EuraStudy
This topic carries the second sub-theme of Edexcel's fourth theme, Tema 4: Como a História moldou a Política — the sub-theme Da ditadura à democracia, across its three aspects of o 25 de Abril e a Revolução dos Cravos, o movimento das Forças Armadas, and Portugal na Comunidade Europeia. It also carries Tema 4's research subject, Os Descobrimentos: a viagem de Vasco da Gama à Índia, with its three aspects of the importance of securing a trade route to India, Lisbon as the commercial centre of sixteenth-century Europe, and the impact of that voyage on the Portuguese society of the time. Tema 4 is set in Portugal only. Both halves of this topic are handled with the same discipline the previous topic set out and for the same reason: 1974 is within living memory, and the Discoveries are the subject of an active, unresolved and sometimes bitter argument in Portugal about how the maritime expansion should be named and taught. Dated facts are stated flatly. Interpretations are attributed. Disagreements are presented as disagreements, including the disagreement about the word Descobrimentos itself, which is contested in Portuguese-language scholarship and not only outside it. No figure for a voyage, a cargo or an enslaved person is invented anywhere, and no quotation is fabricated.
5 sections~43 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 1 · Advanced 4
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate chronological description with a personal response: what happened on 25 April 1974, who acted, what followed, when Portugal joined the European Community, and what the student thinks — with correct vocabulary, secure past tenses and accurate agreement.
higher level
The full A-Level expects dated evidence used as argument, every interpretation attributed, the naming of contested events treated as a question in its own right, and — for the research subject — an account of the Discoveries that neither celebrates nor denounces but sets out what is documented, what is disputed and by whom, in Portuguese.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
Tema 4 in one line: 1926 to 1986
The recording, which you may replay: Muita gente julga que o povo saiu à rua e que os militares se lhe juntaram. Foi ao contrário: as unidades moveram-se durante a noite, e só de manhã, quando já era evidente o que estava a acontecer, é que as ruas se encheram. Isso não diminui o que aconteceu nesse dia — apenas o descreve com rigor. The question asks: Que ideia é que o orador quer corrigir? (2 marks)
The question asks what the speaker wants to correct, so the answer is in the first sentence and the second, not in the detail that follows. Muita gente julga que introduces a belief the speaker is about to contradict, and foi ao contrário announces the contradiction. A candidate listening for facts will collect the night movements and the morning crowds and miss what the question actually asked, which is what belief is being corrected.
Muita gente julga que o povo saiu à rua. Julgar in this construction means to think or believe, not to judge — a false friend that reverses the sentence for an unwary listener. Sair à rua is the idiom for coming out into the street; à is a + a. The belief being reported is that the people came out first and the military joined them, and se lhe juntaram is juntar-se a alguém, to join someone, with the clitic lhe referring back to o povo.
Foi ao contrário. Three words, and they carry the correction: it was the other way round. Ao contrário is a fixed adverbial from Appendix 2's own list of discourse markers. Everything after this sentence is evidence for it, not new information, so a two-mark answer needs this plus the direction of the correction — military first, then the streets.
Só de manhã, quando já era evidente o que estava a acontecer, é que as ruas se encheram. The é que cleft again, obligatory here because só de manhã is fronted. Era evidente is imperfect for the state; estava a acontecer is the European progressive with estar a plus infinitive, which is worth noting for a listener because in Brazilian Portuguese the same idea is estava acontecendo and the two sound quite different. Encheram-se is perfeito for the completed filling of the streets.
Isso não diminui o que aconteceu nesse dia — apenas o descreve com rigor. Diminuir here is to belittle or detract from. The speaker is pre-empting the accusation that correcting the sequence is a way of downplaying the event, and a two-mark answer does not need this, but including it in a clause costs nothing and shows the marker you followed the whole turn. Com rigor is accurately or precisely. Write the answer short and put the correction first.
Result: O orador quer corrigir a ideia de que o povo saiu primeiro à rua e que os militares se lhe juntaram depois. Afirma que sucedeu o contrário: as unidades militares moveram-se durante a noite e as ruas só se encheram de manhã, quando já era claro o que estava a acontecer. Acrescenta que essa correção não diminui o acontecimento, apenas o descreve com maior rigor.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese narrating the events of 24 and 25 April 1974 in order, using the pretérito perfeito for the events and the imperfeito for the conditions around them, and naming the two songs and the two military bodies accurately. Then add one closing paragraph of 60 words identifying the three names the day has in Portuguese and saying what each implies. Check that no sentence contains a number other than a date or a time.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Render this into Portuguese. The movement that had overthrown the government set out three aims, and the two years that followed were spent arguing about which of them came first. Elections were held a year to the day after the coup, and turnout was extremely high. The constitution that was promulgated the following spring was the product of that argument rather than a break with it.
O movimento que derrubara o governo fixou três objetivos. Derrubara is the synthetic pluperfect of derrubar, exactly right in this register and worth producing deliberately; tinha derrubado is equally correct and plainer. Derrubar is the standard verb for overthrowing a government. Fixar objetivos is to set aims; definir also works. Objetivos is post-Acordo; older texts print objectivos, and either would be understood but you should stay within one system.
E os dois anos seguintes foram passados a discutir qual deles vinha em primeiro lugar. Ser passado a plus infinitive is the Portuguese for being spent doing something. Qual deles is which of them, with the partitive de. Vinha is imperfect, because the question was open across the period rather than settled at a moment. A more idiomatic alternative is passaram-se a discutir, and either is defensible; the point is not to translate spent with gastar, which is about money and effort rather than time in this sense.
As eleições realizaram-se um ano depois, dia por dia. Realizar-se is the standard reflexive for an event taking place; ter lugar also works. Dia por dia is not the Portuguese for to the day; the natural rendering is um ano depois, dia por dia, or more safely um ano exatamente depois. This is a case where the safest route is the plain one: um ano depois, no mesmo dia. And note o golpe as a translation of the coup here is acceptable because the English source used that word — a translator renders the source's evaluation, and does not correct it.
E a afluência às urnas foi extremamente elevada. A afluência às urnas is the standard Portuguese for turnout, literally the flow to the ballot boxes; a participação eleitoral is the more technical alternative. Às is a + as. Elevada rather than alta is the register a text about elections would use. A candidate who does not know afluência às urnas should write muita gente votou rather than invent a compound, because a plain accurate clause scores and an invented noun does not.
A Constituição promulgada na primavera seguinte foi o produto dessa discussão e não uma rutura com ela. Promulgada is the exact verb for a constitution being promulgated and is worth knowing. Na primavera seguinte — seasons take the article in Portuguese where English drops it. Rutura is the post-Acordo spelling; older texts print ruptura. Dessa is de + essa and com ela closes the sentence with the disjunctive pronoun after a preposition, which is where Appendix 2's strong pronouns are used. The não … e não construction mirrors the English rather than a break with it cleanly.
Result: O movimento que derrubara o governo fixou três objetivos, e os dois anos seguintes foram passados a discutir qual deles vinha em primeiro lugar. As eleições realizaram-se um ano depois do golpe, no mesmo dia, e a afluência às urnas foi extremamente elevada. A Constituição promulgada na primavera seguinte foi o produto dessa discussão e não uma rutura com ela.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Portuguese assessing the MFA's programme against its three verbs: democratizar, descolonizar, desenvolver. Devote roughly seventy words to each, state at least one dated fact under each, and attribute any judgement about whether the aim was achieved. Then check that the two 1975 confrontations and the 1976 Constitution are dated correctly, since a wrong date here is a factual error rather than a slip.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The recording argues that accession consolidated Portuguese democracy and that the physical transformation of the country's infrastructure is visible to anyone. The text argues that the same funds entrenched a development model dependent on transfers, and that regional inequality between litoral and interior did not narrow. Question 5(c) asks you to evaluate both and say which you agree with, in 200 to 250 words.
As duas fontes concordam sobre o essencial dos factos — houve fundos, houve obra feita — e divergem sobre o que isso significa a longo prazo. Opening on the agreement rather than the disagreement is unusual and effective, because it shows you have read both sources closely enough to see that they are not contradicting each other on evidence. Obra feita is a compact Portuguese phrase for construction actually carried out.
A gravação apresenta um argumento difícil de contestar no plano político: a adesão elevou o custo de qualquer regresso ao autoritarismo, porque tornou a democracia uma condição de pertença. Difícil de contestar concedes strength. Elevou o custo is the mechanism, stated as a mechanism rather than as a sentiment. Uma condição de pertença — a condition of belonging — is the precise formulation and does real analytical work in five words.
O texto responde com um argumento económico igualmente sério: os fundos podem ter financiado infraestruturas sem alterar o modelo de desenvolvimento que os tornava necessários. A observação sobre as assimetrias entre litoral e interior é a parte mais forte, porque é verificável. Podem ter financiado is the perfect infinitive under a modal, the correct way in Portuguese to say may have. Naming which part of an argument is strongest, and why — because it is checkable — is evaluation rather than summary.
As duas posições não se excluem: uma fala de consolidação política, a outra de convergência económica, e é perfeitamente possível que a primeira se tenha verificado e a segunda não. A questão é qual delas a afirmação em causa está a medir. Excluir-se is to be mutually exclusive. Que … se tenha verificado is the perfect subjunctive under é possível que, one of Appendix 2's listed triggers. This move — showing that two apparently opposed sources are answering different questions — is among the most sophisticated available in 5(c) and costs two sentences.
Concordo mais com a gravação quanto ao efeito político e com o texto quanto ao efeito regional. Se me obrigassem a escolher uma só posição, escolheria a da gravação, porque um regime democrático estável é a condição de qualquer correção posterior das assimetrias, e não o contrário. Se me obrigassem is the imperfect subjunctive in an unreal condition with escolheria in the conditional — the classic pairing, and a range structure the AO3 grid rewards. The reason given is an argument about ordering rather than about magnitude, which is the kind of reason available without data.
Result: As duas fontes concordam sobre o essencial dos factos — houve fundos, houve obra feita — e divergem sobre o que isso significa a longo prazo. A gravação apresenta um argumento difícil de contestar no plano político: a adesão elevou o custo de qualquer regresso ao autoritarismo, porque tornou a democracia uma condição de pertença. O texto responde com um argumento económico igualmente sério: os fundos podem ter financiado infraestruturas sem alterar o modelo de desenvolvimento que os tornava necessários. A observação sobre as assimetrias entre o litoral e o interior é a parte mais forte da sua posição, porque é verificável. As duas posições, porém, não se excluem: uma fala de consolidação política, a outra de convergência económica, e é perfeitamente possível que a primeira se tenha verificado e a segunda não. Concordo, portanto, mais com a gravação quanto ao efeito político e com o texto quanto ao efeito regional. Se me obrigassem a escolher uma só posição, escolheria a da gravação, porque um regime democrático estável é a condição de qualquer correção posterior das assimetrias, e não o contrário.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Portuguese assessing Portuguese accession to the European Community, structured as: the dates and what they were; one mechanism by which membership supported the democratic transition; the strongest point on the sceptical side, stated fairly; and your judgement with a reason. Use CEE and UE correctly for their respective periods, and quote o regresso à Europa once, marked as a contemporary formulation rather than as your own.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Work through this the way you would in Paper 1 Section B. Ao chegarem ao Índico, os navios portugueses não encontraram um vazio: encontraram uma rede de rotas comerciais que funcionava havia séculos e na qual mercadores árabes, guzerates e suaílis já se moviam com desembaraço. O que a Coroa portuguesa procurou não foi tanto abrir um caminho como controlar um que existia — e é essa diferença que a historiografia recente tem sublinhado.
Ao chegarem ao Índico, os navios portugueses. Ao plus the inflected infinitive chegarem, with the -em ending carrying the plural subject os navios — the construction met in earlier topics, here doing the work of when they reached. O Índico is the Indian Ocean, and it takes the article; a reader who does not know the noun can recover it from context. Note that the subject follows the main clause's verb, which is normal Portuguese order after a fronted adverbial.
Não encontraram um vazio: encontraram uma rede de rotas comerciais. The repetition of encontraram across the colon is deliberate rhetoric — the same verb, twice, with the second correcting the first. Um vazio is an emptiness or a void, and the whole passage exists to deny it. This is the sentence a comprehension question would be built on, and its meaning is entirely carried by the structure rather than by any single word.
Que funcionava havia séculos. Havia here is the past-tense counterpart of há in time expressions — Appendix 2 lists time constructions with há and desde há explicitly — and havia séculos means for centuries, up to that moment. Combined with the imperfect funcionava it says the network had been working for centuries and was still working then. A reader who takes havia as there were will produce nonsense; a reader who takes it as the time marker gets the whole clause.
E na qual mercadores árabes, guzerates e suaílis já se moviam com desembaraço. Na qual is em + a qual, the heavier relative that Portuguese uses after a preposition where English can say which; que would not work here. Guzerates is Gujarati and suaílis Swahili — proper adjectives that must simply be known, and their presence in the sentence is the point being made. Com desembaraço is with ease or assurance. Mover-se is reflexive here.
O que a Coroa portuguesa procurou não foi tanto abrir um caminho como controlar um que existia. Não tanto X como Y is not so much X as Y, one of Appendix 2's comparative constructions, and it is the passage's thesis in one clause. Um que existia is one that existed, with um standing for caminho. The final clause, e é essa diferença que a historiografia recente tem sublinhado, is a cleft plus the pretérito perfeito composto — has been emphasising, iteratively, up to now — and it attributes the whole reading to recent historiography rather than asserting it. If a question asks a quem é atribuída esta leitura, the answer is in those last five words, and a candidate who has read the tense correctly will also know the emphasis is ongoing.
Result: On reaching the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese ships did not find an emptiness: they found a network of trade routes that had been working for centuries and in which Arab, Gujarati and Swahili merchants were already moving with assurance. What the Portuguese Crown sought was not so much to open a route as to control one that already existed — and it is that difference which recent historiography has been emphasising.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese on why a sea route to India mattered to the Portuguese Crown, using only the commodity, the intermediaries, the institution and the geography, and containing no numbers other than years. Then write one further sentence, in Portuguese, that describes what the Portuguese ships found when they reached the Indian Ocean, phrased so that it would be accurate to a reader in Calicut as well as to one in Lisbon.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Os Descobrimentos: what is documented, what is disputed
The Section C statement reads: A viagem de Vasco da Gama transformou a sociedade portuguesa do seu tempo. Você concorda? The unseen Portuguese text describes the growth of Lisbon and the arrival of foreign merchants, and quotes a historian arguing that the wealth was concentrated and did not change the country's productive base. Show how the first 160 words should be built and how the rest is planned.
Concordo que a transformou, mas não no sentido que a palavra sugere: o que mudou foi a composição da riqueza e da cidade, não a estrutura produtiva do país. Splitting transformou into what changed and what did not is the move that turns a yes-or-no statement into an argument, and it does so with the statement's own vocabulary rather than by importing a new topic. Note the clitic a in transformou-a placed before the verb here as a transformou, because concordo que introduces a subordinate clause and a conjunction triggers proclisis.
Está documentado que a Coroa passou a administrar diretamente um comércio de longa distância através da Casa da Índia, que Lisboa recebeu casas mercantis estrangeiras e que a sua população se tornou mais diversa, incluindo pessoas escravizadas trazidas de África. Naming the institution, the merchants and the enslaved population in one sentence does three things at once: it demonstrates research, it is accurate, and it forecloses the criticism that the answer is a sanitised account. Está documentado que is the frame that marks all of it as record rather than claim. Pessoas escravizadas is the formulation now standard in Portuguese-language scholarship.
O texto cita um historiador que sustenta que essa riqueza foi concentrada e não alterou a base produtiva, e é essa a distinção de que a minha resposta depende. The AO2 grid's ten marks are earned by using the text, and here it is used structurally: the historian's claim becomes the criterion for the whole essay rather than an ornament. De que a minha resposta depende is a relative with a preposition, the heavier construction Portuguese requires — depender de, so de que.
Considerarei três planos: o das receitas da Coroa, o da cidade de Lisboa e o da sociedade mais ampla — porque a afirmação pode ser verdadeira num deles e falsa noutro. Considerarei is the plain future, raising the register. O de … o de … o de is the elliptical repetition of the article, an elegant and very Portuguese economy. Naming three planes and saying why the distinction matters is the AO4 grid's sustained line of argument being set up explicitly.
Uma nota prévia sobre o vocabulário: o próprio termo Descobrimentos é hoje contestado por historiadores de língua portuguesa, que preferem expansão marítima, e uso-o aqui por ser o da pergunta. This is the sentence that shows an examiner you know the ground you are standing on. It is one sentence, it is attributed, it names an alternative, and it explains why you are nonetheless using the specification's term — which is both honest and practical. Uso-o with enclisis, since the clause is affirmative and main. Por ser is a plus infinitive causal, because it is.
Result: Concordo que a transformou, mas não no sentido que a palavra sugere: o que mudou foi a composição da riqueza e da cidade, e não a estrutura produtiva do país. Uma nota prévia sobre o vocabulário: o próprio termo Descobrimentos é hoje contestado por historiadores de língua portuguesa, que preferem expansão marítima, e uso-o aqui por ser o da pergunta. Está documentado que a Coroa passou a administrar diretamente um comércio de longa distância através da Casa da Índia, que Lisboa recebeu casas mercantis estrangeiras e que a sua população se tornou mais diversa, incluindo pessoas escravizadas trazidas de África. O texto cita um historiador que sustenta que essa riqueza foi concentrada e não alterou a base produtiva, e é essa a distinção de que a minha resposta depende. Considerarei três planos: o das receitas da Coroa, o da cidade de Lisboa e o da sociedade mais ampla — porque a afirmação pode ser verdadeira num deles e falsa noutro.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 250 words in Portuguese on the impact of the maritime expansion on sixteenth-century Portuguese society, in four movements: the Crown and its revenues; Lisbon and who lived in it, including enslaved people; the effects on other sectors; and the literature. Then write a separate 80-word paragraph naming the dispute about the word Descobrimentos, giving at least two alternative terms and saying who objects to what. Neither paragraph may contain a number that is not a year, and neither may contain an unattributed evaluation.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
References & sources