EuraStudy
This topic carries the first sub-theme of Edexcel's fourth theme, Tema 4: Como a História moldou a Política — the sub-theme A ditadura de Salazar, across its three aspects of a PIDE e a censura, o impacto da ditadura na sociedade da época, and a ditadura em declínio nos finais dos anos 60 e princípios dos anos 70. Like Temas 1 and 3, Tema 4 is set in the context of Portugal only, and the specification files it under political culture past and present. This is the most sensitive material in the qualification. The Estado Novo ended in 1974, which is within living memory; there are people alive in Portugal who were imprisoned by its political police, who were censored, who fought in its colonial war, who emigrated to escape it, and there are also people who lived under it without any of that and remember it differently. Their descendants are among the readers of these notes. The method here is therefore the one that italian applied to Fascism, russian to 1985 to 1991 and arabic to its own fourth theme: dated, documented facts — when a law was passed, when an institution was created or abolished, what a text says — are stated flatly; every interpretation is attributed to whoever holds it and named as an interpretation; live debates are presented as debates; no statistic is invented; and no quotation or testimony is fabricated. The weight is kept deliberately on the Portuguese, because it is the Portuguese that the examination assesses.
5 sections~42 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Advanced 5
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate chronological description with a personal response: what the regime was, when it existed, what censorship and the political police did, and what the student thinks about it — with correct vocabulary, secure past tenses and accurate agreement.
higher level
The full A-Level expects dated evidence used as argument rather than as chronicle, interpretations attributed to those who hold them, the naming of contested events treated as itself a question, and restraint where the record is disputed. Answers must never fabricate a figure, a quotation or a piece of testimony, and must not present one memory of the period as the memory of it.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
How the Estado Novo reached a person's daily life
You have these five documented facts and need to build them into a paragraph of argued Portuguese rather than a list: the 1933 constitution; NATO membership from 1949; the colonial war beginning in Angola in 1961; Salazar's replacement by Caetano in 1968; the end of the regime in 1974. Show the difference between chronicle and argument.
A chronicle reads: Em 1933 foi aprovada a Constituição. Em 1949 Portugal aderiu à NATO. Em 1961 começou a guerra em Angola. Em 1968 Caetano substituiu Salazar. Em 1974 o regime terminou. Every sentence is true and the paragraph is worth very little, because the AO4 grid rewards analysis and this is a list. The five facts are doing no work on each other. The fix is not to add adjectives but to make each date answer a question posed by the one before.
The obvious one, and the one a Section C statement is likely to pose, is why the regime lasted as long as it did. Once the question is chosen, the dates stop being a sequence and become evidence, and the paragraph acquires a direction. State the question first: A questão que estes factos ajudam a responder é a de saber por que razão o regime durou quase meio século. Ajudar a responder is the right verb pairing; por que razão is more formal than porquê and better in this register.
A Constituição de 1933 deu ao regime uma forma legal, e a adesão à NATO, em 1949, deu-lhe algo de mais valioso: aliados com interesse em que se mantivesse estável. Two facts, one sentence, one claim. Algo de mais valioso is a comparative with the partitive de that Portuguese requires. Em que se mantivesse is a subjunctive after interesse em que — a verb of wishing in the wide sense, which Appendix 2 lists among the subjunctive triggers. The claim is defensible because it is about interests rather than intentions.
A partir de 1961, porém, o mesmo enquadramento internacional passou a funcionar contra o regime: a guerra em África tornou-se cada vez mais difícil de justificar perante os seus próprios aliados. A partir de is from onwards. Passar a plus infinitive, the change-of-practice construction. Perante is before or in the face of. Note the hedge that is not a hedge: cada vez mais difícil de justificar is a directional claim about a documented diplomatic difficulty, not an invented statistic.
A substituição de Salazar por Caetano, em 1968, é lida por alguns historiadores como uma tentativa tardia de reforma e por outros como uma continuidade sem rutura; o que é certo é que, seis anos depois, foram militares vindos dessa guerra que puseram fim ao regime. É lida por … e por … names the disagreement without adjudicating it, and lida por historiadores makes clear whose reading it is. O que é certo é que marks the boundary between what is disputed and what is not. Militares vindos dessa guerra is the sentence's real argumentative move: it ties 1961 to 1974 causally, which is what turns five dates into one explanation.
Result: A questão que estes factos ajudam a responder é a de saber por que razão o regime durou quase meio século. A Constituição de 1933 deu-lhe uma forma legal, e a adesão à NATO, em 1949, deu-lhe algo de mais valioso: aliados com interesse em que se mantivesse estável. A partir de 1961, porém, o mesmo enquadramento internacional passou a funcionar contra o regime, porque a guerra em África se tornou cada vez mais difícil de justificar perante esses aliados. A substituição de Salazar por Caetano, em 1968, é lida por alguns historiadores como uma tentativa tardia de reforma e por outros como uma continuidade sem rutura; o que é certo é que, seis anos depois, foram militares vindos dessa guerra que puseram fim ao regime.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write the spine of this sub-theme from memory: a list of eight dates between 1926 and 1974, each with one clause in Portuguese saying what happened. Then, without looking anything up, write 100 words in Portuguese explaining how the regime was organised, using at least five of the institutional names correctly. Check every name letter by letter — a misremembered institution is a factual error, not a spelling slip.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Work through this the way you would in Paper 1 Section B. Em 1969, a polícia política mudou de nome, passando a designar-se Direção-Geral de Segurança. A alteração foi apresentada pelo governo como parte de um processo de abertura; os seus críticos observaram, à época, que o edifício, os quadros e os métodos permaneciam os mesmos. Historiadores que estudaram o período dividem-se: uns leem o período de Caetano como uma tentativa genuína, embora limitada, de reforma; outros como uma continuidade com nova fachada.
Em 1969, a polícia política mudou de nome. Mudar de plus a noun without an article is the Portuguese pattern for changing something you have — mudar de nome, mudar de casa, mudar de ideias. A reader who translates it as changed the name will look for an object and find none. The whole passage is about what a renaming does and does not mean, and this opening clause is the fact everything else disputes.
Passando a designar-se Direção-Geral de Segurança. Two things at once: passar a plus infinitive, the change-of-practice construction met earlier, and designar-se, the reflexive for being called or styled. The gerund passando attaches the renaming to the preceding clause as its content. In European Portuguese a bare gerund like this is used in written prose for exactly this linking function, even though estar a plus infinitive is the ordinary progressive.
A alteração foi apresentada pelo governo como parte de um processo de abertura. Ser plus participle with pela — an action passive with a named agent — and apresentar algo como is to present something as. The sentence does not say the change was part of an opening; it says the government presented it as such. That distinction is the whole reading skill this passage is teaching, and a comprehension question asking o que é que o texto afirma sobre a mudança must be answered with the attribution intact.
Os seus críticos observaram, à época, que o edifício, os quadros e os métodos permaneciam os mesmos. Observaram is perfeito, a completed act of observing; permaneciam is imperfect, a continuing state — the tense pair is doing chronological work. À época means at the time, which matters because it establishes that this was said then rather than in retrospect. Os quadros here means the staff or personnel, not pictures or frames, and it is a genuine false friend that a reader can easily get wrong.
Historiadores que estudaram o período dividem-se: uns leem … outros … Dividir-se is to be divided, reflexive; the colon introduces the two positions. Uns … outros is the paired indefinite, and leem is the third-person plural of ler, written without a circumflex under the Acordo where older texts print lêem. Embora limitada is a concession inside the first position — an interpretation that is itself qualified. If a question asks qual é a posição do texto, the answer is that the text takes none: it reports a disagreement, and saying so is the correct response. A candidate who picks one of the two readings and attributes it to the text has misread it.
Result: In 1969 the political police changed its name, becoming the Direção-Geral de Segurança. The change was presented by the government as part of a process of opening up; its critics observed at the time that the building, the personnel and the methods remained the same. Historians who have studied the period are divided: some read the Caetano years as a genuine, if limited, attempt at reform; others as a continuity with a new façade.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese on censorship under the Estado Novo, arranged as: what censorship formally was, what it applied to, what it did to how people wrote, and what is disputed about its effects. The first three paragraphs must contain no evaluative adjectives and no numbers; the fourth must contain nothing but attributed positions. Then reread and mark every sentence F for fact, A for attributed, or neither — and rewrite anything in the third category.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Render this into English. Durante mais de uma década, o país esteve envolvido num conflito que o regime designava por guerra do ultramar e que hoje é geralmente conhecido, em Portugal, como guerra colonial. Nos países onde decorreu, chama-se-lhe luta de libertação. A escolha das palavras nunca foi inocente: cada designação encerra uma tese sobre o que ali esteve em causa.
Durante mais de uma década, o país esteve envolvido num conflito. Durante is for the whole of a period; mais de uma década is more than a decade, with de after mais because a number or quantity follows. Esteve envolvido is estar plus participle — a state, correctly, because being involved is a condition rather than an act — and rendering it as was involved is exactly right. Num is em + um.
Que o regime designava por guerra do ultramar. Designar algo por is to call or designate something as, and the imperfect designava marks it as habitual usage over the period rather than a single act of naming. The relative que refers to conflito. The key comprehension point is that the sentence attributes this name to the regime rather than using it: which the regime called the overseas war. A translation that drops the attribution — the overseas war — misrepresents the passage.
E que hoje é geralmente conhecido, em Portugal, como guerra colonial. Ser conhecido como is to be known as. The commas around em Portugal are load-bearing: they restrict the claim geographically, which the following sentence then contrasts. Hoje against designava sets present usage against past usage. Note that the passage now has two names for one conflict and has attributed each to a different place or time — the whole structure is comparative.
Nos países onde decorreu, chama-se-lhe luta de libertação. Two clitics: the impersonal se and the indirect object lhe, in that order, joined by hyphens — one is called it, or in idiomatic English it is called. Chamar with lhe and a predicate noun is the standard Portuguese construction for naming something. Decorrer is to take place or unfold, and here decorreu is perfeito. In the countries where it took place, it is called a war of liberation. A reader who takes se as reflexive will get nowhere; recognising the impersonal se plus lhe pattern is the point of the sentence.
A escolha das palavras nunca foi inocente: cada designação encerra uma tese sobre o que ali esteve em causa. Nunca foi inocente is was never innocent — a litotes, and translating it as was always deliberate would lose the tone. Encerrar is a false friend of considerable danger: it means to contain or enclose here, not to close or end. Uma tese is a thesis or claim. O que ali esteve em causa is what was at issue there, with ali doing the deictic work. The passage's closing sentence is its argument, and a comprehension question would almost certainly be built on it.
Result: For more than a decade, the country was involved in a conflict that the regime called the overseas war and that is today generally known in Portugal as the colonial war. In the countries where it took place, it is called a war of liberation. The choice of words was never innocent: each name contains a claim about what was at stake there.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Portuguese on the impact of the dictatorship on the society of its own time, organised by mechanism rather than by chronology: one paragraph each on work, movement, schooling and public life. Every paragraph must name at least one institution or legal arrangement. Then add a closing sentence that acknowledges the plurality of memory without abandoning your argument. Check that no sentence contains a number other than a year.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The Section C statement reads: O período de Marcelo Caetano foi uma tentativa genuína de reforma. Você concorda? An unseen Portuguese text sets out several measures taken in the period and then quotes a historian arguing that the war made structural reform impossible. Your research subject is Tema 4's, Os Descobrimentos, so this material reaches you as context rather than as your research. Show how the first 150 words should be built.
Concordo que houve uma tentativa, mas não que ela fosse genuína no sentido de estrutural. A distinção parece-me decisiva e é dela que depende a resposta. Note the subjunctive fosse under não concordo que — negated verbs of opinion take the subjunctive, which is one of the triggers Appendix 2 lists and one of the most reliably rewarded structures available in this task. Splitting the statement's key word rather than the statement itself gives you a line of argument instead of a compromise.
Está documentado que houve medidas: alguma abertura na prática da censura, a readmissão de exilados, reformas no ensino, a autorização dada à oposição para fazer campanha em 1969. Naming four things in one sentence establishes that you know the period, and doing it in the concession rather than in your own argument is rhetorically strong — you are conceding from strength. Está documentado que is a useful frame that separates the record from the interpretation.
A questão não é, porém, se houve medidas, mas se alguma delas tocou nas estruturas que definiam o regime: o partido único, a polícia política e a guerra. Naming the criterion is the move that turns an opinion into an argument, and here the criterion generates the answer, since the reader can already see that none of the four conceded measures touches the three named structures. Tocar em is to touch on. Definiam is imperfect, describing a continuing state.
O texto cita um historiador que sustenta que a guerra tornava impossível qualquer reforma estrutural, e essa observação apoia a minha leitura por um caminho ligeiramente diferente do meu. Naming the source, reporting it with a verb that marks it as argument rather than fact, and then saying how it relates to your own position is the AO2 grid's ten marks earned deliberately. Note the honesty of por um caminho ligeiramente diferente — you are not pretending the historian said what you are saying.
A leitura contrária tem, ainda assim, um argumento sério, que a resposta considerará adiante: se a guerra impedia a reforma, então a intenção reformista pode ter sido genuína e apenas irrealizável. Naming the strongest objection in the opening, and promising to answer it, is what the top AO4 band means by sustaining a line of argument. Impedia is imperfect; pode ter sido is the perfect infinitive under a modal, from Appendix 2's list. In 150 words the examiner now knows the position, the criterion, the evidence and the objection.
Result: Concordo que houve uma tentativa, mas não que ela fosse genuína no sentido de estrutural. A distinção parece-me decisiva e é dela que depende a resposta. Está documentado que houve medidas: alguma abertura na prática da censura, a readmissão de exilados, reformas no ensino, a autorização dada à oposição para fazer campanha em 1969. A questão não é, porém, se houve medidas, mas se alguma delas tocou nas estruturas que definiam o regime: o partido único, a polícia política e a guerra. O texto cita um historiador que sustenta que a guerra tornava impossível qualquer reforma estrutural, e essa observação apoia a minha leitura por um caminho ligeiramente diferente do meu. A leitura contrária tem, ainda assim, um argumento sério, que considerarei adiante: se a guerra impedia a reforma, a intenção reformista pode ter sido genuína e apenas irrealizável.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Portuguese arguing either that the Caetano period was a genuine attempt at reform or that it was a managed continuity. Name at least three specific measures or non-measures, attribute the opposing reading fairly before answering it, and use desgaste or esgotamento at least once. Then check that every sentence about the period is dated to the late 1960s or early 1970s and that nothing has drifted into the 1930s.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Write a 90-word paragraph in Portuguese about the position of the political police in the last years of the regime, using the pretérito perfeito, the imperfeito and a pluperfect, with every interpretation attributed. Work each choice out loud.
Nos últimos anos do regime, a polícia política continuava a ser o instrumento central do controlo interno. Continuava is imperfect: a sustained state across a period, not an event. Continuar a ser is the European progressive. Opening on a condition rather than an event sets the scene the events will happen inside, which is how historical prose is built, and it also puts the reader in the period before anything moves.
Em 1969, mudou de nome e passou a designar-se Direção-Geral de Segurança. Two perfeitos for two completed acts in a named year. Mudar de nome without an article, as before. Note that the year appears once and governs both verbs — repeating em 1969 would be clumsy, and Portuguese, like English, lets the adverbial scope over the coordinated verbs.
A instituição fora criada em 1933 com outra designação e tinha atravessado, desde então, três nomes diferentes. Fora criada is the synthetic pluperfect of ser plus a participle — the literary register, entirely appropriate in historical writing, and worth producing deliberately once because the AO3 range grid notices it. Tinha atravessado is the compound pluperfect for a duration reaching up to the narrated moment. Using both forms in one sentence demonstrates the pair rather than merely one of them. Desde então is since then.
O governo apresentou a mudança como parte de uma abertura; os historiadores dividem-se quanto a saber se o foi. Apresentou is perfeito, an act of presenting. Dividem-se is present, because the disagreement is current. Quanto a saber se is the formula for as to whether. The clitic o in se o foi stands in for the whole predicate part of an opening — a neat and very Portuguese economy, and one worth learning because it lets you refer back to a proposition in a single letter.
Na minha leitura, o facto de o edifício e os quadros terem permanecido os mesmos pesa mais do que a mudança de nome. Na minha leitura marks the judgement. O facto de plus the personal infinitive terem permanecido is the structure Appendix 2 lists — an inflected infinitive with its own subject, o edifício e os quadros, avoiding a heavier que clause. Pesar mais do que is to weigh more than, a comparative from the grammar list. The paragraph now contains all three past tenses, a documented fact, an attributed dispute and a marked personal judgement in ninety words.
Result: Nos últimos anos do regime, a polícia política continuava a ser o instrumento central do controlo interno. Em 1969, mudou de nome e passou a designar-se Direção-Geral de Segurança. A instituição fora criada em 1933 com outra designação e tinha atravessado, desde então, três nomes diferentes. O governo apresentou a mudança como parte de uma abertura; os historiadores dividem-se quanto a saber se o foi. Na minha leitura, o facto de o edifício e os quadros terem permanecido os mesmos pesa mais do que a mudança de nome.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Take any 150-word paragraph you have written about the Estado Novo and mark it up in three colours: events in the perfeito, conditions in the imperfeito, and anything prior in the pluperfect. Then mark every claim F for documented, I for attributed interpretation, or J for your own judgement, and check that each carries the right frame. Any sentence you cannot classify is a sentence that needs rewriting before it goes into an exam.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Portuguese (9PG0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
References & sources