Migration and multicultural society (تیسرا موضوع)

Translate into Urdu, and justify the noun you choose in every sentence. 'After 1947 a large number of Urdu-speaking families settled in Karachi. Later arrivals came for work rather than for safety, and they were not called by the same name. Researchers say that the difference between the two groups is often forgotten in public debate.'

1. 01Sentence one: the historical movement, named as the sources name it

   سنہ 1947 کے بعد اردو بولنے والے بہت سے خاندان کراچی میں آباد ہوئے۔ Two decisions. First, اردو بولنے والے rather than مہاجر: the English says Urdu-speaking, which is a description, and translating it as مہاجر would import an identity the source did not use. Second, آباد ہوئے rather than a bare آئے: settled is a change of state, and آباد ہونا carries it. خاندان is masculine plural without a change of form, so the verb is masculine plural ہوئے, and بہت سے agrees with it.

2. 02Sentence two: two motives, two nouns, one contrast

   بعد میں آنے والے روزگار کے لیے آئے تھے، تحفظ کے لیے نہیں، اور اُنہیں اُسی نام سے نہیں پکارا جاتا تھا۔ بعد میں آنے والے, later arrivals, is a participial noun phrase — the present participle آنے والا used substantivally, which Appendix 2 lists. آئے تھے is the pluperfect, correct because the sentence looks back from a later vantage point, and the AO3 guidance names the pluperfect as complex language. اُنہیں … پکارا جاتا تھا is a habitual passive in the past, precisely the impersonal construction English's they were not called requires; a learner who writes an active here has changed the meaning by supplying an agent.

3. 03Sentence three: the attribution, and the passive that keeps the agent vague on purpose

   محققین کا کہنا ہے کہ عوامی بحث میں اِن دونوں گروہوں کا فرق اکثر بھلا دیا جاتا ہے۔ محققین is the plural of محقق, researchers. کا کہنا ہے کہ attributes the claim. بھلا دیا جاتا ہے is a passive of the intensive compound بھلا دینا — is forgotten, with no one named as forgetting, which is exactly what the English asserts. اِن دونوں گروہوں is an oblique plural after دونوں and before کا: getting that right is a small AO3 mark that is very often dropped.

4. 04Reread only for the naming, then only for agreement

   Two separate passes. In the first, check every noun that names a person or a group: does the Urdu word assert something the English did not? Here the risk was مہاجر, پناہ گزین and تارکِ وطن, none of which the source licensed. In the second, check gender and number on every adjective, participle and verb, and check that every noun before a postposition is in the oblique. Doing these as two passes rather than one is faster and catches more.

Result: سنہ 1947 کے بعد اردو بولنے والے بہت سے خاندان کراچی میں آباد ہوئے۔ بعد میں آنے والے روزگار کے لیے آئے تھے، تحفظ کے لیے نہیں، اور اُنہیں اُسی نام سے نہیں پکارا جاتا تھا۔ محققین کا کہنا ہے کہ عوامی بحث میں اِن دونوں گروہوں کا فرق اکثر بھلا دیا جاتا ہے۔

Translate the following into English and account for the joints. کراچی کا کھانا کسی ایک روایت کی پیداوار نہیں۔ جو لوگ الگ الگ علاقوں سے آ کر یہاں بسے، وہ اپنے ساتھ اپنی ترکیبیں بھی لائے، اور رفتہ رفتہ یہ ترکیبیں ایک دوسرے میں گھل مل گئیں۔ اب یہ کہنا مشکل ہے کہ کون سی ڈش کہاں سے آئی تھی۔

1. 01Sentence one: a nominal negation, which English turns into a verb

   کراچی کا کھانا کسی ایک روایت کی پیداوار نہیں۔ There is no verb: Urdu allows an equational sentence whose copula is simply dropped in the negative. پیداوار, product, is feminine and takes کی after روایت. کسی ایک is any one, stronger than a plain ایک: the sentence denies that a single tradition produced it. English: Karachi's food is not the product of any one tradition.

2. 02Sentence two: the correlative relative, which is the mark here

   جو لوگ الگ الگ علاقوں سے آ کر یہاں بسے، وہ اپنے ساتھ اپنی ترکیبیں بھی لائے۔ Urdu builds relatives with a correlative pair: جو … وہ …. English collapses that into one clause, so the translation must not leave a stranded they. آ کر is a conjunctive participle, having come, and the natural English is who came from different regions and settled here. اپنے ساتھ اپنی ترکیبیں — the reflexive possessive اپنا twice — is with them their own recipes; using their for both is correct English but note that Urdu marked the reflexivity twice. English: The people who came from different regions and settled here brought their own recipes with them.

3. 03Sentence three: an intensive compound doing idiomatic work

   اور رفتہ رفتہ یہ ترکیبیں ایک دوسرے میں گھل مل گئیں۔ رفتہ رفتہ is a Persian reduplication meaning gradually. گھل مل جانا is a compound verb — literally to dissolve and mix — whose English is to blend or to become mixed together, and it is feminine plural to agree with ترکیبیں. Translating it as dissolved would be too literal and would lose a mark; translating it as changed would be too loose. English: and gradually these recipes blended into one another.

4. 04Sentence four: an embedded question and a pluperfect

   اب یہ کہنا مشکل ہے کہ کون سی ڈش کہاں سے آئی تھی۔ یہ کہنا مشکل ہے کہ is the frame it is difficult to say that, with کہنا an infinitive used as a noun. آئی تھی is a pluperfect, feminine singular for ڈش, and the tense matters: the question is about an origin further back than the blending just described. English: It is now difficult to say which dish came from where.

Result: Karachi's food is not the product of any one tradition. The people who came from different regions and settled here brought their own recipes with them, and gradually these recipes blended into one another. It is now difficult to say which dish came from where.

The heard source is a phone-in contribution from a man whose brother works in the Gulf: he says the money pays school fees and built a room on the family house, and that without it the household would be poorer but the brother would be at home. The read source is a short economic commentary arguing that remittance-funded consumption raises prices in sending districts and does not by itself create jobs. Write 5(a) and 5(b).

1. 01Separate the two things a phone-in gives you

   A personal contribution carries facts about one household and a viewpoint about migration. The question asks for the point of view, so the facts are evidence for it, not the answer to it. Note the second half of his sentence, which is the real position: he weighs a material gain against an absence, and that trade-off is his viewpoint. Missing it and reporting only the school fees is the standard way to lose marks on 5(a).

2. 025(a): report the position, with the trade-off in it

   فون کرنے والے کا نقطۂ نظر یہ ہے کہ ترسیلات نے اُس کے گھرانے کی حالت بہتر بنائی ہے — بچوں کی فیس اور مکان کی توسیع اِسی رقم سے ممکن ہوئی — لیکن اُس کے نزدیک اِس کی قیمت بھائی کی غیر موجودگی ہے۔ Notice ممکن ہوئی, feminine to agree with توسیع, and اُس کے نزدیک for in his view. The dash carries the evidence without letting it become the main clause.

3. 035(b): report the second position as a position about mechanism

   تحریری متن کا مؤقف مختلف ہے: مصنف کے مطابق ترسیلات سے پیدا ہونے والی خریداری علاقے میں قیمتیں بڑھا دیتی ہے اور بذاتِ خود روزگار پیدا نہیں کرتی۔ بذاتِ خود, in itself, is the word that keeps this accurate: the commentator is not denying that remittances help households, only that they build capacity. Reporting the qualifier is what makes the summary faithful.

4. 04Test the pair for the object of the disagreement

   The caller talks about a household; the commentator talks about a district. That is not a contradiction, and saying so is the observation that will carry your 5(c) evaluation: the two sources are answering different questions with the same word. Sources that do not quite meet are common in Paper 3, and noticing the mismatch is worth more than picking a winner.

Result: 5(a) فون کرنے والے کا نقطۂ نظر یہ ہے کہ ترسیلات نے اُس کے گھرانے کی حالت بہتر بنائی ہے — بچوں کی فیس اور مکان کی توسیع اِسی رقم سے ممکن ہوئی — لیکن اُس کے نزدیک اِس کی قیمت بھائی کی غیر موجودگی ہے۔ 5(b) تحریری متن کا مؤقف مختلف ہے: مصنف کے مطابق ترسیلات سے پیدا ہونے والی خریداری علاقے میں قیمتیں بڑھا دیتی ہے اور بذاتِ خود روزگار پیدا نہیں کرتی۔

Passage: محلے کی کمیٹی نے فیصلہ کیا کہ صفائی کا انتظام مل کر کیا جائے گا۔ کچھ پرانے رہائشیوں کو خدشہ تھا کہ نئے آنے والے خرچ میں حصہ نہیں ڈالیں گے، لیکن پہلے ہی مہینے میں چندہ توقع سے زیادہ جمع ہو گیا۔ ایک بزرگ نے کہا کہ ’ہمیں اندازہ نہیں تھا۔‘ Question: بزرگ کے جملے سے متن کے مصنف کیا ظاہر کرنا چاہتے ہیں؟

1. 01Identify what kind of question this is before writing anything

   The stem asks what the author wants to show by including the quotation — that is inference about authorial purpose, not retrieval. The answer therefore cannot simply repeat what the elder said. It must say what the quotation does in the passage. Sorting Section B questions this way in the first read is the single most efficient reading habit for this paper.

2. 02Locate the structural move the passage has already made

   The passage sets an expectation — کچھ پرانے رہائشیوں کو خدشہ تھا — and then contradicts it with an outcome: چندہ توقع سے زیادہ جمع ہو گیا. توقع سے زیادہ, more than expected, is the hinge. The quotation lands after the contradiction, so it functions as an admission from the person who held the expectation.

3. 03Say what the admission is evidence of

   The three-word quotation ہمیں اندازہ نہیں تھا, we had no idea, is a pluperfect of ignorance. Its work in the passage is to show that the earlier fear was a preconception rather than a finding, and that direct experience revised it. The author is not saying the old residents were bad people; the author is showing an attitude changing through contact. That is the inference.

4. 04Write the answer in Urdu, short, and in your own words

   مصنف اِس جملے کے ذریعے یہ دکھانا چاہتے ہیں کہ پرانے رہائشیوں کا خدشہ محض ایک پیشگی تصور تھا، اور عملی تجربے نے اُسے بدل دیا۔ Twenty-two words. It names the device, names what it shows, and does not lift. If you want one more clause, add جو یہ ثابت کرتا ہے کہ مشترکہ سرگرمی رویّے تبدیل کر سکتی ہے — but only if you have time; a Section B inference answer is not an essay.

Result: مصنف اِس جملے کے ذریعے یہ دکھانا چاہتے ہیں کہ پرانے رہائشیوں کا خدشہ محض ایک پیشگی تصور تھا، اور عملی تجربے نے اُسے بدل دیا۔

The statement is ’پاکستان سے ہجرت کی اصل وجہ معاشی ہے، سیاسی نہیں‘ — the real reason for emigration from Pakistan is economic, not political. The unseen text is an interview with a nurse who has taken a post in the Gulf. Plan the 320-to-370-word answer.

1. 01Read the statement for its structure, not its topic

   The statement is a comparative causal claim with an explicit denial attached: economic yes, political no. It therefore invites three possible responses — agree, deny, or complicate — and the third is almost always the strongest, because the two categories overlap in reality. A candidate who spends the whole answer proving that the economy matters has agreed with a claim nobody disputed and has never engaged the second half.

2. 02Take from the unseen text the thing only it can supply

   The interview gives you a person, a decision and her stated reasons. Quote or paraphrase precisely one specific from it and argue with it: انٹرویو میں نرس کہتی ہیں کہ فیصلہ تنخواہ کی بنیاد پر ہوا، مگر وہ یہ بھی کہتی ہیں کہ ترقی کے مواقع اور کام کے حالات اہم تھے — اور یہی دوسری بات خالص معاشی وضاحت کو کمزور کرتی ہے۔ The AO2 grid, out of 10, rewards using the text as material for an argument, not summarising it.

3. 03Build the middle out of the three aspects, with the categories tested

   Paragraph two: economic reasons, named and sourced — wage differentials, unemployment, and the licensed overseas-employment route. Paragraph three: political and security reasons, and the point that the distinction blurs, because instability produces economic conditions and economic exclusion is often experienced politically. Paragraph four: the highly educated, where the same blur appears in a sharper form — a doctor who leaves because of pay and a doctor who leaves because of the state of the hospital she works in are giving two descriptions of one situation.

4. 04Use the returnee aspect to turn the argument, not to pad it

   The third aspect earns its place if it changes the question. If returnees bring capital, skills and expectations back, then the political-versus-economic framing is incomplete in a further way: emigration is not only an exit but a circuit, and what pulls people back is not the same as what pushed them out. اگر ہجرت ایک دائرہ ہے تو صرف روانگی کے اسباب گننا کافی نہیں — a conditional sentence, which the AO3 guidance names as complex language, doing genuine argumentative work.

5. 05Conclude on the statement's own terms, in your own voice, at the right length

   میری رائے میں یہ بیان جزوی طور پر درست ہے: معاشی اسباب واقعی سب سے زیادہ عام ہیں، مگر ’سیاسی نہیں‘ کہنا اِس لیے غلط ہے کہ بہت سے لوگوں کے لیے یہ دونوں اسباب ایک ہی تجربے کے دو نام ہیں۔ Then check the count. In the room you have 85 recommended minutes for 320 to 370 words: roughly fifteen to read and plan, sixty to write, ten to check agreement, postpositions and the ergative.

Result: Conclusion: میری رائے میں یہ بیان جزوی طور پر درست ہے: معاشی اسباب واقعی سب سے زیادہ عام ہیں، مگر ’سیاسی نہیں‘ کہنا اِس لیے غلط ہے کہ بہت سے لوگوں کے لیے یہ دونوں اسباب ایک ہی تجربے کے دو نام ہیں۔