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Notes/Portuguese/Os media: liberdade de expressão, imprensa e o seu impacto
Notes · PortugueseUK · A-Levels

Os media: liberdade de expressão, imprensa e o seu impacto

This topic carries the first sub-theme of Edexcel's second theme, Tema 2: Cultura política e artística nos países de língua portuguesa — the sub-theme Os media, across its three aspects of liberdade de expressão, a imprensa escrita e online, and o impacto na sociedade e na política. Two facts about its placement need stating at once because both are easy to get wrong. First, the frozen topic slot is called artistic-culture, but the specification files Os media under political culture in its own words: Tema 2, it says, covers artistic culture through music, festivals and traditions, and political culture past and present through the media. So this topic sits in an artistic-culture slot while teaching political culture, and a candidate should know that the sub-theme's real subject is the relationship between information and power. Second, and unlike Temas 1, 3 and 4, Tema 2 is set in the wider Portuguese-speaking world — the countries and areas where Portuguese is an official language, Portugal included — and a student choosing this theme's research subject must base it on one of them and stay there. That makes this the one theme in the qualification where Brazil, Angola, Moçambique, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe, Timor-Leste and Macau are on the table, and it makes it essential to treat them as distinct countries with their own media systems and their own histories rather than as a single lusophone bloc.

5 sections·~42 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0333 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Portuguese from broadcast and online media across the Portuguese-speaking worldAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Portuguese of journalistic and editorial registerAO3 · Manipulate Portuguese accurately, using the vocabulary of the press, publishing and public debateAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, the media and freedom of expression in Portuguese-speaking countries
Operators:analisaravaliarcompararresumirdiscutirexplicarjustificarsintetizar

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a personal response: what kinds of media exist in the country the student has chosen, how people get their news, what freedom of expression means and why it matters — with correct vocabulary, secure tenses and accurate agreement.

higher level

The full A-Level expects one country held steadily in view, a constitutional or legal fact distinguished from an assessment of practice, every assessment attributed, and an argument sustained across a paragraph. The specification's own phrase, o impacto na sociedade e na política, is a causal claim, and the strongest answers treat it as a claim to be tested rather than as a heading to be filled.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Os media: liberdade de expressão, imprensa e o seu impacto
    • 01Liberdade de expressão: a right, a limit, and a set of live arguments●
    • 02A imprensa escrita e online: two systems, one transition◐
    • 03O impacto na sociedade e na política: testing a causal claim●
    • 04One country at a time: why Tema 2's scoping rule changes how you write●
    • 05Writing about the media: register, hedging and the vocabulary of argument◐
§ 01

Liberdade de expressão: a right, a limit, and a set of live arguments#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Tema 2 — Os media: liberdade de expressãoLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

The causal claim the sub-theme asks you to test

Os media: the loop the sub-theme describesGraph, Liberdade de expressão → O que se publica, Limites legais → O que se publica, Imprensa escrita → O que se publica, Imprensa online → O que se publica, O que se publica → Opinião pública, Opinião pública → A política, A política → Limites legaisLiberdade deexpressãoLimites legaisImprensa escritaImprensa onlineO que se publicaOpinião públicaA política
Fig. 1The specification's third aspect, o impacto na sociedade e na política, is a claim about cause rather than a heading, and drawing it out shows where an argument can be made and where it cannot. Freedom of expression and its limits shape what the press can publish; the shift from print to online changes who publishes and how it is paid for; and both feed into public opinion and political outcomes. The dashed edge running backwards is the one candidates forget: political power also acts on the media, through law, ownership and funding, which is why the relationship is a loop rather than a line.

Key points

The first aspect is liberdade de expressão, and it is best approached the way a lawyer would rather than the way an editorial would, because the legal layer is stateable and the evaluative layer is not. Constitutional guarantees are documented facts and can be written flatly. The Portuguese Constitution of 1976 guarantees freedom of expression and information and prohibits censorship in terms shaped directly by the experience of the dictatorship that had ended two years earlier — a connection worth making, because it links Tema 2 to Tema 4 and shows an examiner that you understand why a constitutional clause is worded as it is. Brazil's Constitution of 1988 likewise emerged from the end of a military government and contains its own guarantees. Naming the instrument, and the moment that produced it, is a specific; asserting that a country is free or unfree is an assessment, and assessments belong behind attributions.
Freedom of expression is nowhere absolute, and knowing the standard limits in Portuguese is what allows a candidate to write about the aspect analytically instead of slogan by slogan. The recurring limits are defamation and the protection of honour and reputation — a difamação, a calúnia, o direito ao bom nome — the protection of privacy, a privacidade or a reserva da intimidade da vida privada, and incitement to hatred or violence. Against these sit the rights that push the other way: o direito à informação, the public's right to know, and the journalist's o sigilo profissional, the protection of sources. The Portuguese phrase for the balancing act is a conciliação de direitos or a ponderação de direitos, and using it signals that you understand the question is not whether freedom of expression is good but where it ends.
The institutional vocabulary is concrete and rewards precision. A censura is censorship as an institution; a autorregulação is self-regulation by the press itself; a regulação is regulation by a public body. Portugal has a regulator, the Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicação Social, usually shortened to ERC, and a professional body of journalists with a code of conduct; a carteira profissional de jornalista is the press card that formally identifies a journalist. Other Portuguese-speaking countries have their own arrangements, and they differ substantially — which is exactly why the specification requires a research candidate to choose one country and stay there. A sentence that begins nos países de língua portuguesa, a liberdade de imprensa is a sentence about eight or nine very different states at once, and it will be true of none of them.
Where the aspect becomes genuinely difficult, and where the AO4 grid separates candidates, is in writing about the gap between a guarantee and a practice. That gap exists everywhere to some degree and is measured and argued about by many organisations and observers, whose assessments differ and change from year to year. The defensible technique is to describe the mechanisms rather than to pronounce a verdict: whether media ownership is concentrated and in whose hands; whether public broadcasters are financed and governed in ways that insulate them from government; whether journalists face legal proceedings, economic pressure or physical risk; whether access to official information is regulated. Each of those is a question with a factual answer in a given country, and a candidate whose research has produced answers for their chosen country can write a paragraph that no generic essay could match — without ever asserting a global judgement they cannot support in an examination room.
Worked example

Reading strategy on a concrete passage: an editorial about the limits of a right (Paper 1 Section B)

Work through this the way you would in Paper 1 Section B. Nenhum direito é ilimitado, e a liberdade de expressão não constitui exceção. O que se discute não é se deve haver limites, mas quem os fixa e com que critérios. Quando é o poder político a defini-los, o risco de abuso é evidente; quando é a própria imprensa a fazê-lo, resta saber se a autorregulação tem meios para se impor. Nem uma nem outra solução dispensa a intervenção dos tribunais, que continuam a ser, em última análise, quem decide.

  1. 01Identify the rhetorical move in the second sentence, because it is the thesis

    O que se discute não é se deve haver limites, mas quem os fixa e com que critérios. The não é X, mas Y frame again, and here it is doing the whole argumentative work: the writer is refusing the question the reader expected and substituting another. Se deve haver is an embedded yes-or-no question, whether there should be. Os in quem os fixa refers back to limites. A comprehension question asking qual é a posição do autor is answered by this sentence and by no other.

  2. 02Recognise the cleft construction, which is everywhere in this register

    Quando é o poder político a defini-los. This is the é … a plus infinitive cleft, a characteristically European Portuguese structure meaning when it is political power that defines them. A learner reading é as a plain copula and looking for a predicate will stall here. The same structure returns immediately: quando é a própria imprensa a fazê-lo, where fazê-lo is fazer plus the clitic o with the r assimilated — one of the contraction rules Appendix 2 covers, and a form that must be recognised instantly because it is unrecognisable if you are looking for the verb fazer.

  3. 03Read resta saber se as a hedge with a direction

    Resta saber se a autorregulação tem meios para se impor. Restar saber se is it remains to be seen whether, and it is not neutral: a writer who says it remains to be seen has already indicated doubt. Ter meios para is to have the means to; impor-se is to assert itself or make itself felt. The sentence is a polite way of doubting that self-regulation works, and a candidate who translates it flatly as it remains to be known has lost the tone that a question about atitude do autor would be testing.

  4. 04Untangle the double negative quantifier

    Nem uma nem outra solução dispensa a intervenção dos tribunais. Nem … nem is neither … nor, and note that the verb is singular, dispensa, agreeing with solução. Dispensar is to dispense with or to make unnecessary — a false friend for English speakers, who read dispense as distribute. Neither solution does away with the need for the courts to intervene. Getting dispensar wrong reverses the sentence, which is why it is worth learning as a marked item.

  5. 05Read the final relative clause and note who wins

    Os tribunais, que continuam a ser, em última análise, quem decide. Continuar a ser is the European progressive with a plus infinitive, still are. Em última análise is ultimately, a range connective worth reusing. Quem decide is a headless relative, the ones who decide. The passage's structure is therefore: a question is reframed, two candidate answers are offered and both doubted, and a third party is named as the real decider. If a question asks qual é a conclusão do texto, the answer is that the courts decide — and a candidate who summarises the paragraph as being about press freedom in general has read the topic but not the argument.

Result: No right is unlimited, and freedom of expression is no exception. What is being debated is not whether there should be limits, but who sets them and by what criteria. When it is political power that defines them, the risk of abuse is obvious; when it is the press itself, it remains to be seen whether self-regulation has the means to assert itself. Neither solution does away with the intervention of the courts, which ultimately remain the ones that decide.

Exam focus

  • Constitutional guarantees are facts; assessments of practice are attributed. The 1976 Portuguese and 1988 Brazilian constitutions both follow authoritarian periods (AO4).
  • Know the limits: difamação, direito ao bom nome, privacidade, incitamento ao ódio, and against them o direito à informação and o sigilo profissional (AO3).
  • One country only, held throughout. A sentence about the Portuguese-speaking world as a whole is true of nowhere.
  • Write mechanisms — ownership, funding, legal exposure, access to information — rather than verdicts.

Typical mistakes

  • Treating freedom of expression as absolute and then having nothing to say when a text raises defamation or privacy.
  • Generalising across the Portuguese-speaking countries, whose media systems and legal frameworks differ sharply.
  • Confusing autorregulação with regulação. Who does the regulating is the whole question.
  • Delivering an unattributed verdict on how free a country's press is. That is precisely the claim that needs a named holder.

Active revision

Choose one country where Portuguese is an official language and write 200 words in Portuguese about freedom of expression there, structured in three movements: what the constitution or law guarantees, what limits the law recognises, and what observers disagree about. The first movement must contain no hedges, the third must contain nothing but attributed positions, and the country must be named in the first sentence and never left.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

A imprensa escrita e online: two systems, one transition#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Tema 2 — Os media: a imprensa escrita e onlineLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The second aspect pairs a imprensa escrita with a imprensa online, and the pairing is the point: the specification is asking about a transition, not about two separate industries. The vocabulary of the printed press is worth having in full, because it is the vocabulary a Paper 1 text will use and because English cognates mislead. Um jornal diário is a daily paper and um semanário a weekly; uma revista a magazine; a tiragem the print run and a circulação the circulation; a redação the newsroom and the editorial staff; o diretor the editor-in-chief, which is a false friend, since the English director is something else entirely; um jornalista, um repórter, um cronista, um editorialista. A banca or o quiosque is the newsstand, and o assinante the subscriber, with a assinatura the subscription — a word that has moved wholesale into the online business model.
Text types matter more here than in almost any other sub-theme, because Paper 1 Section B explicitly draws on texts written for different purposes and audiences, and because knowing which genre you are reading tells you what kind of claim to expect. A notícia reports and, by convention, does not editorialise. Uma reportagem is longer, researched, and may carry the reporter's observation. Uma crónica is a personal column, frequently literary, and in the Portuguese-speaking world it is a genuine literary genre rather than a filler — a fact of some importance for this qualification, since one of the prescribed literary texts, Mia Couto's Pensageiro frequente, is a collection of short essays in that tradition. O editorial carries the paper's institutional position. Uma entrevista is an interview and um artigo de opinião a signed opinion piece. Confusing a crónica with a notícia and treating its claims as reportage is a comprehension error that a Section B question can be designed to catch.
The transition to online publishing changed three things that can be described without invented figures, and describing mechanisms is again what makes an answer specific. Distribution: news arrives continuously rather than once a day, and much of it now arrives through social platforms and messaging rather than through a masthead, which means many readers encounter a story without registering which publication produced it. Money: advertising revenue that once flowed to newspapers largely flows to platforms, which has put pressure on newsrooms and driven the search for reader revenue through paywalls — o paywall, or in Portuguese o acesso pago and o conteúdo exclusivo para assinantes. And form: a headline written to be found and clicked is written differently from one written to be read on a folded page, and the Portuguese term for the worst version of that is o clickbait, borrowed unchanged, or a notícia isca.
Two consequences of that transition are argued about everywhere in the Portuguese-speaking world and are worth being able to name in Portuguese, carefully and with attribution. A desinformação is the deliberate spreading of false information, and it is the preferred term in serious Portuguese discussion over the borrowed fake news precisely because it distinguishes intent from error; a verificação de factos is fact-checking. The second consequence is fragmentation of the audience — a câmara de eco for the echo chamber, a bolha for the bubble — and here a candidate should be careful, because whether these effects are large or small is genuinely disputed among researchers rather than settled. Presenting them as established would be exactly the kind of unattributed verdict the AO4 grid marks down; presenting them as a debate, with a position of your own and a reason, is what it rewards.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section A: a listening question on a text-type distinction

The recording contains this passage, which you may replay: O jornal manteve a edição em papel, embora com uma tiragem muito inferior à de há dez anos, e passou a concentrar o essencial do investimento na plataforma digital. A direção admite que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao formato impresso, mas sustenta que era a única forma de garantir a sobrevivência da redação. The question asks: Que razão é apresentada para a mudança? (2 marks)

  1. 01First pass for shape, using your individual control

    Section A permits stopping, revisiting and replaying, and the discipline is to spend the first pass identifying the structure rather than capturing words. The structure here is: a decision was made, it was hard, and there was a reason. The question asks only for the reason, which is at the very end of a long sentence — which is precisely why a first pass for shape matters, because a candidate writing from the start will still be transcribing the tiragem clause when the answer goes past.

  2. 02Do not be captured by the numbers that are not there

    Uma tiragem muito inferior à de há dez anos. Inferior a takes a rather than do que; à de is a + a de, the contracted comparative referring back to tiragem. Há dez anos is ten years ago. There is no figure in this sentence — muito inferior is a comparative, not a quantity — and a candidate who writes a number here has invented one. This is worth noticing because listening passages often sound as though they contain data when they contain comparisons.

  3. 03Catch passou a, which is not the past tense of passar

    E passou a concentrar o essencial do investimento na plataforma digital. Passar a plus infinitive means to start doing something, marking a change of practice — it began concentrating. Read as the simple past of passar it makes no sense at all. This construction and acabar por are the two periphrastic verbs that most reliably separate candidates who have listened to real Portuguese from those who have only read textbook sentences.

  4. 04Separate the concession from the reason, because the question asks for one

    A direção admite que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos, mas sustenta que era a única forma de garantir a sobrevivência da redação. Two reporting verbs, admite and sustenta, and they mark two different things: what is conceded and what is argued. The reason the question asks for is after mas. A ligação afetiva is the emotional attachment and is the difficulty, not the reason. A two-mark question wants the reason and probably the object of the reason — survival, and specifically survival of the newsroom.

  5. 05Write it short and keep sobrevivência da redação intact

    A razão apresentada é a de que só assim seria possível garantir a sobrevivência da redação, mesmo reconhecendo a ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao papel. A razão é a de que is the correct Portuguese for the reason is that — the a de is easy to drop and its absence is an accuracy error. Keeping da redação rather than reducing it to do jornal preserves a distinction the speaker made deliberately: the newsroom, meaning the journalists, not the business.

Result: A razão apresentada é a de que só assim seria possível garantir a sobrevivência da redação. A direção reconhece que a decisão foi difícil, sobretudo pela ligação afetiva dos leitores mais antigos ao formato impresso, mas apresenta a mudança como a única forma de assegurar essa sobrevivência.

Exam focus

  • O diretor is the editor-in-chief, not a director. A redação is both the newsroom and the staff (AO2 and AO3).
  • Genre determines what kind of claim to expect. Notícia, reportagem, crónica, editorial, artigo de opinião are not interchangeable (AO2).
  • Describe the transition through three mechanisms — distribution, money, form — rather than as a vague modernisation.
  • Desinformação is preferred to the borrowed fake news because it names intent. Whether echo chambers are large effects is disputed.

Typical mistakes

  • Translating diretor as director. In a newspaper it is the editor.
  • Reading a crónica as reportage and treating its claims as reported fact.
  • Asserting that social media has destroyed the press. The mechanisms are describable; the magnitude is disputed.
  • Using fake news in a Portuguese answer where desinformação is both more precise and better register.

Active revision

Find one notícia, one crónica and one editorial in a Portuguese-language newspaper from the country you have chosen. For each, write three sentences in Portuguese: what genre it is and how you can tell, what claim it makes, and what kind of evidence it offers for that claim. Then write one further sentence saying which of the three would be the most dangerous to quote in an essay as though it were fact, and why.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 03

O impacto na sociedade e na política: testing a causal claim#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Tema 2 — Os media: o impacto na sociedade e na políticaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The third aspect, o impacto na sociedade e na política, is a claim about causation dressed up as a heading, and treating it as a claim to be tested rather than a topic to be described is the single move that lifts an answer into the higher AO4 bands. Impact claims come in three strengths and they are worth distinguishing before writing a word. The weakest says the media reflect what is already happening in society. A middle version says the media set the agenda — they determine what is discussed rather than what is concluded. The strongest says the media determine opinion and therefore outcomes. Most serious commentary, in Portuguese as elsewhere, sits nearer the middle than the strong version, and a candidate who knows that the strong version is contested can build a paragraph that weighs rather than asserts.
The Portuguese for this argument is worth learning as a set. Influenciar a opinião pública; definir a agenda mediática or a agenda pública; dar visibilidade a um tema; silenciar or ignorar um assunto — which is the other half of agenda-setting and the half candidates forget, since what is not covered matters as much as what is. Moldar percepções is to shape perceptions; condicionar o debate is to constrain the debate. For the political end: a cobertura de uma campanha, o tempo de antena, a sondagem for an opinion poll, o escrutínio público. And for the counter-claim: os media limitam-se a refletir divisões que já existem, which is a sentence any candidate should be able to produce because it is the position they must engage with if they want to argue the other way.
Where this aspect can be made specific without invented data is in mechanisms of accountability, and this is the strongest material available on it. A free press can expose wrongdoing, and o jornalismo de investigação is the name for the practice; the resulting cycle of revelation, public pressure, parliamentary or judicial response is a genuine mechanism of political impact that can be described in the abstract and, if the research supports it, illustrated from the chosen country. Equally real is the reverse mechanism: where ownership is concentrated, or where a public broadcaster's funding and governance leave it exposed to the government of the day, the media's capacity to hold power to account is reduced. Both mechanisms are describable in Portuguese without a single number and both are the kind of analysis the AO4 grid means by evaluating issues and contexts.
One discipline governs this aspect above all others in the qualification: attribute, and name disagreements as disagreements. Whether media coverage changed an election result, whether a particular campaign was fair, whether a broadcaster is independent in practice — these are live political disputes in every country the theme covers, they are argued about by people with interests, and an examination candidate cannot settle them from memory. What a candidate can do is set out the competing readings accurately, say which they find more persuasive, and give a reason that follows from a mechanism rather than from an assertion. That is not a weaker answer than a confident verdict. Under a grid that explicitly rewards critical analysis, developed arguments and justified conclusions, it is a considerably stronger one.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section B 5(c): evaluating two viewpoints on a contested causal claim

The recording argues that social media have widened political division, citing the speed at which unverified claims spread. The written text argues that the divisions were already present and that social media made them visible rather than creating them, adding that blaming platforms is convenient for politicians. Question 5(c) asks you to evaluate both viewpoints and say which you agree with, in 200 to 250 words.

  1. 01Name the disagreement precisely before evaluating it

    As duas fontes discordam sobre a direção da causalidade: a gravação vê nos media sociais uma causa da divisão, ao passo que o texto os vê sobretudo como um espelho. Naming the disagreement as one about causation rather than about facts is itself an analytical act, and it demonstrates comprehension of both sources at once, which is what the AO1 and AO2 grids are looking for. Ao passo que is a comparative connective worth having, whereas.

  2. 02Represent the recording fairly and identify its evidence

    A gravação apoia-se num mecanismo concreto: a rapidez com que uma afirmação não verificada circula antes de ser desmentida. O argumento é forte porque não depende de intenções, apenas da velocidade. Apoiar-se em is to rest on. Notice the second sentence: it explains why the argument is strong, which is evaluation rather than summary, and evaluation is what 5(c) marks. A candidate who merely restates the recording is answering 5(a) again.

  3. 03Represent the text fairly, including its awkward second claim

    O texto responde que as divisões antecedem as plataformas e acrescenta uma observação incómoda: culpar a tecnologia é conveniente para quem governa. Essa segunda afirmação é de outra natureza — é uma suspeita sobre motivos, não uma prova sobre causas. Distinguishing the two kinds of claim inside one source is a genuinely sophisticated move and costs one sentence. Incómoda, uncomfortable, is the right adjective; de outra natureza, of a different kind, is the analytical frame.

  4. 04Weigh them with a criterion rather than a preference

    Para decidir entre as duas leituras seria preciso saber se a divisão aumentou depois de as plataformas se generalizarem, e nenhuma das fontes o estabelece. Na ausência dessa prova, a posição do texto exige menos: afirma que algo se tornou visível, e não que algo foi criado. Naming what evidence would settle the question, and then noticing which position needs less of it, is the strongest available move in an evaluation and requires no external knowledge whatever. Depois de as plataformas se generalizarem is a personal infinitive after a preposition, with the clitic before it because the infinitive is inflected and preceded by an article.

  5. 05Conclude, with the limit stated

    Concordo, portanto, mais com o texto, mas apenas quanto à causa. Quanto às consequências, a gravação parece-me mais convincente: mesmo que a divisão não tenha sido criada pelas plataformas, a velocidade a que hoje circula é um facto novo, e nada no texto o contraria. Mesmo que takes the subjunctive tenha sido. Splitting the verdict by aspect — agreeing with one source about causes and the other about consequences — is not fence-sitting, because each half is argued. It is exactly what the top band means by convincing conclusions drawn from the sources.

Result: As duas fontes discordam sobre a direção da causalidade: a gravação vê nos media sociais uma causa da divisão, ao passo que o texto os vê sobretudo como um espelho. A gravação apoia-se num mecanismo concreto: a rapidez com que uma afirmação não verificada circula antes de ser desmentida. O argumento é forte porque não depende de intenções, apenas da velocidade. O texto responde que as divisões antecedem as plataformas e acrescenta uma observação incómoda: culpar a tecnologia é conveniente para quem governa. Essa segunda afirmação é, porém, de outra natureza — é uma suspeita sobre motivos, não uma prova sobre causas. Para decidir entre as duas leituras seria preciso saber se a divisão aumentou depois de as plataformas se generalizarem, e nenhuma das fontes o estabelece. Na ausência dessa prova, a posição do texto exige menos: afirma que algo se tornou visível, e não que algo foi criado. Concordo, portanto, mais com o texto quanto à causa. Quanto às consequências, a gravação parece-me mais convincente: mesmo que a divisão não tenha sido criada pelas plataformas, a velocidade a que hoje circula é um facto novo, e nada no texto o contraria.

Exam focus

  • Distinguish reflect, set the agenda and determine. Most serious commentary sits nearer the middle claim (AO4).
  • Agenda-setting has two halves. What is silenced matters as much as what is covered (AO4).
  • Jornalismo de investigação, escrutínio público, concentração da propriedade — mechanisms you can describe without data.
  • Every claim about whether coverage changed an outcome must be attributed. It cannot be settled from memory.

Typical mistakes

  • Asserting the strongest impact claim — the media decide what people think — as though it were established.
  • Describing only what the media cover and never what they do not.
  • Writing about the media in general when the aspect requires one country with one media system.
  • Confusing a sondagem with a resultado. A poll is a measurement with error, not an outcome.

Active revision

Write 220 words in Portuguese testing the claim that the media in your chosen country have a decisive impact on politics. Structure it as: the strongest version of the claim, one mechanism that supports it, one mechanism that limits it, and your own judgement with a reason. Every evaluative sentence must be attributed or first-person. Then count your unattributed assertions about politics: the target is zero.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 04

One country at a time: why Tema 2's scoping rule changes how you write#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Themes, sub-themes and research subjects — Tema 2 is set in the context of the wider Portuguese-speaking world; students must focus on either Portugal or one other country/area where Portuguese is an official languageLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Paper 1 Section C — Writing (research question)

Key points

Tema 2 is the only theme in this specification that leaves Portugal, and the specification is unusually precise about what that permission does and does not allow. For Tema 2, students must focus on either Portugal or one other country or area where Portuguese is an official language. One. Not a comparison, not a survey, not the Portuguese-speaking world as a category. The marking instruction spells out the consequence with unusual bluntness: if a student refers to more than one country or area for Tema 2, examiners will mark positively by awarding marks for the content based on the country that gains the highest mark — which means the other country's material earns nothing at all and the time spent writing it is time lost. The same instruction adds that students who do this are likely to disadvantage themselves. That is as close to an explicit warning as an examination specification ever comes.
The countries and areas in question are Portugal, Brasil, Angola, Moçambique, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe, Timor-Leste and Macau, and they have almost nothing in common institutionally beyond the language. They differ in population by orders of magnitude, in political history entirely, in when and how they became independent, in their media systems, and in the position Portuguese occupies within them — a first language for the overwhelming majority in Brazil and in Portugal, an official language spoken alongside widely used national languages in Angola, Moçambique and Guiné-Bissau, alongside a Portuguese-based creole with its own vitality in Cabo Verde and Guiné-Bissau, alongside Tetum as a co-official language in Timor-Leste, and alongside Cantonese in Macau, a Special Administrative Region of China where Portuguese has co-official status and a small number of speakers. Writing about them as a bloc is not merely a strategic mistake under the marking rule; it is a factual error about the world.
The practical consequence for research is that the choice of country should be made on the availability of material in Portuguese, and the specification says as much: teachers are instructed to ensure that students select a country or area where relevant material for the research subject is available. This is worth taking seriously rather than treating as bureaucratic caution. A candidate researching the media in Brazil or Portugal will find an abundance of Portuguese-language sources; one researching the media in São Tomé e Príncipe will find far fewer, and the requirement is for at least two authentic sources in Portuguese covering all three aspects. Choosing an under-documented country out of a wish to be original is a real risk, and it is a risk the specification identifies explicitly.
There is a further reason for care that the specification raises directly, and it deserves to be stated plainly rather than left implicit. The specification instructs teachers to consider cultural sensitivities when guiding a student on choosing a research subject. Several of these countries have histories of colonial rule by Portugal, of armed struggle for independence, and in some cases of civil war afterwards; those histories are within living memory, and they are contested. A student writing about the media in Angola or Moçambique is writing about states whose media landscapes were shaped by those events. That does not make the subject off-limits — it is exactly what the theme covers — but it does mean the same discipline that Tema 4 requires applies here too: state documented facts flatly, attribute every interpretation, name disagreements as disagreements, and do not import a Portuguese perspective on another country's history as though it were the only one available.
Worked example

Translation English into Portuguese: naming institutions in a country you have researched (Paper 2 Section A)

Render this into Portuguese. The country has a public broadcaster and several private stations, but most young people now get their news from their telephones. Older readers still buy a newspaper on Sundays, although fewer do so than ten years ago. Whichever medium they choose, what they are offered depends on who owns it and on how it is paid for.

  1. 01Public broadcaster and private stations — get the nouns right

    O país tem um serviço público de rádio e televisão e várias estações privadas. Serviço público de rádio e televisão is the standard Portuguese description of a public broadcaster; um radiodifusor público exists but is technical. Estação is the right noun for a broadcasting station, and canal for a television channel specifically. Avoid emissora, which is the usual Brazilian term — perfectly correct in Brazilian Portuguese, but if you have chosen European Portuguese, stay in it.

  2. 02Get their news from their telephones — a verb and a preposition

    Mas a maioria dos jovens informa-se hoje pelo telemóvel. Informar-se is the natural reflexive verb for getting one's news, and it is far better Portuguese than obter as suas notícias. Pelo is por + o, and por is the preposition of means. Telemóvel is European Portuguese; celular is Brazilian — one of the receptive variety differences Appendix 2 lists, and a place where mixing the two inside one answer is visible. Note also a maioria dos jovens takes a singular verb, informa-se, in careful writing.

  3. 03Older readers still buy — a habitual present with an adverb

    Os leitores mais velhos continuam a comprar jornal ao domingo. Continuar a plus infinitive is the European progressive; continuam comprando would be Brazilian. Comprar jornal without an article is idiomatic for the habit; comprar um jornal names one purchase. Ao domingo, with the contraction, is the European way of saying on Sundays habitually; aos domingos is equally correct and more common in Brazil. The habitual is carried by the adverbial, not by a special tense.

  4. 04Fewer do so than ten years ago — a comparative with a substitute verb

    Embora sejam menos do que há dez anos. Embora forces the subjunctive sejam. Menos do que is the comparative from Appendix 2's list. Portuguese has no do so and does not need one, because the comparison attaches to menos and the verb is simply ser: although they are fewer than ten years ago. A translator who hunts for an equivalent of do so will produce something clumsy and lose a segment; recognising that the English structure has no Portuguese counterpart is itself a translation skill.

  5. 05Whichever medium they choose — a future subjunctive idiom, and two embedded questions

    Qualquer que seja o meio que escolham, aquilo que lhes é oferecido depende de quem o detém e da forma como é financiado. Qualquer que seja is the fixed concessive with the present subjunctive; escolham is subjunctive under it. Aquilo que is a headless relative for what, referring to a thing. Lhes é oferecido is the indirect object with the passive: what is offered to them. Deter is the correct verb for owning a media outlet — quem o detém, who holds it — and possuir would also serve. Da forma como is de + a forma como, and financiar is the verb for how something is paid for in this register.

Result: O país tem um serviço público de rádio e televisão e várias estações privadas, mas a maioria dos jovens informa-se hoje pelo telemóvel. Os leitores mais velhos continuam a comprar jornal ao domingo, embora sejam menos do que há dez anos. Qualquer que seja o meio que escolham, aquilo que lhes é oferecido depende de quem o detém e da forma como é financiado.

Exam focus

  • One country or area, chosen before you research and never left. Material about a second country earns nothing (AO4).
  • The nine countries and areas differ in everything but the language, including in what position Portuguese holds within them.
  • Choose for source availability. At least two authentic Portuguese sources covering all three aspects is the requirement.
  • The colonial and post-colonial histories are contested and within living memory. Attribute interpretations; do not import one perspective as though it were the only one.

Typical mistakes

  • Comparing two countries in a Tema 2 answer. The comparison earns marks for one of them and nothing for the other.
  • Assuming Portuguese is the sole or first language everywhere it is official. In several of these countries it is not.
  • Choosing a country with little accessible Portuguese-language material and discovering it after the research is due.
  • Describing another country's media history from a Portuguese vantage point without noticing that you have chosen a vantage point.

Active revision

Name your one country or area in writing, and beside it list the two authentic Portuguese-language sources you will use, with what each covers. Then write one paragraph of 100 words in Portuguese about the media in that country in which the country's name appears in the first sentence and no other country is mentioned at all. Read it back and delete any sentence that would be equally true of somewhere else — that is the test of whether you have researched a country or a category.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 05

Writing about the media: register, hedging and the vocabulary of argument#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Tema 2 — Os mediaLPPearson Edexcel 9PG0 Appendix 2 — Indirect speech; connectives; discourse markers; the subjunctive

Key points

Writing about the media in Portuguese demands one grammatical skill above all others, and it is a skill the specification lists explicitly: indirect speech. An essay about journalism is an essay about who said what, and Portuguese marks reported speech with a set of verbs each of which carries an attitude. Afirmar and declarar are neutral. Sustentar and defender indicate that the speaker is arguing a position. Alegar suggests the claim is asserted without proof; the English allege has drifted towards implying doubt and alegar carries some of that too, so use it deliberately. Admitir and reconhecer mark a concession. Denunciar means to expose or denounce and is strong. Negar and desmentir are to deny and to refute a specific claim. Choosing the verb is choosing your stance towards the claim, and an examiner reads that choice.
The grammar of reported speech follows the standard sequence, and getting it wrong is a visible accuracy error. Present becomes imperfect: ele diz que trabalha becomes ele disse que trabalhava. Pretérito perfeito becomes pluperfect: disse que tinha trabalhado. Future becomes conditional: disse que trabalharia. A present subjunctive under a past reporting verb becomes imperfect subjunctive: pediu que trabalhasse. Deictics shift too — hoje becomes nesse dia, aqui becomes ali, este becomes aquele. Portuguese permits reported speech without que in some registers, but a student should not risk it; the que is safe everywhere. A further construction worth having is the reported question, which keeps declarative word order: perguntou se eu trabalhava, perguntou quando eu trabalhava — never the inverted order English sometimes allows.
Hedging is the other half of the register, and it deserves its own vocabulary rather than being improvised. Portuguese offers a range of hedges of different strengths, and a candidate who can grade them writes prose that sounds like the commentary they have been reading rather than like a translated essay. Tudo indica que and ao que parece are strong hedges implying the evidence points one way. É provável que and é possível que, both with the subjunctive, grade probability. Segundo, de acordo com, na perspetiva de and para attribute. Há quem defenda que, with the subjunctive, attributes without naming. Não é claro que, with the subjunctive, and permanece em aberto a questão de saber se both mark genuine uncertainty. These are not padding: under a grid that rewards range and penalises overclaiming, they earn marks twice.
One final register point separates a good essay on this sub-theme from a fluent but generic one. Portuguese academic and journalistic prose about the media uses a small set of nouns for the things being discussed, and using them precisely is worth more than any amount of adjectival enthusiasm. O tratamento noticioso for how a story is covered; a cobertura for coverage; o enquadramento for framing, which is the technical term and is exactly what a good analysis is about; a agenda for what gets discussed; o alcance for reach; a audiência for the audience or ratings; a credibilidade and a confiança for trust, which are measured separately and mean different things. A sentence containing o enquadramento dado ao tema and a confiança dos leitores does more analytical work than a paragraph of praise or complaint, and it does it in the register the AO3 range grid is looking for.
Worked example

One grammar decision walked through: converting an interview into argued reported prose

You have this direct speech from an interview and need to work it into an essay. The editor said: Hoje publicamos mais depressa do que há dez anos, e isso tem custos. Não verificámos uma informação como devíamos e tivemos de a corrigir. Quem nos critica tem razão neste ponto, mas esquece que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros.

  1. 01Choose the reporting verb before you convert anything

    The editor is conceding something uncomfortable, so admitir or reconhecer is the honest choice; afirmar would be neutral and would lose the concession, and alegar would insinuate doubt the passage does not warrant. O diretor reconheceu que … Note diretor for the editor, and that reconhecer que takes the indicative when it reports an accepted fact, unlike negar que, which takes the subjunctive.

  2. 02Shift the present and the deictic

    Hoje publicamos mais depressa becomes que naquela altura publicavam mais depressa. Present to imperfect, first person to third, and hoje to naquela altura or nessa altura, since hoje inside reported speech would mean the day the essay is written rather than the day the editor spoke. Mais depressa do que há dez anos becomes do que dez anos antes — há dez anos is deictic too and must shift. Getting all three shifts in one clause is the whole skill.

  3. 03Shift the perfeito to the pluperfect and keep the clitic

    Não verificámos uma informação como devíamos e tivemos de a corrigir becomes acrescentou que não tinham verificado uma informação como deviam e que tinham tido de a corrigir. Perfeito to compound pluperfect; the imperfect devíamos stays imperfect, because the imperfect does not shift. Ter de plus infinitive is the obligation structure, and the clitic a sits before the infinitive because ter de attracts it — a corrigir rather than corrigi-la, both are possible and the first is the more European placement.

  4. 04Handle the concession and the counter-move

    Quem nos critica tem razão neste ponto becomes admitiu que os críticos tinham razão nesse ponto. Neste to nesse, because the deictic shifts away from the speaker. Ter razão is to be right; estar certo also works. The second half, mas esquece que a alternativa seria, becomes mas argumentou que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros — and note that seria, already conditional in the original, does not shift again. A conditional in direct speech stays conditional in indirect speech.

  5. 05Add your own evaluation, marked as yours

    The point of converting the interview is to use it, not to reproduce it, so the paragraph should end with something the editor did not say. O argumento tem um limite evidente: a escolha não é entre publicar depressa e publicar tarde, mas entre publicar verificado e publicar sem verificar. Notice that this sentence is unhedged and first-person in effect — it is your analysis, not a report — and that it is safe to be unhedged because it is an argument about the logic of what was said rather than a claim about the world. That distinction is worth internalising: hedge claims about facts, argue plainly about reasoning.

Result: O diretor reconheceu que naquela altura publicavam mais depressa do que dez anos antes e que isso tinha custos. Acrescentou que não tinham verificado uma informação como deviam e que tinham tido de a corrigir. Admitiu ainda que os críticos tinham razão nesse ponto, mas argumentou que a alternativa seria publicar depois de todos os outros. O argumento tem, porém, um limite evidente: a escolha não é entre publicar depressa e publicar tarde, mas entre publicar verificado e publicar sem verificar.

Exam focus

  • Reporting verbs carry attitude. Afirmar, sustentar, alegar, admitir, denunciar, desmentir are not interchangeable (AO3 and AO4).
  • Indirect speech shifts tenses and deictics: present to imperfect, perfeito to pluperfect, future to conditional (AO3).
  • Grade your hedges: tudo indica que, é provável que, há quem defenda que, não é claro que — each a different strength.
  • Enquadramento, cobertura, alcance, credibilidade — the analytical nouns that do the work adjectives cannot.

Typical mistakes

  • Keeping the original tense in reported speech: disse que trabalha instead of disse que trabalhava.
  • Using alegar as a neutral synonym for dizer. It carries doubt and an examiner will read it that way.
  • Inverting word order in a reported question: perguntou quando trabalhava eu is not Portuguese.
  • Writing an essay of adjectives about how good or bad the media are, where the analytical nouns would carry a real argument.

Active revision

Take five sentences of direct speech in Portuguese from an interview and rewrite each as reported speech under a past reporting verb, changing the reporting verb each time — afirmar, sustentar, admitir, alegar, desmentir — and adjusting the tense and deictics correctly. Then write one sentence for each explaining what your choice of reporting verb tells the reader about your own stance towards the claim.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Liberdade de expressão: a right, a limit, and a set of live arguments●
    • 02A imprensa escrita e online: two systems, one transition◐
    • 03O impacto na sociedade e na política: testing a causal claim●
    • 04One country at a time: why Tema 2's scoping rule changes how you write●
    • 05Writing about the media: register, hedging and the vocabulary of argument◐

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Os media: liberdade de expressão, imprensa e o seu impacto

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References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification

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