EuraStudy
This topic carries the first sub-theme of Edexcel's second theme, Tema 2: Cultura política e artística nos países de língua portuguesa — the sub-theme Os media, across its three aspects of liberdade de expressão, a imprensa escrita e online, and o impacto na sociedade e na política. Two facts about its placement need stating at once because both are easy to get wrong. First, the frozen topic slot is called artistic-culture, but the specification files Os media under political culture in its own words: Tema 2, it says, covers artistic culture through music, festivals and traditions, and political culture past and present through the media. So this topic sits in an artistic-culture slot while teaching political culture, and a candidate should know that the sub-theme's real subject is the relationship between information and power. Second, and unlike Temas 1, 3 and 4, Tema 2 is set in the wider Portuguese-speaking world — the countries and areas where Portuguese is an official language, Portugal included — and a student choosing this theme's research subject must base it on one of them and stay there. That makes this the one theme in the qualification where Brazil, Angola, Moçambique, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe, Timor-Leste and Macau are on the table, and it makes it essential to treat them as distinct countries with their own media systems and their own histories rather than as a single lusophone bloc.
5 sections~42 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 2 · Advanced 3
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a personal response: what kinds of media exist in the country the student has chosen, how people get their news, what freedom of expression means and why it matters — with correct vocabulary, secure tenses and accurate agreement.
higher level
The full A-Level expects one country held steadily in view, a constitutional or legal fact distinguished from an assessment of practice, every assessment attributed, and an argument sustained across a paragraph. The specification's own phrase, o impacto na sociedade e na política, is a causal claim, and the strongest answers treat it as a claim to be tested rather than as a heading to be filled.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
The causal claim the sub-theme asks you to test
Work through this the way you would in Paper 1 Section B. Nenhum direito é ilimitado, e a liberdade de expressão não constitui exceção. O que se discute não é se deve haver limites, mas quem os fixa e com que critérios. Quando é o poder político a defini-los, o risco de abuso é evidente; quando é a própria imprensa a fazê-lo, resta saber se a autorregulação tem meios para se impor. Nem uma nem outra solução dispensa a intervenção dos tribunais, que continuam a ser, em última análise, quem decide.
O que se discute não é se deve haver limites, mas quem os fixa e com que critérios. The não é X, mas Y frame again, and here it is doing the whole argumentative work: the writer is refusing the question the reader expected and substituting another. Se deve haver is an embedded yes-or-no question, whether there should be. Os in quem os fixa refers back to limites. A comprehension question asking qual é a posição do autor is answered by this sentence and by no other.
Quando é o poder político a defini-los. This is the é … a plus infinitive cleft, a characteristically European Portuguese structure meaning when it is political power that defines them. A learner reading é as a plain copula and looking for a predicate will stall here. The same structure returns immediately: quando é a própria imprensa a fazê-lo, where fazê-lo is fazer plus the clitic o with the r assimilated — one of the contraction rules Appendix 2 covers, and a form that must be recognised instantly because it is unrecognisable if you are looking for the verb fazer.
Resta saber se a autorregulação tem meios para se impor. Restar saber se is it remains to be seen whether, and it is not neutral: a writer who says it remains to be seen has already indicated doubt. Ter meios para is to have the means to; impor-se is to assert itself or make itself felt. The sentence is a polite way of doubting that self-regulation works, and a candidate who translates it flatly as it remains to be known has lost the tone that a question about atitude do autor would be testing.
Nem uma nem outra solução dispensa a intervenção dos tribunais. Nem … nem is neither … nor, and note that the verb is singular, dispensa, agreeing with solução. Dispensar is to dispense with or to make unnecessary — a false friend for English speakers, who read dispense as distribute. Neither solution does away with the need for the courts to intervene. Getting dispensar wrong reverses the sentence, which is why it is worth learning as a marked item.
Os tribunais, que continuam a ser, em última análise, quem decide. Continuar a ser is the European progressive with a plus infinitive, still are. Em última análise is ultimately, a range connective worth reusing. Quem decide is a headless relative, the ones who decide. The passage's structure is therefore: a question is reframed, two candidate answers are offered and both doubted, and a third party is named as the real decider. If a question asks qual é a conclusão do texto, the answer is that the courts decide — and a candidate who summarises the paragraph as being about press freedom in general has read the topic but not the argument.
Result: No right is unlimited, and freedom of expression is no exception. What is being debated is not whether there should be limits, but who sets them and by what criteria. When it is political power that defines them, the risk of abuse is obvious; when it is the press itself, it remains to be seen whether self-regulation has the means to assert itself. Neither solution does away with the intervention of the courts, which ultimately remain the ones that decide.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Choose one country where Portuguese is an official language and write 200 words in Portuguese about freedom of expression there, structured in three movements: what the constitution or law guarantees, what limits the law recognises, and what observers disagree about. The first movement must contain no hedges, the third must contain nothing but attributed positions, and the country must be named in the first sentence and never left.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The recording contains this passage, which you may replay: O jornal manteve a edição em papel, embora com uma tiragem muito inferior à de há dez anos, e passou a concentrar o essencial do investimento na plataforma digital. A direção admite que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao formato impresso, mas sustenta que era a única forma de garantir a sobrevivência da redação. The question asks: Que razão é apresentada para a mudança? (2 marks)
Section A permits stopping, revisiting and replaying, and the discipline is to spend the first pass identifying the structure rather than capturing words. The structure here is: a decision was made, it was hard, and there was a reason. The question asks only for the reason, which is at the very end of a long sentence — which is precisely why a first pass for shape matters, because a candidate writing from the start will still be transcribing the tiragem clause when the answer goes past.
Uma tiragem muito inferior à de há dez anos. Inferior a takes a rather than do que; à de is a + a de, the contracted comparative referring back to tiragem. Há dez anos is ten years ago. There is no figure in this sentence — muito inferior is a comparative, not a quantity — and a candidate who writes a number here has invented one. This is worth noticing because listening passages often sound as though they contain data when they contain comparisons.
E passou a concentrar o essencial do investimento na plataforma digital. Passar a plus infinitive means to start doing something, marking a change of practice — it began concentrating. Read as the simple past of passar it makes no sense at all. This construction and acabar por are the two periphrastic verbs that most reliably separate candidates who have listened to real Portuguese from those who have only read textbook sentences.
A direção admite que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos, mas sustenta que era a única forma de garantir a sobrevivência da redação. Two reporting verbs, admite and sustenta, and they mark two different things: what is conceded and what is argued. The reason the question asks for is after mas. A ligação afetiva is the emotional attachment and is the difficulty, not the reason. A two-mark question wants the reason and probably the object of the reason — survival, and specifically survival of the newsroom.
A razão apresentada é a de que só assim seria possível garantir a sobrevivência da redação, mesmo reconhecendo a ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao papel. A razão é a de que is the correct Portuguese for the reason is that — the a de is easy to drop and its absence is an accuracy error. Keeping da redação rather than reducing it to do jornal preserves a distinction the speaker made deliberately: the newsroom, meaning the journalists, not the business.
Result: A razão apresentada é a de que só assim seria possível garantir a sobrevivência da redação. A direção reconhece que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao formato impresso, mas apresenta a mudança como a única forma de assegurar essa sobrevivência.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Find one notícia, one crónica and one editorial in a Portuguese-language newspaper from the country you have chosen. For each, write three sentences in Portuguese: what genre it is and how you can tell, what claim it makes, and what kind of evidence it offers for that claim. Then write one further sentence saying which of the three would be the most dangerous to quote in an essay as though it were fact, and why.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The recording argues that social media have widened political division, citing the speed at which unverified claims spread. The written text argues that the divisions were already present and that social media made them visible rather than creating them, adding that blaming platforms is convenient for politicians. Question 5(c) asks you to evaluate both viewpoints and say which you agree with, in 200 to 250 words.
As duas fontes discordam sobre a direção da causalidade: a gravação vê nos media sociais uma causa da divisão, ao passo que o texto os vê sobretudo como um espelho. Naming the disagreement as one about causation rather than about facts is itself an analytical act, and it demonstrates comprehension of both sources at once, which is what the AO1 and AO2 grids are looking for. Ao passo que is a comparative connective worth having, whereas.
A gravação apoia-se num mecanismo concreto: a rapidez com que uma afirmação não verificada circula antes de ser desmentida. O argumento é forte porque não depende de intenções, apenas da velocidade. Apoiar-se em is to rest on. Notice the second sentence: it explains why the argument is strong, which is evaluation rather than summary, and evaluation is what 5(c) marks. A candidate who merely restates the recording is answering 5(a) again.
O texto responde que as divisões antecedem as plataformas e acrescenta uma observação incómoda: culpar a tecnologia é conveniente para quem governa. Essa segunda afirmação é de outra natureza — é uma suspeita sobre motivos, não uma prova sobre causas. Distinguishing the two kinds of claim inside one source is a genuinely sophisticated move and costs one sentence. Incómoda, uncomfortable, is the right adjective; de outra natureza, of a different kind, is the analytical frame.
Para decidir entre as duas leituras seria preciso saber se a divisão aumentou depois de as plataformas se generalizarem, e nenhuma das fontes o estabelece. Na ausência dessa prova, a posição do texto exige menos: afirma que algo se tornou visível, e não que algo foi criado. Naming what evidence would settle the question, and then noticing which position needs less of it, is the strongest available move in an evaluation and requires no external knowledge whatever. Depois de as plataformas se generalizarem is a personal infinitive after a preposition, with the clitic before it because the infinitive is inflected and preceded by an article.
Concordo, portanto, mais com o texto, mas apenas quanto à causa. Quanto às consequências, a gravação parece-me mais convincente: mesmo que a divisão não tenha sido criada pelas plataformas, a velocidade a que hoje circula é um facto novo, e nada no texto o contraria. Mesmo que takes the subjunctive tenha sido. Splitting the verdict by aspect — agreeing with one source about causes and the other about consequences — is not fence-sitting, because each half is argued. It is exactly what the top band means by convincing conclusions drawn from the sources.
Result: As duas fontes discordam sobre a direção da causalidade: a gravação vê nos media sociais uma causa da divisão, ao passo que o texto os vê sobretudo como um espelho. A gravação apoia-se num mecanismo concreto: a rapidez com que uma afirmação não verificada circula antes de ser desmentida. O argumento é forte porque não depende de intenções, apenas da velocidade. O texto responde que as divisões antecedem as plataformas e acrescenta uma observação incómoda: culpar a tecnologia é conveniente para quem governa. Essa segunda afirmação é, porém, de outra natureza — é uma suspeita sobre motivos, não uma prova sobre causas. Para decidir entre as duas leituras seria preciso saber se a divisão aumentou depois de as plataformas se generalizarem, e nenhuma das fontes o estabelece. Na ausência dessa prova, a posição do texto exige menos: afirma que algo se tornou visível, e não que algo foi criado. Concordo, portanto, mais com o texto quanto à causa. Quanto às consequências, a gravação parece-me mais convincente: mesmo que a divisão não tenha sido criada pelas plataformas, a velocidade a que hoje circula é um facto novo, e nada no texto o contraria.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Portuguese testing the claim that the media in your chosen country have a decisive impact on politics. Structure it as: the strongest version of the claim, one mechanism that supports it, one mechanism that limits it, and your own judgement with a reason. Every evaluative sentence must be attributed or first-person. Then count your unattributed assertions about politics: the target is zero.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Render this into Portuguese. The country has a public broadcaster and several private stations, but most young people now get their news from their telephones. Older readers still buy a newspaper on Sundays, although fewer do so than ten years ago. Whichever medium they choose, what they are offered depends on who owns it and on how it is paid for.
O país tem um serviço público de rádio e televisão e várias estações privadas. Serviço público de rádio e televisão is the standard Portuguese description of a public broadcaster; um radiodifusor público exists but is technical. Estação is the right noun for a broadcasting station, and canal for a television channel specifically. Avoid emissora, which is the usual Brazilian term — perfectly correct in Brazilian Portuguese, but if you have chosen European Portuguese, stay in it.
Mas a maioria dos jovens informa-se hoje pelo telemóvel. Informar-se is the natural reflexive verb for getting one's news, and it is far better Portuguese than obter as suas notícias. Pelo is por + o, and por is the preposition of means. Telemóvel is European Portuguese; celular is Brazilian — one of the receptive variety differences Appendix 2 lists, and a place where mixing the two inside one answer is visible. Note also a maioria dos jovens takes a singular verb, informa-se, in careful writing.
Os leitores mais velhos continuam a comprar jornal ao domingo. Continuar a plus infinitive is the European progressive; continuam comprando would be Brazilian. Comprar jornal without an article is idiomatic for the habit; comprar um jornal names one purchase. Ao domingo, with the contraction, is the European way of saying on Sundays habitually; aos domingos is equally correct and more common in Brazil. The habitual is carried by the adverbial, not by a special tense.
Embora sejam menos do que há dez anos. Embora forces the subjunctive sejam. Menos do que is the comparative from Appendix 2's list. Portuguese has no do so and does not need one, because the comparison attaches to menos and the verb is simply ser: although they are fewer than ten years ago. A translator who hunts for an equivalent of do so will produce something clumsy and lose a segment; recognising that the English structure has no Portuguese counterpart is itself a translation skill.
Qualquer que seja o meio que escolham, aquilo que lhes é oferecido depende de quem o detém e da forma como é financiado. Qualquer que seja is the fixed concessive with the present subjunctive; escolham is subjunctive under it. Aquilo que is a headless relative for what, referring to a thing. Lhes é oferecido is the indirect object with the passive: what is offered to them. Deter is the correct verb for owning a media outlet — quem o detém, who holds it — and possuir would also serve. Da forma como is de + a forma como, and financiar is the verb for how something is paid for in this register.
Result: O país tem um serviço público de rádio e televisão e várias estações privadas, mas a maioria dos jovens informa-se hoje pelo telemóvel. Os leitores mais velhos continuam a comprar jornal ao domingo, embora sejam menos do que há dez anos. Qualquer que seja o meio que escolham, aquilo que lhes é oferecido depende de quem o detém e da forma como é financiado.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Name your one country or area in writing, and beside it list the two authentic Portuguese-language sources you will use, with what each covers. Then write one paragraph of 100 words in Portuguese about the media in that country in which the country's name appears in the first sentence and no other country is mentioned at all. Read it back and delete any sentence that would be equally true of somewhere else — that is the test of whether you have researched a country or a category.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
You have this direct speech from an interview and need to work it into an essay. The editor said: Hoje publicamos mais depressa do que há dez anos, e isso tem custos. Não verificámos uma informação como devíamos e tivemos de a corrigir. Quem nos critica tem razão neste ponto, mas esquece que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros.
The editor is conceding something uncomfortable, so admitir or reconhecer is the honest choice; afirmar would be neutral and would lose the concession, and alegar would insinuate doubt the passage does not warrant. O diretor reconheceu que … Note diretor for the editor, and that reconhecer que takes the indicative when it reports an accepted fact, unlike negar que, which takes the subjunctive.
Hoje publicamos mais depressa becomes que naquela altura publicavam mais depressa. Present to imperfect, first person to third, and hoje to naquela altura or nessa altura, since hoje inside reported speech would mean the day the essay is written rather than the day the editor spoke. Mais depressa do que há dez anos becomes do que dez anos antes — há dez anos is deictic too and must shift. Getting all three shifts in one clause is the whole skill.
Não verificámos uma informação como devíamos e tivemos de a corrigir becomes acrescentou que não tinham verificado uma informação como deviam e que tinham tido de a corrigir. Perfeito to compound pluperfect; the imperfect devíamos stays imperfect, because the imperfect does not shift. Ter de plus infinitive is the obligation structure, and the clitic a sits before the infinitive because ter de attracts it — a corrigir rather than corrigi-la, both are possible and the first is the more European placement.
Quem nos critica tem razão neste ponto becomes admitiu que os críticos tinham razão nesse ponto. Neste to nesse, because the deictic shifts away from the speaker. Ter razão is to be right; estar certo also works. The second half, mas esquece que a alternativa seria, becomes mas argumentou que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros — and note that seria, already conditional in the original, does not shift again. A conditional in direct speech stays conditional in indirect speech.
The point of converting the interview is to use it, not to reproduce it, so the paragraph should end with something the editor did not say. O argumento tem um limite evidente: a escolha não é entre publicar depressa e publicar tarde, mas entre publicar verificado e publicar sem verificar. Notice that this sentence is unhedged and first-person in effect — it is your analysis, not a report — and that it is safe to be unhedged because it is an argument about the logic of what was said rather than a claim about the world. That distinction is worth internalising: hedge claims about facts, argue plainly about reasoning.
Result: O diretor reconheceu que naquela altura publicavam mais depressa do que dez anos antes e que isso tinha custos. Acrescentou que não tinham verificado uma informação como deviam e que tinham tido de a corrigir. Admitiu ainda que os críticos tinham razão nesse ponto, mas argumentou que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros. O argumento tem, porém, um limite evidente: a escolha não é entre publicar depressa e publicar tarde, mas entre publicar verificado e publicar sem verificar.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Take five sentences of direct speech in Portuguese from an interview and rewrite each as reported speech under a past reporting verb, changing the reporting verb each time — afirmar, sustentar, admitir, alegar, desmentir — and adjusting the tense and deictics correctly. Then write one sentence for each explaining what your choice of reporting verb tells the reader about your own stance towards the claim.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
References & sources