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Notes/Persian/Changes in contemporary society (موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر)
Notes · PersianUK · A-Levels

Changes in contemporary society (موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر)

This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's first theme, موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر, changes in contemporary society. The frozen topic id says social issues and trends, and Theme 1 is one of the two themes the specification describes as covering society past and present, so the two Persian sub-themes and the Theme 1 research subject all live here. The theme is set in the context of Iran only, and a student who chooses its research subject must write about Iran alone. Its first sub-theme is تغییرات در ساختار خانواده, changes in family structure, with three aspects: changing attitudes to marriage and relationships, the role of earlier generations, and the standing of women and men within the family. Its second is آموزش و پرورش, education, with three aspects: state secondary schools, the growth of private and fee-paying university education, and فرار مغزها, the departure of the highly educated. The research subject is فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان, work opportunities for young people, with the transition from traditional trades to new occupations, migration from rural areas into urban work and its effects, and the problem of unemployment. Because the sub-themes and the research subject supply the material for translation in Paper 1 Section A and Paper 2 Section A, for reading in Paper 1 Section B, for listening in Paper 3, and for the research question in Paper 1 Section C, this is not a topic you can afford to know only in English.

5 sections·~37 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Foundation 1 · Standard 2 · Advanced 2

T·0111 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Persian about family, schooling and workAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Persian on social change in IranAO3 · Manipulate Persian accurately, using social and statistical vocabulary and complex structuresAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, contemporary Iranian society
Operators:شرح دهیدتوضیح دهیدتحلیل کنیدمقایسه کنیدارزیابی کنیداستدلال کنیدخلاصه کنیدترجمه کنید

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate vocabulary and accurate description: the Persian names of the family relationships and the school stages, the difference between a state school and a fee-paying university, the phrase فرار مغزها and what it refers to, and a reasoned personal opinion written in correct Persian with a secure ezafe chain and correctly placed را.

higher level

The full A-Level expects description handled as argument. Which statements about Iranian family life are dated institutional facts, which are survey findings with a named source, and which are impressions? What would count as evidence that attitudes have changed rather than that reporting of them has changed? Answers must attribute every evaluation, must resist a single national narrative in either direction, and must deploy the subjunctive, the passive, compound verbs and subordination deliberately rather than decoratively.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Changes in contemporary society (موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر)
    • 01The shape of Theme One, and the words it is built from○
    • 02Changing family structure (تغییرات در ساختار خانواده)◐
    • 03Schools, universities and the price of a degree (آموزش و پرورش)◐
    • 04Graduate departure, and the language it is described in (فرار مغزها)●
    • 05Work opportunities for young people — the Theme One research subject (فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان)●
§ 01

The shape of Theme One, and the words it is built from#

●○○FoundationLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصرLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section A (translation into English)

The shape of Theme One

Theme One: two sub-themes and one research subjectProbability tree, 9 paths, Data: Family structure → Marriage views; Family structure → Older generations; Family structure → Roles at home; Education → State schools; Education → Paid degrees; Education → Graduate exit; Research: youth work → Trades to jobs; Research: youth work → Village to city; Research: youth work → UnemploymentFamily structureEducationResearch: youth workTheme OneMarriage viewsOlder generationsRoles at homeState schoolsPaid degreesGraduate exitTrades to jobsVillage to cityUnemployment
Fig. 1Two sub-themes and one research subject, each with three aspects — the pattern every theme in this specification follows. The emphasised branch is the research subject, because that is the branch worth 40 marks in Paper 1 Section C if you choose it. Every label here is in English, since the figure engine emits no direction attribute and has no bidi handling; the Persian titles are taught in the prose immediately above, which is where you should learn them.

Key points

Start with the architecture, because every later decision depends on it. Edexcel's content is four themes; each theme has exactly two sub-themes and one research subject printed in bold; and each of those is divided into aspects. Theme 1 is موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر. Its two sub-themes are تغییرات در ساختار خانواده and آموزش و پرورش, and its research subject is فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان. The frozen topic scheme used by these notes has two slots called social issues and trends, and Theme 1 and Theme 3 are precisely the two themes the specification labels as covering society past and present, so Theme 1 sits in the first of them and Theme 3 in the second. Nothing in that mapping is arbitrary, and stating it in an essay costs you nothing and orients the examiner immediately.
The scoping rule is a rule about content, not a formality. Themes 1, 3 and 4 are set in the context of Iran only; Theme 2 alone is set in the context of Iran and Afghanistan. So every example you learn for this topic must be an Iranian example, and a well-observed Afghan example here earns nothing. If you later choose the Theme 1 research subject, the specification requires that you base your research on Iran only and cover all three of its aspects; the examiners' instruction is that where a candidate strays into a second country, content is marked on Iran alone. That is worth remembering as a time economy as much as a rule: an irrelevant country costs you the words you needed for the argument.
The vocabulary of this theme divides cleanly into three fields, and it is worth learning them as fields rather than as a list. Family: خانواده, خانواده‌ی گسترده, خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای, ازدواج, طلاق, نسل, والدین, فرزندان, نقش. Education: آموزش و پرورش, دبستان, دبیرستان, دانشگاه, دانشجو, دانش‌آموز, تحصیلات, مدرک, رشته. Work and movement: شغل, حرفه, بازار کار, استخدام, بیکاری, درآمد, مهاجرت, شهرنشینی. Notice that آموزش و پرورش is both the ordinary word for schooling and the name of the ministry that runs it, and that تحصیلات, plural in form, is the normal word for a person's studies. Learning the field lets you paraphrase when a word will not come, which is exactly what Section A and Section C reward.
One habit is worth building from this first section: separate the three kinds of statement you can make about a society, and know which one you are making. A dated institutional fact — the school system is organised into stages, the university entrance competition is called کنکور, the ministry is called وزارت آموزش و پرورش — can be stated flatly. An interpretation — that attitudes to marriage have shifted, that a degree no longer guarantees work — belongs to whoever makes it, and should be written as بسیاری از پژوهشگران می‌گویند که or بر اساس گزارش‌های خبری. Your own view is legitimate and the AO4 grid asks for it, but it must be visibly yours: به نظر من. Mixing the three is the commonest way a strong candidate loses AO4 marks.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: an unseen Persian paragraph into English, marked one point at a time

Translate into English, and account for every choice. «در سال‌های اخیر ساختار خانواده در شهرهای بزرگ ایران تغییر کرده است. بسیاری از پژوهشگران می‌گویند که خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای جای خانواده‌ی گسترده را گرفته است، اما این تغییر در همه‌ی مناطق یکسان نبوده است.»

  1. 01Sentence one: read the tense before you read the words

    در سال‌های اخیر ساختار خانواده در شهرهای بزرگ ایران تغییر کرده است gives: In recent years the structure of the family in Iran's large cities has changed. تغییر کرده است is a present perfect built from the past participle تغییر کرده plus است, and English present perfect is the right match because the relevance to now is the point. Note the ezafe chain ساختار خانواده, the structure of the family, where the unwritten -e does all the grammatical work; and شهرهای بزرگ ایران, which is two ezafe links in a row — the large cities of Iran. A points-based scheme will award the tense and the chain separately, so neither can be skated over.

  2. 02Sentence two, first half: attribute, do not assert

    بسیاری از پژوهشگران می‌گویند که is many researchers say that. بسیاری از plus a plural is the standard partitive: many of. می‌گویند is the present simple, prefix می plus present stem گو plus the third-person plural ending ند, joined by a ZWNJ. Do not upgrade this to researchers have proved or it is known that. The Persian hedges, so the English must hedge; a translation that firms up a hedge has changed the meaning and will lose the point for that section of language.

  3. 03Sentence two, second half: the را you must not lose

    خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای جای خانواده‌ی گسترده را گرفته است is the nuclear family has taken the place of the extended family. The object here is the whole phrase جای خانواده‌ی گسترده, the place of the extended family, and را marks the end of it — which is exactly how you know how far the object extends. جای is جا with the ezafe, and the ezafe after a final ا is written with a ی. گرفته است is again a present perfect. Translating جا as space rather than place is the classic slip; گرفتن plus جا is an idiom, take the place of.

  4. 04The final clause: a negated perfect and a quantifier

    اما این تغییر در همه‌ی مناطق یکسان نبوده است is but this change has not been the same in all regions. نبوده است is the negative present perfect of بودن, and English needs has not been rather than was not, because the Persian keeps the perfect. همه‌ی مناطق is all the regions, with the ezafe written ه‌ی after the final silent ه of همه. یکسان is uniform or the same. The sentence is doing a specific job: it withdraws the generality of the previous claim, and an English version that drops اما or flattens نبوده است into was not loses precisely that.

Result: In recent years the structure of the family in Iran's large cities has changed. Many researchers say that the nuclear family has taken the place of the extended family, but this change has not been the same in all regions.

Exam focus

  • Learn the theme's Persian title and both sub-theme titles by heart; they are the fastest way to signal to an examiner that you know where you are.
  • Iran only. Every example, every institution, every statistic-shaped claim in this topic is Iranian.
  • Practise the three-way split — dated fact, attributed interpretation, own judgement — from the first week. It is the AO4 skill in miniature.

Typical mistakes

  • Treating Theme 1 as covering the whole Persian-speaking world. It does not; Theme 2 is the only theme set in two countries.
  • Writing تغیرات with one ی. The word is تغییرات, from تغییر, and the doubled ی is not optional.
  • Learning آموزش و پرورش as a single unanalysable label. It is two nouns joined by و and behaves like a compound in the ezafe chain.
  • Assuming that because the theme title says معاصر, only the present matters. The specification says society past and present, and the strongest answers compare periods.

Active revision

بدون نگاه کردن به یادداشت‌های خود، عنوان موضوع اول و هر دو زیرموضوع آن را به فارسی بنویسید، سپس برای هر زیرموضوع سه جنبه‌ی آن را فهرست کنید و در پایان در یک جمله توضیح دهید که چرا این موضوع فقط به ایران مربوط می‌شود

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Changing family structure (تغییرات در ساختار خانواده)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع اول — تغییرات در ساختار خانواده: تغییر نگرش نسبت به ازدواج و روابط؛ نقش نسل‌های پیشین؛ جایگاه زنان و مردان در خانوادهLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 2 Section A (translation into Persian)

Key points

The three aspects the specification prints are تغییر نگرش نسبت به ازدواج و روابط, the change in attitudes towards marriage and relationships; نقش نسل‌های پیشین, the role of earlier generations; and جایگاه زنان و مردان در خانواده, the standing of women and men within the family. Notice that all three are about attitudes and roles rather than about law, and write accordingly. The examinable content is what people think and how households are arranged, evidenced from Persian-language sources; it is not a survey of family law, and an answer that becomes one has drifted. Keep the vocabulary of relationship in front of you: ازدواج marriage, نامزدی engagement, طلاق divorce, همسر spouse, خویشاوندان relatives, and the generational words نسل, والدین, پدربزرگ و مادربزرگ.
The single most useful structural fact to hold is the contrast between خانواده‌ی گسترده and خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای — the extended household in which several generations share a home or a courtyard, and the two-generation household of parents and children. Sociologists writing about Iran have long used that pair to describe urban change, and it gives you a frame you can fill with evidence rather than an opinion you have to defend. Say what the pair means, say what is claimed about the direction of change, name who claims it, and then ask the harder question that earns AO4 marks: is the household actually smaller, or is the extended family still functioning as a network of obligation while living at different addresses? Those are different claims and the evidence for them is different.
The role of نسل‌های پیشین is where this sub-theme becomes genuinely analytical. Older generations appear in three distinct capacities and it is worth keeping them apart: as decision-makers, particularly in the arranging and approving of marriages; as carers, since grandparents in many households do a substantial share of childcare; and as the carriers of custom, language and religious practice. A candidate who writes only about the first has taken the most contested of the three and left the two that are easiest to evidence. In Persian: نسل‌های پیشین هم در تصمیم‌گیری‌های خانوادگی نقش داشته‌اند و هم در نگهداری از فرزندان و انتقال آداب و رسوم — earlier generations have had a role both in family decision-making and in caring for children and transmitting customs.
The third aspect, جایگاه زنان و مردان در خانواده, must be handled with the discipline this whole subject requires. There are documented institutional facts about education and employment in Iran, there is a wide range of views held by Iranians themselves about what family roles should be, and there is a large body of writing about the subject in Persian and in English that does not agree with itself. Write what is documented, attribute every assessment to whoever makes it, present the range of positions held inside Iran rather than only those held about Iran from outside, and mark your own view as your own. Avoid the two failure modes equally: an answer that reads as a defence brief, and an answer that reads as a denunciation. Neither is analysis, and the AO4 grid rewards sustained argument and evaluation, not vehemence.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: an English paragraph into Persian, with each decision justified

Translate into Persian. 'In many Iranian cities the extended family no longer lives under one roof. Sociologists argue that this change has weakened the authority of the older generation, although grandparents still look after children in a great many households. We should not assume that living apart means living independently.'

  1. 01Sentence one: the ezafe chain and the idiom for under one roof

    در بسیاری از شهرهای ایران، خانواده‌ی گسترده دیگر زیر یک سقف زندگی نمی‌کند. Take it apart: در بسیاری از plus the plural شهرهای ایران gives in many of Iran's cities, with the ezafe on شهرها written ی after the plural suffix. دیگر with a negative verb is the standard no longer. زیر یک سقف is literally under one roof and is idiomatic in Persian too, so it can stay. نمی‌کند is the negative present of زندگی کردن, a compound verb: the negative prefix ن attaches to می, and the ZWNJ sits between نمی and کند. Note the verb is singular because خانواده is singular.

  2. 02Sentence two, first half: attribute with a verb of arguing, and use the perfect

    جامعه‌شناسان استدلال می‌کنند که این تغییر اقتدار نسل قدیمی‌تر را تضعیف کرده است. جامعه‌شناسان, sociologists, is a transparent compound written with a ZWNJ. استدلال کردن is to argue, and it is a much better register choice here than گفتن. The object is the whole phrase اقتدار نسل قدیمی‌تر, the authority of the older generation, and را closes it — which is why the reader knows تضعیف کرده است takes that whole chain as its object. قدیمی‌تر carries the comparative تر with a ZWNJ.

  3. 03Sentence two, second half: concession with a still-true present

    هرچند پدربزرگ‌ها و مادربزرگ‌ها هنوز در بسیاری از خانه‌ها از کودکان نگهداری می‌کنند. هرچند is the concessive although and is more formal than اگرچه; either is acceptable. هنوز plus a present tense is still. نگهداری کردن از is to look after, and the preposition از is not optional — this is one of the verbal prepositions Appendix 2 explicitly lists. Both plural nouns take ها with a ZWNJ. Keeping the present tense here matters: the English says still look after, a continuing state, not a completed one.

  4. 04Sentence three: a modal warning, which is where the subjunctive earns its keep

    نباید فرض کنیم که جدا زندگی کردن به معنای مستقل زندگی کردن است. نباید is the negative of باید and governs a subjunctive: فرض کنیم, let us not assume. The subjunctive is formed with the prefix ب on the present stem plus the personal ending, and in a compound verb like فرض کردن the prefix lands on کردن — کنیم, with that ب absent after نباید because the negation is already carried. جدا زندگی کردن is a verbal noun, living apart. به معنای is to mean, literally in the meaning of, with the ezafe on معنا written as ی. This sentence is the one carrying the paragraph's argument, so it is worth the extra care.

Result: در بسیاری از شهرهای ایران، خانواده‌ی گسترده دیگر زیر یک سقف زندگی نمی‌کند. جامعه‌شناسان استدلال می‌کنند که این تغییر اقتدار نسل قدیمی‌تر را تضعیف کرده است، هرچند پدربزرگ‌ها و مادربزرگ‌ها هنوز در بسیاری از خانه‌ها از کودکان نگهداری می‌کنند. نباید فرض کنیم که جدا زندگی کردن به معنای مستقل زندگی کردن است.

Exam focus

  • Learn the pair خانواده‌ی گسترده / خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای and the ezafe spelling ه‌ی after a final silent ه. It will appear in translation both ways.
  • Split نسل‌های پیشین into decision-makers, carers and transmitters of custom. Three evidenced strands beat one contested one.
  • For the third aspect, attribute everything. An unattributed generalisation about gender roles is the fastest route out of the top AO4 band.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing خانواده گسترده without the ezafe. The adjective needs it: خانواده‌ی گسترده.
  • Using روابط as though it meant only romantic relationships. It is the plural of رابطه and covers relations of every kind; context decides.
  • Turning the aspect on women and men into an argument about the state. The aspect is about the family, and the drift is visible to an examiner.
  • Treating نگرش as a synonym for قانون. نگرش is an attitude or outlook; a change in attitude and a change in law are different claims requiring different evidence.

Active revision

در حدود صد و پنجاه کلمه توضیح دهید که تفاوت خانواده‌ی گسترده و خانواده‌ی هسته‌ای چیست، سپس یک ادعا درباره‌ی جهت تغییر بنویسید و آن را به منبعی نسبت دهید، و در پایان با «به نظر من» نظر خودتان را جدا کنید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 03

Schools, universities and the price of a degree (آموزش و پرورش)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع اول — آموزش و پرورش: دبیرستان‌های دولتی؛ گسترش تحصیلات دانشگاهی خصوصی و پولی؛ فرار مغزهاLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section B (reading)

Key points

The second sub-theme is آموزش و پرورش and its three aspects are دبیرستان‌های دولتی, state secondary schools; گسترش تحصیلات دانشگاهی خصوصی و پولی, the expansion of private and fee-paying university education; and فرار مغزها, which the next section takes on its own. Begin with the institutional vocabulary, because reading questions in Paper 1 Section B lean on it: دبستان primary school, دبیرستان secondary school, معلم teacher, مدیر head, کلاس class, درس lesson, امتحان examination, نمره mark, مدرک certificate or degree, رشته field of study, دانشکده faculty, استاد university teacher. The ministry responsible is وزارت آموزش و پرورش, and higher education sits with a separate ministry — a division that is itself worth a sentence in an answer about who decides what.
The competitive national entrance examination for university places is called کنکور, and it is the single institution most worth knowing precisely here. It is a large-scale, nationally administered, highly competitive examination whose results govern access to the most sought-after places and fields; the organisation that runs national testing is سازمان سنجش آموزش کشور. Around it has grown an extensive private preparation sector — کلاس‌های کنکور, preparatory classes, and آموزشگاه‌ها, tutoring institutes. State that much flatly. Everything beyond it — whether the examination is fair, whether preparatory classes advantage wealthier families, whether it distorts what secondary schools teach — is argued about in Iran, in Persian, in public, and the honest way to write about it is to say who argues what.
The second aspect is about the growth of non-state and fee-paying higher education, and the institution the specification's phrase points at most directly is دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, the Islamic Azad University, a very large non-governmental university system with campuses across the country, founded in the early nineteen-eighties, which charges tuition. Alongside it sit other non-state routes: دانشگاه پیام نور, distance and open provision, and various غیرانتفاعی, non-profit, institutions. The examinable question is not which is which but what the growth means: گسترش تحصیلات دانشگاهی خصوصی و پولی has been argued to widen access, and has been argued to convert access into a matter of ability to pay. Both arguments are made by Iranians about Iran, and a good answer says so.
Do not invent numbers. It is very tempting in an education answer to reach for a participation rate or a fee figure, and a fabricated statistic is both dishonest and, in an examination where you have no sources with you, unnecessary. Two safe alternatives do the same work. The first is comparative: تعداد دانشجویان در دهه‌های گذشته به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش یافته است — the number of students has risen strikingly over recent decades — which asserts direction without a fabricated magnitude. The second is attributed: بر اساس گزارش‌های رسمی — according to official reports — or بر اساس آمار منتشرشده — according to published figures. Both are honest, both are examinable Persian, and both keep you inside the AO4 grid's requirement that arguments be supported.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section B: a reading question answered in Persian, retrieval then inference

Read the short source and answer both questions in Persian. متن: «در دو دهه‌ی گذشته شمار دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی در ایران افزایش یافته است. برخی از کارشناسان این گسترش را فرصتی برای دانشجویانی می‌دانند که در کنکور رتبه‌ی لازم را به دست نیاورده‌اند؛ برخی دیگر هشدار می‌دهند که هزینه‌ی تحصیل ممکن است خانواده‌های کم‌درآمد را از ادامه‌ی تحصیل بازدارد.» پرسش الف: بر پایه‌ی متن، شمار دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی چه تغییری کرده است؟ پرسش ب: دو دیدگاه متفاوتی که در متن آمده است را با هم مقایسه کنید.

  1. 01Question (a) is retrieval, and the trap is copying

    The information is in the first clause: شمار دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی افزایش یافته است. A weak answer copies the whole sentence back, including در دو دهه‌ی گذشته, and gains nothing for the copied words. A good answer re-encodes: بر پایه‌ی متن، شمار این دانشگاه‌ها در دو دهه‌ی گذشته بیشتر شده است. Note the swap of افزایش یافته است for بیشتر شده است — same meaning, demonstrably your own Persian. Retrieval questions in Section B are marked on whether you have found the right information, but re-encoding also protects you when the mark scheme requires a specific element the copied sentence buries.

  2. 02Question (b) is comparison, so the answer must be built on a contrastive connector

    The text has two named positions: برخی از کارشناسان see an opportunity, برخی دیگر warn of cost. The comparison must be explicit, not implied. Open with the frame: متن دو دیدگاه متفاوت را در برابر هم می‌گذارد. Then use در حالی که or اما to join them. In حالی که is the standard whereas of written Persian and is exactly the register Section B wants.

  3. 03Building the comparison sentence

    گروه نخست گسترش دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی را فرصتی برای ادامه‌ی تحصیل می‌داند، در حالی که گروه دوم بر هزینه‌ی آن تأکید می‌کند. Two things to watch. First, را: the object of می‌داند is the whole chain گسترش دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی, so را closes it, and فرصتی is the predicate complement — the pattern چیزی را چیزی دانستن, to consider something to be something. Second, تأکید کردن بر, to emphasise, takes بر; that preposition is fixed and is exactly the sort of detail the accuracy strand of AO3 notices.

  4. 04Close by naming what the two positions share, which is where the marks above description sit

    هر دو دیدگاه می‌پذیرند که شمار این دانشگاه‌ها افزایش یافته است و تنها بر سر پیامد آن اختلاف دارند. Both views accept that the number has risen and differ only over its consequence. This sentence is short, but it is the analytical one: it separates the agreed fact from the disputed interpretation, which is precisely the move Section C will later ask for at length. بر سر چیزی اختلاف داشتن, to differ over something, is worth memorising as a unit.

Result: الف: بر پایه‌ی متن، شمار دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی در دو دهه‌ی گذشته بیشتر شده است. ب: متن دو دیدگاه متفاوت را در برابر هم می‌گذارد. گروه نخست گسترش دانشگاه‌های غیردولتی را فرصتی برای ادامه‌ی تحصیل می‌داند، در حالی که گروه دوم بر هزینه‌ی آن تأکید می‌کند و نگران خانواده‌های کم‌درآمد است. هر دو دیدگاه می‌پذیرند که شمار این دانشگاه‌ها افزایش یافته است و تنها بر سر پیامد آن اختلاف دارند.

Exam focus

  • Know کنکور precisely and say what it is before you evaluate it. The precision is worth more than the opinion.
  • For the fee-paying aspect, name the two competing arguments — wider access and access by ability to pay — and attribute both.
  • Never invent a percentage. Use a comparative direction or an attributed source instead; both are better Persian anyway.

Typical mistakes

  • Translating دانشجو as pupil. دانشجو is a university student; a school pupil is دانش‌آموز, and Section B question-setters know the difference.
  • Writing مدرک when you mean رشته. مدرک is the qualification; رشته is the field.
  • Assuming private means small. The largest non-state provision in Iran is a nationwide system, and describing it as marginal is simply inaccurate.
  • Presenting an argument about کنکور as though it were a finding. Who says it, and on what basis, is the part the AO4 grid pays for.

Active revision

متنی کوتاه درباره‌ی کنکور بنویسید که دقیقاً سه جمله داشته باشد: جمله‌ی اول یک واقعیت نهادی، جمله‌ی دوم یک تفسیر همراه با ذکر منبع، و جمله‌ی سوم نظر خودتان با عبارت «به نظر من»

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 04

Graduate departure, and the language it is described in (فرار مغزها)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع اول — آموزش و پرورش: فرار مغزهاLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 3 Section B (listening, reading and writing)

Key points

فرار مغزها is the specification's own term and it repays close reading before you use it. فرار is flight or escape; مغزها is literally brains; the compound is the standard Persian rendering of brain drain and is used in Iranian journalism, in academic writing and in official discourse alike. But notice what the metaphor builds in: فرار implies escape from something, and مغزها reduces people to their cognitive value. Neutral alternatives exist and are used — مهاجرت نخبگان, the migration of the highly able, or مهاجرت متخصصان, the migration of specialists. A candidate who can write هرچند اصطلاح رایج «فرار مغزها» است، برخی نویسندگان «مهاجرت نخبگان» را دقیق‌تر می‌دانند has demonstrated, in one sentence, that they can hear a word's freight. That is an AO4 skill, not a vocabulary trick.
The substance can be set out without a single invented figure. Iran educates a very large number of graduates, particularly in engineering, medicine and the sciences; a proportion of them study or work abroad; some return and some do not; and the phenomenon is discussed publicly and often in Iran, including in state media, as a policy problem rather than as a secret. Those are safe, statable claims. What is contested is the scale, the causes and the remedy — and the honest way to write about causes is as a list of factors that different commentators weight differently: شرایط اقتصادی economic conditions, فرصت‌های شغلی job opportunities, امکانات پژوهشی research facilities, and درآمد income. Naming factors is analysis; ranking them without evidence is assertion.
This aspect is the one where the temptation to fabricate is strongest, because a percentage would make the paragraph feel authoritative. Resist it. In an examination you have no sources with you, so any number you produce is a number you have remembered, and a half-remembered number is worse than none. Use the comparative-and-attributed pattern instead: بر اساس گزارش‌های خبری، شمار قابل توجهی از دانش‌آموختگان برای ادامه‌ی تحصیل به خارج از کشور می‌روند — according to news reports, a considerable number of graduates go abroad to continue their studies. That sentence is defensible, is good Persian, and carries the full argumentative weight a percentage would have carried.
Two Persian words are worth separating here because Paper 3 will use both. مهاجرت is migration in general and takes از for the place left and به for the destination: مهاجرت از ایران به اروپا. بازگشت is return, and بازگشت نخبگان, the return of the highly able, is a live policy discussion in its own right. A response that treats departure as a one-way flow misses the more interesting half of the topic. In a Section B evaluation, the ability to say که این پدیده تنها یک‌سویه نیست — that this phenomenon is not merely one-directional — and then to evaluate the two sources against that observation, is what moves an answer from summary into judgement.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section B: summarising two sources on graduate departure, then evaluating them

You hear a short radio discussion and read a short article, both on فرار مغزها. The recording carries a university teacher who says that research facilities and salaries are the decisive factors. The article carries a journalist who says that family networks abroad matter at least as much. Write the 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) parts in Persian, and account for each move.

  1. 015(a): summarise the spoken source without evaluating it yet

    در فایل شنیداری، استادی دانشگاهی بر دو عامل تأکید می‌کند: امکانات پژوهشی و میزان درآمد. به گفته‌ی او، این دو عامل تعیین‌کننده‌اند. Two devices are doing the work. به گفته‌ی او, according to him, is the standard attribution formula and its ezafe on گفته is written ه‌ی. تعیین‌کننده, decisive, is a present participle used as an adjective — exactly the participial use Appendix 2 lists. The summary must stay a summary: no judgement yet, because 5(a) and 5(b) are asking what the sources say and 5(c) is asking what you make of them.

  2. 025(b): summarise the written source, and mark the contrast lexically

    در متن نوشتاری، روزنامه‌نگاری دیدگاه دیگری را مطرح می‌کند و می‌نویسد که شبکه‌های خانوادگی در خارج از کشور دست‌کم به همان اندازه اهمیت دارند. دیدگاه دیگری را مطرح کردن, to put forward a different view, keeps the register formal; note را closing the object phrase. دست‌کم به همان اندازه, at least to the same extent, is a compact way to render at least as much and is worth learning whole. Writing روزنامه‌نگاری with the indefinite ی matters: a journalist, not the journalist, because the source has not been named to you.

  3. 035(c): open the evaluation by naming what the two sources share

    هر دو منبع می‌پذیرند که مهاجرت دانش‌آموختگان یک پدیده‌ی واقعی است و تنها بر سر وزن عامل‌ها اختلاف دارند. Starting from the shared ground is not a stylistic preference; the AO1 and AO2 grids at this question reward judgements on the viewpoints in each source with conclusions consistent with that evaluation, and you cannot show a judgement about a disagreement until you have located the disagreement precisely. وزن عامل‌ها, the weight of the factors, names the real point at issue.

  4. 045(c) continued: judge, and say what would settle it

    به نظر من استدلال استاد دانشگاه روشن‌تر است، زیرا به شرایطی اشاره می‌کند که می‌توان آن‌ها را اندازه گرفت؛ اما اگر پژوهشی نشان دهد که بیشتر مهاجران پیش از رفتن خویشاوندی در مقصد داشته‌اند، دیدگاه روزنامه‌نگار قوی‌تر خواهد بود. Three grammatical points earn AO3 marks here. آن‌ها را اندازه گرفت, measure them, uses را on a resumptive pronoun inside a relative clause. اگر پژوهشی نشان دهد is a present conditional with the subjunctive دهد after اگر. And خواهد بود is the future, which is the right tense for a consequence that has not happened. The sentence also does the honest thing: it says what evidence would change the writer's mind, which is the clearest possible demonstration of evaluation.

Result: 5(a) در فایل شنیداری، استادی دانشگاهی بر دو عامل تأکید می‌کند: امکانات پژوهشی و میزان درآمد؛ به گفته‌ی او این دو عامل تعیین‌کننده‌اند. 5(b) در متن نوشتاری، روزنامه‌نگاری دیدگاه دیگری را مطرح می‌کند و می‌نویسد که شبکه‌های خانوادگی در خارج از کشور دست‌کم به همان اندازه اهمیت دارند. 5(c) هر دو منبع می‌پذیرند که مهاجرت دانش‌آموختگان یک پدیده‌ی واقعی است و تنها بر سر وزن عامل‌ها اختلاف دارند. به نظر من استدلال استاد دانشگاه روشن‌تر است، زیرا به شرایطی اشاره می‌کند که می‌توان آن‌ها را اندازه گرفت؛ اما اگر پژوهشی نشان دهد که بیشتر مهاجران پیش از رفتن خویشاوندی در مقصد داشته‌اند، دیدگاه روزنامه‌نگار قوی‌تر خواهد بود.

Exam focus

  • Be able to gloss فرار مغزها, name a neutral alternative, and say in one clause why the choice of term matters.
  • List the causes as factors that commentators weight differently. Do not rank them as though the ranking were known.
  • Learn بازگشت alongside مهاجرت. Two-way framing is the fastest route to a judgement rather than a summary.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing مغز ها with a space. It is مغزها, one word, and the plural ها takes a ZWNJ after words that need one, never a full space.
  • Producing a percentage. There is no source in the exam room; an invented figure is a fabrication and reads as one.
  • Describing the topic as taboo in Iran. It is discussed publicly and often, and saying otherwise is inaccurate.
  • Using فرار as though it were a neutral word after you have just explained that it is not.

Active revision

دو جمله بنویسید که هر دو یک ادعا درباره‌ی فرار مغزها بیان کنند: جمله‌ی نخست با یک عدد ساختگی و جمله‌ی دوم با الگوی مقایسه‌ای و منسوب. سپس در یک جمله توضیح دهید که چرا جمله‌ی دوم در امتحان بهتر است

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 05

Work opportunities for young people — the Theme One research subject (فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع اول، موضوع تحقیق — فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان: گذار از حرفه‌های سنتی به شغل‌های جدید؛ مهاجرت از مناطق روستایی و روی آوردن به کارهای شهری و اثرات آن؛ مشکل بیکاریLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section C (writing — research question)

Four kinds of claim, and what each commits you to

Four kinds of claim in a research answerTable with 4 columns and 4 rows, Data: Kind of claim · How to write it · What it commits you to · Typical failure; Dated institutional fact · State it flatly, no hedge · Being right about it; a wrong date is a wrong fact · Hedging a fact, which reads as not knowing it; Attributed interpretation · Name who holds it before you state it · Getting the attribution right, not the claim · Dropping the attribution so it reads as your assertion; Comparative claim · Direction and rough magnitude, never a number · Only the direction of change · Converting it into a fabricated percentage; Own judgement · Mark it as yours, then justify it · Supplying a reason and a defeater · Presenting it as though it were a findingKIND OF CLAIMHOW TO WRITE ITWHAT IT COMMITS YOU TOTYPICAL FAILUREDATEDINSTITUTIONAL FACTState it flatly, no hedgeBeing right about it; awrong date is a wrong factHedging a fact, which readsas not knowing itATTRIBUTEDINTERPRETATIONName who holds it before youstate itGetting the attributionright, not the claimDropping the attribution soit reads as your assertionCOMPARATIVE CLAIMDirection and roughmagnitude, never a numberOnly the direction of changeConverting it into afabricated percentageOWN JUDGEMENTMark it as yours, thenjustify itSupplying a reason and adefeaterPresenting it as though itwere a finding
Fig. 2The single most reusable table in this subject. Every sentence in a Section C answer is one of these four kinds, and the marks follow from getting the kind right rather than from the vehemence of the claim. Note that the fabricated statistic is not a fifth kind — it is a failure of the first. The table is in English because the figure engine has no bidi handling; the Persian formulas that realise each row are taught in the prose above and are worth learning as fixed phrases.

Key points

This is one of the four subjects you may choose for Paper 1 Section C, the forty-mark research question that is a fifth of the whole A-Level. If you choose it you must cover all three of its aspects — گذار از حرفه‌های سنتی به شغل‌های جدید, the transition from traditional trades to new occupations; مهاجرت از مناطق روستایی و روی آوردن به کارهای شهری و اثرات آن, migration from rural districts into urban work and its effects; and مشکل بیکاری, the problem of unemployment — and you must base the research on Iran alone, because Theme 1 is an Iran-only theme. You must also gather evidence independently from at least two authentic sources in Persian, and you must not touch any literary work or film you have studied for Paper 2. In the examination you have neither a dictionary nor your notes.
The first aspect is more interesting than it looks, because گذار, transition, invites a comparison across time rather than a snapshot. Traditional occupations available to name and research include قالی‌بافی carpet-weaving, کشاورزی agriculture, صنایع دستی handicrafts and بازار trade; the newer end includes فناوری اطلاعات information technology, استارتاپ‌ها start-ups, خدمات services and گردشگری tourism. The analytical move is not to list them but to ask what a transition consists of: do the old occupations disappear, do they persist at smaller scale, do they survive by supplying a tourist or export market, or do they become part-time work alongside something new? Each of those is a different claim and each needs different evidence — which is precisely what the AO4 grid means by evaluating.
The second aspect couples internal migration with its consequences, and the word اثرات in the specification's phrasing is doing real work: the aspect is not migration alone but its effects. Effects can be organised in three directions, and organising them is worth marks. Effects on the districts left — تخلیه‌ی روستاها, the emptying of villages, and the ageing of those who remain. Effects on the cities entered — مسکن housing, حمل و نقل transport, and حاشیه‌نشینی, informal settlement at the urban edge. And effects on the migrants themselves — income, insecurity, and distance from family networks. Any one of the three can be evidenced from Persian-language reporting; a candidate who has all three has a structure for a whole essay.
The third aspect, مشکل بیکاری, is where a candidate most often reaches for a fabricated rate. Do not. Instead build a vocabulary that lets you be precise without a number: نرخ بیکاری the unemployment rate as a concept you can discuss without quantifying, بیکاری جوانان youth unemployment, بیکاری تحصیل‌کردگان graduate unemployment — a distinction Iranian commentary makes often and which is genuinely analytical — کار پاره‌وقت part-time work, قرارداد موقت temporary contract, and بازار کار the labour market. Then the argumentative sentence writes itself: بیکاری تحصیل‌کردگان با بیکاری عمومی یکی نیست و علت‌های آن نیز متفاوت است — graduate unemployment is not the same thing as general unemployment, and its causes differ too. That sentence needs no statistic and is worth more than one.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: building the opening of a research answer from notes plus an unseen text

The unseen text argues that young Iranians increasingly seek work in services rather than in the occupations their parents followed. The statement you must respond to is: «فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان ایرانی بیشتر شده است.» Plan and write the opening two paragraphs in Persian, drawing on both the text and your own research, and account for every move.

  1. 01Before writing: decide what the statement actually claims

    بیشتر شده است is a comparative — more than before — and it does not say better, more secure, or better paid. That is your opening. A candidate who argues that jobs are worse has answered a different statement and will be marked as off-question by the AO4 grid, which explicitly rewards focus on the question. The disciplined opening therefore separates two things: تعداد فرصت‌ها, the number of opportunities, and کیفیت آن‌ها, their quality. Almost every Section C statement rewards this move, so practise it: restate the claim precisely, and name the distinction it hides.

  2. 02Paragraph one: agree with a bounded part of the statement, using the unseen text

    متن ناخوانده نشان می‌دهد که بسیاری از جوانان امروز به بخش خدمات روی می‌آورند، در حالی که والدینشان بیشتر در حرفه‌های سنتی کار می‌کردند. تا این اندازه، سخنِ آماری بالا پذیرفتنی است: زمینه‌های تازه‌ای پدید آمده که پیش‌تر وجود نداشت. Note روی آوردن به, to turn towards, which is the specification's own phrase for this aspect and should be used. Note the past continuous کار می‌کردند for the parents' generation, against the present روی می‌آورند for the young — the tense contrast IS the comparison, and it is cheaper and stronger than an adverb. تا این اندازه, to this extent, is the concessive hinge that stops the paragraph becoming a simple agreement.

  3. 03Paragraph two: bring in the research, and complicate the claim

    اما پژوهش من نشان داد که پرسش دشوارتر، پایداری این فرصت‌هاست. در گزارش‌هایی که خواندم، بارها به قراردادهای موقت و نبود بیمه اشاره شده بود، به‌ویژه در کارهای شهری که مهاجران روستایی به آن‌ها روی می‌آورند. پژوهش من نشان داد, my research showed, is the formula that tells the examiner an AO4 mark is due here, and it is worth using explicitly — the grid is called knowledge and understanding of society and culture via research. اشاره شده بود is a past perfect passive, the right tense for something you found already stated in your sources. Notice that the second aspect of the research subject, rural to urban migration, has now been folded in without a heading.

  4. 04Set up the third aspect for the paragraph that follows, and keep the numbers honest

    End paragraph two with the hinge into unemployment: و همین ناپایداری است که مرز میان اشتغال و بیکاری را در میان جوانان تحصیل‌کرده کم‌رنگ می‌کند. And it is precisely this instability that blurs the line between employment and unemployment among educated young people. همین ... است که is the Persian cleft, the construction for putting one element in focus, and it is a genuine register lift over a plain sentence. Nowhere in these two paragraphs is there a fabricated figure: the argument runs on a tense contrast, an attributed research finding and a named distinction, which is exactly what three hundred to three hundred and fifty words can carry.

Result: متن ناخوانده نشان می‌دهد که بسیاری از جوانان امروز به بخش خدمات روی می‌آورند، در حالی که والدینشان بیشتر در حرفه‌های سنتی کار می‌کردند. تا این اندازه، این سخن پذیرفتنی است: زمینه‌های تازه‌ای پدید آمده که پیش‌تر وجود نداشت. اما پژوهش من نشان داد که پرسش دشوارتر، پایداری این فرصت‌هاست. در گزارش‌هایی که خواندم، بارها به قراردادهای موقت و نبود بیمه اشاره شده بود، به‌ویژه در کارهای شهری که مهاجران روستایی به آن‌ها روی می‌آورند. و همین ناپایداری است که مرز میان اشتغال و بیکاری را در میان جوانان تحصیل‌کرده کم‌رنگ می‌کند.

Exam focus

  • All three aspects, Iran only, at least two authentic Persian sources, and nothing that touches your Paper 2 works. Those are rules, not advice.
  • Turn each aspect into a question rather than a list. Transition into what? Effects on whom? Unemployment of which group?
  • Learn the distinction بیکاری عمومی / بیکاری تحصیل‌کردگان. It gives you an analytical claim that needs no numbers.

Typical mistakes

  • Covering two aspects thoroughly and the third in a clause. The specification requires all three; a thin third aspect is visible and costly.
  • Drifting into Afghanistan for a comparison. Theme 1 is Iran only, and examiners mark content on Iran alone.
  • Writing فرصت های with a space. It is فرصت‌های, with the half-space before the plural suffix.
  • Reaching for an unemployment percentage. Use the comparative or the attributed pattern; the argument does not need the number.

Active revision

برای هر یک از سه جنبه‌ی این موضوع تحقیق یک پرسش پژوهشی بنویسید که بتوان با دو منبع فارسی به آن پاسخ داد، و در کنار هر پرسش نوع منبعی را که به آن نیاز دارید مشخص کنید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01The shape of Theme One, and the words it is built from○
    • 02Changing family structure (تغییرات در ساختار خانواده)◐
    • 03Schools, universities and the price of a degree (آموزش و پرورش)◐
    • 04Graduate departure, and the language it is described in (فرار مغزها)●
    • 05Work opportunities for young people — the Theme One research subject (فرصت‌های کاری برای جوانان)●

0/5 Read

From notes into training

Changes in contemporary society (موضوع اول: تغییرات در جامعه معاصر)

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~37
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Next topic

The condition of Persian-speaking society (موضوع سوم: وضعیت و جنبه‌های گوناگون جامعه‌ی فارسی‌زبان)

EuraStudy·Notes T·01·MMXXVI

Carry on to the next topic — your learning path is kept.