EuraStudy
This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's third theme, Tema 3: Movimentos migratórios, across both of its sub-themes — A imigração e a sociedade multicultural portuguesa, with its three aspects of marginalisation and alienation seen from the immigrants' own perspective, the steps towards integration, and immigration's contribution to culture and society, and Emigração de Portugal no século XXI, with its three aspects of the reasons for emigrating, the impact on society, and the contribution of returning emigrants. It also carries Tema 3's research subject, Movimento migratório em Portugal, whose aspects are the rural exodus, work opportunities in the city and in the countryside, and access to training in each; that subject belongs here because internal movement is the older layer that the two international movements sit on top of. Like Temas 1 and 4, Tema 3 is set in the context of Portugal only. What makes this theme distinctive within the qualification, and worth understanding before writing a word about it, is that Portugal is simultaneously a country of emigration and a country of immigration, and has been for decades — which means that any answer treating it as only one or only the other has misdescribed the theme. The first sub-theme also carries an unusual instruction: its first aspect specifies the immigrants' own perspective, and honouring that instruction changes what a good answer sounds like.
5 sections~42 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 3 · Advanced 2
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a personal response: who comes to Portugal and why, who leaves and why, what the words for the movements and the people are, and what the student thinks — with correct vocabulary, secure tenses and accurate agreement.
higher level
The full A-Level expects the two movements held together in one argument, evidence used rather than listed, and the perspective the specification asks for actually adopted. Answers must distinguish a legal or administrative fact from a contested judgement, avoid inventing figures, resist the single-story account of any migrant group, and connect internal to international movement where the connection is real.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
The three movements Tema 3 puts side by side
The recording, summarised: a city councillor argues that Portugal's integration policy is comparatively good, points to language courses and to a one-stop advisory service, and says the main remaining problem is housing. The written text, summarised: an association working with immigrants argues that the formal policy is generous on paper but slow in practice, that waiting times for documents keep people in irregular situations, and that the housing problem is a symptom of that delay rather than a separate issue. Write the two summaries.
These two questions are points-based, not levels-based: they ask you to summarise the different points of view in each source, and the marks come from points recovered, not from style. That has one immediate consequence for how you write them. Do not compare the sources here — comparison is what 5(c) is for, and a comparison in 5(a) spends words on something 5(a) does not credit. Summarise the recording in 5(a); summarise the text in 5(b); keep them separate.
Three distinct claims are audible: policy is comparatively good; two named instruments exist, language courses and an advisory service; housing is the main remaining problem. Naming the instruments matters, because they are the specifics a points-based scheme is most likely to reward, and generic praise for policy is the part most likely to be worth nothing. Write them in that order — position, evidence, residual problem — because it mirrors the source and makes it easy for the marker to find each point.
Na gravação, o vereador defende que a política portuguesa de integração é comparativamente boa. Aponta dois instrumentos concretos: os cursos de língua e um serviço único de aconselhamento. Reconhece, no entanto, que subsiste um problema central, o do alojamento. Defender que, apontar, reconhecer que and subsistir are the reporting verbs doing the work; notice that reconhecer que carries the concession the speaker himself made, which is part of his point of view. Alojamento rather than habitação is the word usually used for accommodation as a problem for arrivals.
The association makes three claims too: generous on paper, slow in practice; delays keep people irregular; and housing is a consequence, not a separate problem. That third claim is the interesting one, because it takes the same fact as the councillor and gives it a different place in the argument. A summary that reports it as another housing complaint has lost the point of view, which is exactly what 5(b) asks for.
No texto, a associação sustenta que a política é generosa no papel mas lenta na prática. Alega que os prazos de espera pelos documentos mantêm muitas pessoas em situação irregular. Para a associação, o problema do alojamento não é uma questão separada, mas uma consequência dessa demora. Sustentar and alegar are reporting verbs that keep the claims attributed. Para a associação signals whose framing it is. The final sentence uses não é X, mas Y, which is the shape of the disagreement itself. Both summaries now contain what 5(c) will need, and neither has anticipated it.
Result: 5(a) Na gravação, o vereador defende que a política portuguesa de integração é comparativamente boa. Aponta dois instrumentos concretos: os cursos de língua e um serviço único de aconselhamento. Reconhece, no entanto, que subsiste um problema central, o do alojamento. 5(b) No texto, a associação sustenta que a política é generosa no papel mas lenta na prática. Alega que os prazos de espera pelos documentos mantêm muitas pessoas em situação irregular. Para a associação, o problema do alojamento não é uma questão separada, mas uma consequência dessa demora.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese on obstacles facing newly arrived immigrants in Portugal, in which every claim is either a named mechanism (a document, a procedure, a recognised barrier) or an attributed report, and none is a general statement about attitudes. Then rewrite the same paragraph deliberately badly, using only generalisations, and put the two side by side. The difference between them is roughly the difference between the middle and the top bands of the AO4 grid.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Work through this the way you would in Paper 1 Section B. A integração não se decreta: constrói-se ao longo de anos e depende tanto das instituições como das pessoas. De pouco serve garantir por lei o acesso à escola e aos cuidados de saúde se, na prática, quem chega não souber a quem se dirigir nem em que língua o fazer. Daí que várias autarquias tenham criado serviços de atendimento onde, num só local, é possível tratar de assuntos que antes obrigavam a percorrer meia cidade.
A integração não se decreta: constrói-se ao longo de anos. Two reflexive verbs used impersonally, decretar-se and construir-se, and the colon carrying a contrast that English would mark with a but. Não se decreta is a passive-reflexive: integration is not decreed, cannot be brought about by decree. Recognising the impersonal reflexive is the single most useful reading skill for Portuguese institutional prose, because it is everywhere in it and because a reader who takes se as a true reflexive will look for a subject that is not there.
Depende tanto das instituições como das pessoas. Tanto X como Y is the correlative both X and Y, listed among Appendix 2's comparative constructions. Das is de + as. The claim is that responsibility is shared, which matters because a comprehension question may well ask whose responsibility the writer thinks integration is, and the answer is both — a candidate who reads only the first half will answer wrongly and confidently.
De pouco serve garantir por lei o acesso à escola e aos cuidados de saúde se, na prática, quem chega não souber a quem se dirigir. De pouco serve plus infinitive is it is of little use to, a fixed idiom worth learning whole. À is a + a; aos is a + os. The crucial verb is souber: the future subjunctive of saber, triggered by se about a general or future case. English uses a present here — if the person arriving does not know — which is exactly why English speakers never produce this form and often fail to recognise it. Quem chega is the one who arrives, a headless relative.
A quem se dirigir nem em que língua o fazer. Dirigir-se a alguém is to approach or address someone; the infinitive here is the personal infinitive with no ending because the subject quem chega is third-person singular, which is why it looks like a plain infinitive. Em que língua o fazer — in which language to do it — with o standing for the whole preceding action. Two embedded questions in one clause is characteristic of this register, and the second is easy to skip because it is short.
Daí que várias autarquias tenham criado serviços de atendimento. Daí que is a consequence connective — hence, and so — and it takes the subjunctive, here the perfect subjunctive tenham criado for a completed action. Uma autarquia is a local authority, one of the words that cannot be guessed and must be known. Num só local, in a single place, is the one-stop principle. Percorrer meia cidade is to trek across half the city. If a question asks porque é que estes serviços foram criados, the answer is in the contrast between antes obrigavam a percorrer meia cidade and num só local — the passage supplies its own justification and a good answer quotes the mechanism rather than the sentiment.
Result: Integration cannot be decreed: it is built up over years and depends on institutions as much as on people. There is little point in guaranteeing access to schooling and healthcare by law if, in practice, the person arriving does not know who to approach or in what language to do it. Hence the fact that several local authorities have set up advice centres where, in a single place, it is possible to deal with matters that previously meant trekking across half the city.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 180 words in Portuguese setting out the steps to integration in Portugal as a sequence, naming each institution or document accurately, and then add a final 60 words arguing whether the sequence described amounts to integração or to assimilação, using the distinction deliberately. Check that you have not used the two words as though they meant the same thing anywhere in the paragraph.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Following the two summaries in an earlier section, the recording argued that contemporary emigration is normal European mobility and that returnees bring valuable experience; the text argued that Portugal is losing people it paid to educate, and that most do not return. Question 5(c) asks: Avalie os pontos de vista expressos nas duas fontes. Com qual concorda mais e porquê? Write the answer in 200 to 250 words.
5(c) is marked by three levels-based grids: understand and respond to spoken language out of six, understand and respond to written language out of six, and accuracy and range of language. That distribution has an immediate structural consequence. You must visibly use both sources — a brilliant essay that engages only with the text forfeits the AO1 marks outright — and you must reach a conclusion, because both grids reward using information to evaluate and draw conclusions rather than merely to report.
As duas fontes não discordam sobre os factos, mas sobre o seu significado. Ambas reconhecem que muitos jovens qualificados saíram de Portugal; divergem quanto a saber se isso representa uma perda. This is the strongest possible opening for an evaluation question, because it demonstrates that you have understood both sources well enough to see where they actually part company, which is what both comprehension grids are marking. Quanto a saber se is a useful formula: as to whether.
A gravação apresenta a emigração como mobilidade europeia normal e valoriza o contributo dos que regressam. O argumento tem força: a livre circulação é um direito e a experiência adquirida no estrangeiro pode voltar ao país. Naming the source explicitly — a gravação — is how the AO1 marker finds your engagement with it. Tem força concedes a point genuinely; an evaluation that dismisses one source in a clause has not evaluated it.
O texto, por seu lado, sublinha um custo concreto: a formação foi financiada em Portugal e o retorno desse investimento faz-se noutro país. É o argumento mais forte das duas fontes, porque não depende de uma opinião sobre a mobilidade, mas de um facto sobre quem pagou. Por seu lado is a balanced connective. Identifying which argument is strongest, and saying why, is exactly what the grids mean by evaluate; simply reporting both is what the middle bands describe.
Concordo mais com o texto, embora com uma reserva. A reserva: o argumento do custo só se sustenta se o regresso for raro, e nenhuma das fontes o demonstra. Ainda assim, a questão de quem paga a formação e quem colhe o benefício parece-me mais decisiva do que a invocação genérica da liberdade de circulação. Concordo mais com is the direct answer the question asked for. Se o regresso for raro uses the future subjunctive after se, and embora com uma reserva concedes without retreating. The conclusion is a genuine position with a stated limit, which is what the top band means by convincing conclusions.
Result: As duas fontes não discordam sobre os factos, mas sobre o seu significado. Ambas reconhecem que muitos jovens qualificados saíram de Portugal; divergem quanto a saber se isso representa uma perda. A gravação apresenta a emigração como mobilidade europeia normal e valoriza o contributo dos que regressam. O argumento tem força: a livre circulação é um direito reconhecido, e a experiência adquirida no estrangeiro pode, em muitos casos, voltar ao país. O texto, por seu lado, sublinha um custo concreto: a formação foi financiada em Portugal e o retorno desse investimento faz-se noutro país. Parece-me o argumento mais forte das duas fontes, porque não depende de uma opinião sobre a mobilidade, mas de um facto sobre quem pagou. Concordo mais com o texto, embora com uma reserva. O argumento do custo só se sustenta se o regresso for raro, e nenhuma das fontes o demonstra. Ainda assim, a questão de saber quem financia a formação e quem colhe o benefício parece-me mais decisiva do que a invocação genérica da liberdade de circulação.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write two paragraphs of 120 words each in Portuguese. The first sets out the motives for twenty-first-century emigration from Portugal, using only mechanisms and no numbers. The second sets out its impact, and must include one demographic consequence, one regional consequence and one consequence for families. Then write a single closing sentence that takes a position on whether this movement should be described as a fuga de cérebros, and justify the choice of term.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Render this into English. Nas aldeias do interior, as casas construídas com o dinheiro ganho no estrangeiro são ainda hoje visíveis. Muitas ficaram fechadas durante anos, abrindo apenas em agosto, quando as famílias regressavam de férias. Outras acabaram por ser habitadas de forma permanente, quando os seus donos decidiram voltar de vez. Nem sempre esse regresso foi fácil: quem tinha partido jovem encontrava, ao voltar, um país que já não era o que deixara.
As casas construídas com o dinheiro ganho no estrangeiro. Two past participles used adjectivally, construídas agreeing with casas and ganho agreeing with dinheiro. Ganho is the participle of ganhar and is irregular in form though regular in use. The houses built with money earned abroad. Note that no estrangeiro is abroad and o estrangeiro without the preposition is a foreigner — a single letter of difference in the English gloss, and a segment lost if you take the wrong one.
Muitas ficaram fechadas durante anos, abrindo apenas em agosto. Ficar plus a participle is the becoming-and-remaining construction: many stood shut for years. Translating it as many were closed would suggest somebody closed them, which is not what the sentence says. Abrindo is a gerund used adverbially, opening only in August — one of the few places where European Portuguese uses the bare gerund freely, since its progressive normally takes estar a plus infinitive. Month names take no capital in Portuguese under the Acordo, which is why agosto is lower case here.
Quando as famílias regressavam de férias. Regressavam is imperfect and habitual — when the families came back for the holidays, year after year — where regressaram would name one particular return. De férias is on holiday, with de and no article. The whole sentence is a description of a repeated annual pattern, which is why the imperfect is used, and rendering it as a single past event in English would misdescribe the practice the passage is about.
Outras acabaram por ser habitadas de forma permanente, quando os seus donos decidiram voltar de vez. Acabar por plus infinitive is to end up doing something, and it is one of the highest-value idioms in Portuguese because it appears constantly and cannot be worked out from its parts. Ser habitadas is the action passive: others ended up being lived in permanently. Voltar de vez is to come back for good — de vez is a fixed adverbial and translating it as sometimes, by confusion with às vezes, is a classic error.
Quem tinha partido jovem encontrava, ao voltar, um país que já não era o que deixara. Three past layers here: tinha partido, a compound pluperfect for the departure; encontrava, imperfect for the repeated experience of finding; and deixara, the synthetic pluperfect of deixar for the country they had left. That last form is the one this passage exists to teach — deixara means tinha deixado, and a reader who does not recognise it will either guess a future or stall. Ao voltar is a plus infinitive, on returning. Those who had left young found, on returning, a country that was no longer the one they had left.
Result: In the villages of the interior, the houses built with money earned abroad are still visible today. Many stood shut for years, opening only in August, when the families came back for the holidays. Others ended up being lived in permanently, when their owners decided to come back for good. That return was not always easy: those who had left young found, on returning, a country that was no longer the one they had left.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese arguing either that return migration substantially offsets emigration from Portugal or that it does not. The paragraph must name the three kinds of contribution, must acknowledge the strongest point on the other side, and must not contain the word retornados. Then check every instance of regressar and voltar for the correct preposition — regressar a Portugal, voltar a Portugal, regressar de França.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The Section C statement reads: O êxodo rural em Portugal é um problema do passado. Você concorda? An unseen Portuguese text accompanies it, arguing that remote working and rural tourism have begun to bring people back to interior villages, while acknowledging that the movement remains small. Show how the first 140 words of an answer should be built.
Não concordo, embora reconheça que a afirmação contém uma verdade parcial. O êxodo rural, enquanto movimento de massas, pertence de facto ao passado; as suas consequências, essas, são inteiramente presentes. Section C's top band rewards a line of argument sustained throughout, and the fastest way to establish one is to find the word in the statement that is doing the ambiguous work — here, problema. Enquanto plus a noun means as, in the capacity of. Essas after the noun is an emphatic resumptive, a natural Portuguese intensifier.
A deslocação do interior para o litoral e para o estrangeiro atravessou grande parte do século XX e resultou de causas conhecidas: a mecanização da agricultura, a dimensão reduzida das explorações e a ausência de alternativas de emprego. Naming three mechanisms is worth more than naming a decade, and it is safer, because the mechanisms are documented while a precise date recalled under pressure may not be. Explorações here means agricultural holdings, a term worth having.
A minha investigação centrou-se no acesso à formação, e é aí que a afirmação me parece mais frágil: quem quer estudar continua, na maioria dos casos, a ter de sair. This is the move that turns a general essay into a researched one. It also demonstrates the all-three-aspects rule being honoured, because it names the third aspect explicitly. Ter de sair uses the obligation structure from Appendix 2. Na maioria dos casos is a hedge that is honest and costs nothing.
O texto aponta um movimento em sentido contrário — o teletrabalho e o turismo rural — mas admite, ele próprio, que esse movimento é ainda reduzido. The AO2 grid is worth ten marks and assesses how well you use the text to contribute to your argument. Notice what this sentence does: it takes the text's strongest point against your position, states it fairly, and then uses the text's own concession against it. That is using a source, not summarising one. Ele próprio is the emphatic reflexive pronoun, itself.
A questão, portanto, não é se há regressos, mas se a sua escala compensa a saída continuada de jovens qualificados — e é sobre isso que o texto não se pronuncia. Naming the criterion by which the argument will be settled is the single clearest signal of critical analysis available in a Section C answer, and it sets up the rest of the essay to do real work. Pronunciar-se sobre is to take a position on. The reader now knows exactly what will be argued and by what standard, in 140 words.
Result: Não concordo, embora reconheça que a afirmação contém uma verdade parcial. O êxodo rural, enquanto movimento de massas, pertence de facto ao passado; as suas consequências, essas, são inteiramente presentes. A deslocação do interior para o litoral e para o estrangeiro atravessou grande parte do século XX e resultou de causas conhecidas: a mecanização da agricultura, a dimensão reduzida das explorações e a ausência de alternativas de emprego. A minha investigação centrou-se no acesso à formação, e é aí que a afirmação me parece mais frágil: quem quer estudar continua, na maioria dos casos, a ter de sair. O texto aponta um movimento em sentido contrário — o teletrabalho e o turismo rural — mas admite, ele próprio, que esse movimento é ainda reduzido. A questão, portanto, não é se há regressos, mas se a sua escala compensa a saída continuada de jovens qualificados.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Build the memorisable core of this research subject on one page: for each of the three aspects, three specifics you could name from memory in an examination room, plus one sentence of argument. Then write a single 60-word paragraph in Portuguese that uses the third aspect to explain the first — that is, that argues the êxodo rural continues partly because training is concentrated on the coast. If you can write that paragraph without notes, you have the subject.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
References & sources