESCO's own register rather than trusting a revision sheet, because inscriptions are added and the number changes. The examinable question is اهمیت حفظ آن‌ها, the importance of preserving them, and preservation is a question about money, expertise, access and competing use. Who pays for restoration? Does visitor pressure damage what it comes to see? Should a site be adapted for access or left as it is? Those are the questions a top-band answer argues.
The third aspect, تأثیر گردشگری بر جامعه, is where the sub-theme earns its place in a society theme. Effects can be sorted into three columns and sorting them is worth marks: economic — اشتغال employment, درآمد income, سرمایه‌گذاری investment, and the seasonality that makes tourism work insecure; cultural — the revival or the commodification of صنایع دستی handicrafts and of local custom; and social — pressure on مسکن housing and on حمل و نقل transport in small towns near major sites. The honest sentence acknowledges both directions at once: گردشگری هم می‌تواند صنایع دستی محلی را زنده نگه دارد و هم می‌تواند آن‌ها را به کالایی برای فروش سریع تبدیل کند.
The fourth aspect, نقش دولت, is the one candidates most often skip, and it is the one that ties the whole sub-theme together. Government appears here in at least four capacities, and naming them is the structure of a strong paragraph: as regulator, setting what may be built near a protected site; as funder, paying for restoration and for infrastructure; as promoter, marketing the country abroad and issuing visas; and as owner or custodian of many of the sites themselves. In Persian: دولت هم‌زمان نقش قانون‌گذار، سرمایه‌گذار، مبلغ و نگهدارنده را بر عهده دارد، و این نقش‌ها همیشه با یکدیگر سازگار نیستند. That last clause — these roles are not always compatible with one another — is the analytical claim, and it is defensible without a single statistic.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section B: four marks on a heritage text, retrieval then evaluation

Read and answer in Persian. متن: «شهر تاریخی یزد در فهرست میراث جهانی یونسکو ثبت شده است. مسئولان محلی می‌گویند که این ثبت شمار گردشگران را افزایش داده و به اقتصاد شهر کمک کرده است. با این حال، برخی از ساکنان نگران‌اند که بازسازی خانه‌های قدیمی برای اقامتگاه‌های گردشگری، بافت زندگی روزمره را دگرگون کند.» پرسش: بر پایه‌ی متن، ثبت جهانی چه پیامدهایی داشته است؟ پاسخ خود را با ارزیابی کوتاهی به پایان برسانید.

  1. 01Find the two consequences and keep them apart

    The text gives one welcomed consequence and one feared one. Do not merge them. The welcomed one is attributed to مسئولان محلی and is stated as fact by them: more visitors, and help to the city's economy. The feared one is attributed to برخی از ساکنان and is stated as a worry, in the subjunctive: دگرگون کند, might transform. That subjunctive is the single most informative word in the passage, and a candidate who notices it has already found the answer's shape.

  2. 02Write the retrieval half with the attributions intact

    بر پایه‌ی متن، ثبت جهانی دو پیامد داشته است. به گفته‌ی مسئولان محلی، شمار گردشگران بیشتر شده و اقتصاد شهر سود برده است. در برابر، برخی از ساکنان نگران‌اند که تبدیل خانه‌های قدیمی به اقامتگاه گردشگری زندگی روزمره را تغییر دهد. Note سود بردن, to benefit, as a change from the text's کمک کرده است — re-encoding rather than copying. Note also نگران‌اند: the copula ending on an adjective, written with a half-space, and worth getting right because the un-spaced form is a common slip.

  3. 03Add the evaluation, and make it about evidence rather than about taste

    به نظر من دو ادعا از یک جنس نیستند: ادعای نخست درباره‌ی چیزی است که رخ داده و می‌توان آن را سنجید، در حالی که ادعای دوم درباره‌ی چیزی است که ممکن است رخ دهد. This is the evaluative sentence, and it is strong precisely because it does not take sides. One claim is about what has happened and can be measured; the other is about what may happen. سنجید is the past stem of سنجیدن, to measure or assess, and می‌توان plus a past stem is the impersonal one can — an impersonal expression the specification's grammar list names explicitly.

  4. 04Close in one clause, and resist the temptation to add unsourced material

    بنابراین متن نشان می‌دهد که ثبت جهانی هم فرصت است و هم پرسش. Section B is answered from the text. However much you know about Yazd, a sentence bringing in outside information is not what this question is marked on — Section B assesses AO2, understanding of and response to the written source. Save the researched material for Section C, where the AO4 grid explicitly asks for it. The discipline of answering only from the text is one of the most reliable ways to gain marks in this section.

Result: بر پایه‌ی متن، ثبت جهانی دو پیامد داشته است. به گفته‌ی مسئولان محلی، شمار گردشگران بیشتر شده و اقتصاد شهر سود برده است؛ در برابر، برخی از ساکنان نگران‌اند که تبدیل خانه‌های قدیمی به اقامتگاه گردشگری زندگی روزمره را تغییر دهد. به نظر من این دو ادعا از یک جنس نیستند: ادعای نخست درباره‌ی چیزی است که رخ داده و می‌توان آن را سنجید، در حالی که ادعای دوم درباره‌ی چیزی است که ممکن است رخ دهد. بنابراین متن نشان می‌دهد که ثبت جهانی هم فرصت است و هم پرسش.

Exam focus

  • Learn a handful of Iranian sites precisely, with the correct Persian spelling. Precision beats length.
  • Treat اهمیت حفظ آن‌ها as an argument about cost, access and competing use, not as a sentiment.
  • Do not skip نقش دولت. Regulator, funder, promoter, custodian — four capacities, one paragraph, and a tension between them.

Typical mistakes

  • Quoting a number of Iranian UNESCO sites from memory. The list grows; say that it has grown and check the current register.
  • Writing گردشگری and توریسم as if they were different concepts. گردشگری is the standard Persian term; توریسم is a loan and reads as less formal.
  • Presenting tourism as unambiguously good or unambiguously damaging. The aspect asks for تأثیر, effect, and effects run both ways.
  • Confusing ثبت‌شده, registered, with ساخته‌شده, built. A registered site is one that has been inscribed, not one that has been constructed.

Active revision

یک بند صد و پنجاه کلمه‌ای درباره‌ی نقش دولت در گردشگری بنویسید که هر چهار نقش قانون‌گذار، سرمایه‌گذار، مبلغ و نگهدارنده را نام ببرد و در پایان یک تنش میان دو تا از این نقش‌ها را توضیح دهد

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 04

Access to education and movement towards equality (انتظارات زنان در جامعه)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع سوم، موضوع تحقیق — انتظارات زنان در جامعه: دسترسی به آموزش؛ حرکت به سوی برابریLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 3 Section B (listening, reading and writing)

Key points

This research subject is politically contested in and about Iran, and the specification itself warns teachers to weigh cultural sensitivities when guiding a student's choice. That is not a reason to avoid it; it is a reason to write about it with more discipline than about anything else in the course. The rules that make an answer defensible are simple and they are the same rules the AO4 grid rewards. Write about what is documented. Attribute every assessment to whoever makes it. Present the range of views held inside Iran, in Persian, by Iranians — not only the views held about Iran from outside. Mark your own judgement as your own. And do not editorialise about the state: the aspects are about women's expectations, access and participation, and an answer that becomes a verdict on a government has left the question.
The first aspect is دسترسی به آموزش, access to education. What can be stated flatly is institutional: education is compulsory at the primary stage; girls and boys attend school; the national university entrance examination, کنکور, is open to women; and it is widely reported, including in Iranian official statements and in the Iranian press, that women make up a very large share of university entrants and of graduates in several fields. Do not attach a percentage to that last statement in the examination. What is argued about, in Iran, is what follows from it: whether high participation in education has translated into comparable participation in employment, whether access is even across provinces and social classes, and whether particular fields of study have at times been more or less open. Each of those is a separate question with separate evidence.
The second aspect is حرکت به سوی برابری, movement towards equality, and the noun حرکت is doing careful work: it names a direction of travel rather than an achieved state, and your answer should keep that shape. There is a long, publicly documented history of Iranian women's activity in this area — women's periodicals, campaigns over legal questions, women in the professions, women in local and national institutions — and there is a wide range of positions among Iranians themselves about what equality should mean and how it should be pursued, including religious arguments for reform, secular arguments for reform, and arguments against particular changes. Representing that range accurately is the single strongest thing you can do here. In Persian: در ایران دیدگاه‌های گوناگونی درباره‌ی معنای برابری و راه رسیدن به آن وجود دارد، و این گفت‌وگو در خودِ ایران و به زبان فارسی جریان دارد.
Three practical rules will keep this aspect out of trouble. First, no invented statistics: not a participation rate, not an employment gap, not a percentage of anything. Comparative or attributed, or not at all. Second, no fabricated testimony: never invent a quotation from a named or unnamed Iranian woman to make a point vivid, because a fabricated voice is a fabrication whatever its intention. Third, prefer the specific and dated to the general and timeless — a named periodical, a named campaign, a documented legal change with a date — because specifics can be checked and generalities cannot, and the AO4 grid pays for evidence rather than for warmth.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section B: two sources on women and higher education, summarised then judged

The recording carries a woman academic who says that the presence of women in universities has changed expectations within families. The written source carries an economist who says that participation in study and participation in the labour market are different questions and should not be conflated. Write 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) in Persian, and account for each move.

  1. 015(a): summarise the spoken source in its own terms

    در فایل شنیداری، استادی زن می‌گوید که حضور گسترده‌ی زنان در دانشگاه‌ها انتظارهای درون خانواده‌ها را دگرگون کرده است. به گفته‌ی او، این تغییر نه ناگهانی بوده و نه یکسان. Two moves matter. First, استادی زن with the indefinite ی — a woman academic, unnamed, because the source has not named her to you and inventing a name is a fabrication. Second, نه ... و نه, neither ... nor, which reproduces a nuance the speaker made; a summary that flattens it into a simple claim has misreported the source and will lose AO1 marks for exactly that reason.

  2. 025(b): summarise the written source, and preserve its distinction

    در متن نوشتاری، اقتصاددانی تأکید می‌کند که مشارکت در تحصیل و مشارکت در بازار کار دو پرسش جداگانه‌اند و نباید آن‌ها را یکی گرفت. جداگانه‌اند carries the copula on an adjective with a half-space. نباید آن‌ها را یکی گرفت is an impersonal construction — one should not treat them as one — using باید with the past stem, which the specification's grammar list names under impersonal expressions. Reproducing the distinction is the whole point of this summary: it is what the source is for.

  3. 035(c): locate the disagreement precisely before judging it

    دو منبع بر سر واقعیت‌ها اختلاف ندارند؛ اختلاف بر سر آن است که از این واقعیت‌ها چه نتیجه‌ای می‌توان گرفت. The sources do not disagree about the facts; they disagree about what may be concluded from them. This is the sentence that turns a summary into an evaluation, and the grids at 5(c) reward exactly this — relevant and substantiated judgements on the viewpoints in each source, with conclusions consistent with that evaluation. اختلاف بر سر چیزی داشتن is worth memorising as a unit.

  4. 045(c) continued: judge, and name what would change your mind

    به نظر من هشدار اقتصاددان دقیق‌تر است، زیرا میان دو سنجه‌ی متفاوت تمایز می‌گذارد؛ اما اگر پژوهشی نشان دهد که انتظارهای خانوادگی پیش از ورود به بازار کار تغییر می‌کنند، سخن استاد دانشگاه نیز درست خواهد بود، و آن‌گاه دو منبع مکمل یکدیگرند نه رقیب. Three grammatical points: تمایز گذاشتن میان, to distinguish between, with its fixed preposition; the present conditional اگر ... نشان دهد with the subjunctive; and the future خواهد بود for the consequence. And one argumentative point: ending on complementary rather than rival is a genuine judgement, not a refusal to judge, because it states the condition under which both hold.

Result: 5(a) در فایل شنیداری، استادی زن می‌گوید که حضور گسترده‌ی زنان در دانشگاه‌ها انتظارهای درون خانواده‌ها را دگرگون کرده است؛ به گفته‌ی او این تغییر نه ناگهانی بوده و نه یکسان. 5(b) در متن نوشتاری، اقتصاددانی تأکید می‌کند که مشارکت در تحصیل و مشارکت در بازار کار دو پرسش جداگانه‌اند و نباید آن‌ها را یکی گرفت. 5(c) دو منبع بر سر واقعیت‌ها اختلاف ندارند؛ اختلاف بر سر آن است که از این واقعیت‌ها چه نتیجه‌ای می‌توان گرفت. به نظر من هشدار اقتصاددان دقیق‌تر است، زیرا میان دو سنجه‌ی متفاوت تمایز می‌گذارد؛ اما اگر پژوهشی نشان دهد که انتظارهای خانوادگی پیش از ورود به بازار کار تغییر می‌کنند، سخن استاد دانشگاه نیز درست خواهد بود، و آن‌گاه دو منبع مکمل یکدیگرند نه رقیب.

Exam focus

  • Documented facts flat; every assessment attributed; the range of Iranian views represented; your own judgement marked as yours.
  • Zero invented statistics and zero invented testimony. Both are fabrications and both are avoidable.
  • Keep حرکت as a direction, not an achieved state. The specification's own noun tells you the shape of the answer.

Typical mistakes

  • Attaching a percentage to the claim about women's share of university places. It is widely reported; report it as reported.
  • Presenting all Iranian women as holding one view, or all Iranian institutions as holding another. Neither is accurate and both are visible to an examiner.
  • Quoting an imagined interview. Invented testimony is a fabrication, and there is no version of it that is safe.
  • Turning the answer into a judgement on the government. The aspects are about expectations, access and participation.

Active revision

دو بند بنویسید: در بند نخست تنها واقعیت‌های مستند درباره‌ی دسترسی زنان به آموزش را بیاورید و هیچ ارزیابی نکنید؛ در بند دوم دو دیدگاه متفاوت را که در ایران درباره‌ی معنای برابری وجود دارد معرفی کنید و هر کدام را به گوینده‌اش نسبت دهید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 05

Women and the arts, and a collision with Paper 2 (مشارکت زنان در پیشبرد هنر)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع سوم، موضوع تحقیق — انتظارات زنان در جامعه: مشارکت زنان در پیشبرد هنرLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section C (writing — research question)LPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Appendix 1 (prescribed literary texts and films)

Key points

Read this section before you choose this research subject, because it contains the single most avoidable disqualifying error in the whole qualification. The specification says that the independent research must not relate to, or make reference to, any of the literary works or films studied for Paper 2, and it instructs teachers to make sure students do not intend to use them. Now look at Appendix 1: of the six prescribed works, three are by women — a novel by زویا پیرزاد, a novel by روح‌انگیز شریفیان, and a film directed by تهمینه میلانی. If your research subject is مشارکت زنان در پیشبرد هنر, women's participation in the advancement of the arts, the most obvious examples in the country are sitting on your Paper 2 works list. Whichever two works you study, you must route your research around them.
That constraint is a nuisance rather than a barrier, and working within it will make the research better. Iranian women have been active and documented across many fields beyond the two the works list happens to name: ادبیات literature and especially شعر poetry, نقاشی painting, عکاسی photography, تئاتر theatre, موسیقی music, معماری architecture, خوشنویسی calligraphy, صنایع دستی handicrafts, ترجمه translation and نشر publishing. Choose a field, choose examples that are documented in Persian-language sources, and make sure none of them is one of your Paper 2 works or its author or director. Keep a written list of what is off-limits at the front of your research file; the rule is easy to obey and easy to forget.
The word the specification uses is پیشبرد, advancement, and it is not a synonym for مشارکت, participation. Participation asks whether women are present in a field; advancement asks whether they have changed it. That distinction is the argument of the whole aspect, and it is available to you without a statistic. A defensible research question sounds like this: آیا حضور زنان در یک رشته‌ی هنری تنها شمار هنرمندان را تغییر داده است، یا موضوع‌ها و شیوه‌های آن رشته را نیز دگرگون کرده است؟ Has the presence of women in an artistic field changed only the number of artists, or also its subjects and its methods? Answering that requires you to look at works rather than at counts, which is exactly what an A-Level research subject should require.
Two practical notes on evidence. First, at least two authentic Persian sources are required and they must be gathered independently — an interview, a review, a magazine article, a documentary, a catalogue essay all qualify. Second, prefer the located and dated to the general: a named exhibition with a year, a named periodical, a named prize, a documented first. In the examination you will have neither notes nor a dictionary, so what you carry in is what you have committed to memory; three well-remembered specifics will outperform a vague survey every time. And write the specifics in Persian in your notes, not in English, because the answer must be in Persian and translating under time pressure is where accuracy marks are lost.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: the opening of an answer on women and the arts, built to avoid the Paper 2 collision

The statement is «مشارکت زنان، هنر ایران را دگرگون کرده است.» The unseen text discusses an exhibition and quotes a critic who says that the change is visible in subject matter rather than in numbers. Plan and write the opening, in Persian, and account for every move.

  1. 01Before writing: check the statement against your forbidden list

    The statement invites you to reach for the most famous examples, and in Iran several of those are on Appendix 1. Spend ten seconds recalling your two Paper 2 works and their makers, and rule them out. This is not a rhetorical exercise: the rule is that the research must not relate to or reference those works, and an answer that leans on one has broken it. Having ruled them out, the answer's spine becomes the fields you did research — say, painting and photography — and the paragraph plan follows from that.

  2. 02Open by refining the statement rather than agreeing with it

    پرسش این نیست که آیا زنان در هنر ایران حضور دارند، بلکه این است که آیا این حضور موضوع‌ها و شیوه‌های هنری را نیز تغییر داده است. The question is not whether women are present, but whether that presence has changed the subjects and the methods. این نیست که ... بلکه این است که is the Persian construction for exactly this move, and it is worth having ready as a fixed frame: it demonstrates focus on the question, which the AO4 grid names explicitly, and it converts a vague statement into an answerable one within one sentence.

  3. 03Use the unseen text for the AO2 marks, and name it as the text

    متن ناخوانده به همین تمایز اشاره می‌کند: منتقدی که در آن نقل شده است، تغییر را در موضوع آثار می‌بیند نه در شمار آن‌ها. The AO2 grid at Section C is worth ten marks and it assesses your use of information from the unseen text to contribute to the ideas you are presenting. So say, visibly, that this idea comes from the text — متن ناخوانده — and then use it rather than merely reporting it. نقل شده است, has been quoted, is a passive perfect and the right register for referring to a source.

  4. 04Bring in your own research, and keep it clear of Appendix 1

    پژوهش من این تمایز را در دو رشته‌ی دیگر نیز نشان داد. در نمایشگاه‌هایی که درباره‌ی آن‌ها خواندم، موضوع‌های خانگی و روزمره جایگاهی یافته‌اند که پیش‌تر نداشتند. پژوهش من ... نشان داد is the phrase that signals an AO4 mark is due. Note جایگاهی یافته‌اند — have found a place — with the indefinite ی on جایگاه; and the relative clause که پیش‌تر نداشتند, which they did not previously have, with the object recoverable from context. Nothing in this paragraph names a work from the prescribed list, and nothing in it is a fabricated statistic. That is the standard to hold for the remaining three hundred words.

Result: پرسش این نیست که آیا زنان در هنر ایران حضور دارند، بلکه این است که آیا این حضور موضوع‌ها و شیوه‌های هنری را نیز تغییر داده است. متن ناخوانده به همین تمایز اشاره می‌کند: منتقدی که در آن نقل شده است، تغییر را در موضوع آثار می‌بیند نه در شمار آن‌ها. پژوهش من این تمایز را در دو رشته‌ی دیگر نیز نشان داد؛ در نمایشگاه‌هایی که درباره‌ی آن‌ها خواندم، موضوع‌های خانگی و روزمره جایگاهی یافته‌اند که پیش‌تر نداشتند.

Exam focus

  • Check your research examples against Appendix 1 before you start. Three of the six prescribed works are by women, and this is the aspect most likely to collide with them.
  • پیشبرد is advancement, not presence. Argue about what changed, not about how many.
  • Memorise specifics in Persian, not in English. There is no dictionary and no notes in the exam room.

Typical mistakes

  • Researching an author or director whose work you are studying for Paper 2. The specification forbids it explicitly.
  • Treating مشارکت and پیشبرد as the same word. The aspect is about the second.
  • Building the aspect entirely on cinema. Cinema is one field among many and is the field most likely to collide with Appendix 1.
  • Collecting evidence in English translation only. The requirement is authentic sources in the assessed language.

Active revision

فهرستی از آثار و نویسندگانی بنویسید که به سبب انتخاب شما برای برگه‌ی دوم، دیگر نمی‌توانید در پژوهش خود از آن‌ها استفاده کنید؛ سپس سه نمونه‌ی جایگزین از رشته‌ای هنری دیگر پیدا کنید و برای هر کدام یک منبع فارسی نام ببرید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01The shape of Theme Three, and counting its aspects (موضوع سوم)○
    • 02Attitudes, energy and pollution (شرکت در مسائل زیست‌محیطی)◐
    • 03Tourism, heritage and the role of government (گردشگری و تأثیر آن بر جامعه)◐
    • 04Access to education and movement towards equality (انتظارات زنان در جامعه)●
    • 05Women and the arts, and a collision with Paper 2 (مشارکت زنان در پیشبرد هنر)●

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From notes into training

The condition of Persian-speaking society (موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان)

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~35
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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Music in Iran and Afghanistan (موضوع دوم: موسیقی)

EuraStudy·Notes T·02·MMXXVI

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