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Notes/Persian/Festivals, traditions and the media research subject (موضوع دوم: جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها)
Notes · PersianUK · A-Levels

Festivals, traditions and the media research subject (موضوع دوم: جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها)

This topic carries the second sub-theme of Edexcel's second theme — جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها, festivals and traditions, with its three aspects: national and seasonal festivals, ancient customs, and changing approaches to festivals and customs — together with the Theme 2 research subject, توسعه‌ی رسانه‌های اجتماعی و اینترنتی, the development of social and online media, with its three aspects: the display of Western values, the effect of social and online media on ways of living, and the widening of access to information and the transmission of news. Theme 2 is set in the context of Iran and Afghanistan, so this topic keeps two example sets throughout and is explicit about which country each example belongs to. The specification's description of Theme 2 as covering artistic culture and political culture together is exactly what this topic looks like from the inside: the festivals are cultural, the research subject is about media and information, and both sit under one theme. If you choose this research subject you must base it on one country only and cover all three of its aspects, and you must not touch anything you are studying for Paper 2.

5 sections·~34 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 3 · Advanced 2

T·0444 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Persian about festivals, custom and mediaAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Persian of reportage and commentaryAO3 · Manipulate Persian accurately, using calendrical and media vocabulary and complex structuresAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, festival culture and the media in Iran and Afghanistan
Operators:شرح دهیدتوضیح دهیدتحلیل کنیدمقایسه کنیدارزیابی کنیداستدلال کنیدنتیجه بگیریدترجمه کنید

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate naming and accurate description: the main festivals and when they fall, the difference between the solar and the lunar calendars, the ordinary vocabulary of the internet and the press, and a personal account of a celebration written in correct Persian.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the description handled as argument. What is actually changing when an observance changes — the ritual, the meaning, the participants, or only the reporting of it? Which claims about media effects are measured, which are inferred, and whose inferences are they? Answers must keep Iran and Afghanistan distinct, must attribute every contested claim, and must use the subjunctive, the passive and relative clauses deliberately.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Festivals, traditions and the media research subject (موضوع دوم: جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها)
    • 01National and seasonal festivals (جشنواره‌های ملی و فصلی)◐
    • 02Ancient customs, and the calendars they sit in (آداب و رسوم باستانی)◐
    • 03Changing approaches to festivals and customs (تغییر رویکردها درباره‌ی جشنواره‌ها و رسوم)◐
    • 04Social and online media — the Theme Two research subject (توسعه‌ی رسانه‌های اجتماعی و اینترنتی)●
    • 05The vocabulary of media, and how to attribute a claim (واژگان رسانه و شیوه‌ی استناد)●
§ 01

National and seasonal festivals (جشنواره‌های ملی و فصلی)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع دوم — جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها: جشنواره‌های ملی و فصلیLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section A (translation into English)

The sequence around the new year

The new-year sequenceGraph, Spring cleaning → Fire festival, Fire festival → Seven-S table, Seven-S table → The year turns, The year turns → Days of visits, Days of visits → Day outdoorsSpring cleaningFire festivalSeven-S tableThe year turnsDays of visitsDay outdoors
Fig. 1Six moments in order, from the cleaning that precedes the year to the day out of doors that closes the holiday. Learning the observance as a sequence rather than as a list gives you a whole descriptive paragraph that needs no invention and no statistic. The emphasised node is the turning of the year itself, the astronomical moment the whole sequence is arranged around. Labels are English because the figure engine has no bidi handling; the Persian names are in the prose above and those are the ones you must write.

Key points

The largest of the seasonal festivals is نوروز, the new year, which falls at the vernal equinox and opens the month of فروردین. It is celebrated in Iran, in Afghanistan and across a wide region beyond both, and it has been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as a shared observance of many countries. Around it cluster a sequence of observances that are worth knowing as a sequence rather than as separate items: خانه‌تکانی, the thorough cleaning of the house beforehand; چهارشنبه‌سوری, the fire observance on the eve of the last Wednesday of the old year; the هفت‌سین table set with seven items whose names begin with the letter س; the moment of تحویل سال, the turning of the year; the days of دید و بازدید, visiting and being visited; and سیزده‌بدر, the thirteenth day, spent out of doors and also called روز طبیعت.
The other great seasonal observance is شب یلدا, also called شب چله, the longest night of the year, marked with pomegranates, watermelon, آجیل and the reading of حافظ. It too has been inscribed on UNESCO's intangible heritage list, and as a joint inscription of Iran and Afghanistan — which makes it an unusually good example for a Theme 2 answer, provided you remember that even a shared festival must be written about in one country at a time if it appears in your research. مهرگان, the autumn festival, is the third of the pre-Islamic seasonal observances that a well-prepared candidate can name, and it is much less widely marked today than the other two, which is itself a fact worth using.
Alongside the seasonal festivals stand the religious observances, and the calendars they follow are different, which is the single most useful structural fact in this sub-theme. نوروز and یلدا follow the solar year and therefore fall on the same date every year. عید فطر at the end of رمضان, عید قربان, and the mourning observances of محرم including عاشورا follow the lunar Hijri calendar, گاه‌شماری هجری قمری, whose year is shorter, so they move steadily earlier through the seasons. A student who can explain that in Persian — چون سال قمری کوتاه‌تر از سال شمسی است، این مناسبت‌ها هر سال زودتر فرا می‌رسند — has demonstrated real command of the culture rather than a list.
Afghanistan's festival calendar overlaps with Iran's and is not identical to it. نوروز is marked there too, and the specification's two-country scope makes Afghan practice fully examinable: جشن دهقان, the farmers' day associated with the new year, and میله‌ی گل سرخ, the red-flower gathering held at مزار شریف around Nowruz, are the two most commonly named. Public arrangements for festivals in Afghanistan have changed in recent years, so any statement about what is currently observed publicly needs to be checked against current sources and dated in your answer. That caution is not a reason to leave Afghanistan out; it is the reason to write about it accurately.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: a festival paragraph into English, with two calendars in it

Translate into English and justify each choice. «نوروز در آغاز بهار برگزار می‌شود و تاریخ آن هر سال تقریباً یکسان است. در برابر، مناسبت‌های قمری هر سال حدود یازده روز زودتر فرا می‌رسند، به همین سبب ممکن است رمضان یک بار در تابستان و بار دیگر در زمستان باشد.»

  1. 01Sentence one: a passive of holding, and an adverb that must survive

    نوروز در آغاز بهار برگزار می‌شود gives: Nowruz is held at the beginning of spring. برگزار شدن is the standard passive for an event being held; the agent is unnamed and must stay unnamed in English. تاریخ آن هر سال تقریباً یکسان است is its date is almost the same every year. تقریباً is a hedge and it is there for a reason — the western date shifts slightly between years — so an English version that drops it has asserted something the Persian carefully did not.

  2. 02Sentence two, first half: a contrastive opener and a numeric adverbial

    در برابر، مناسبت‌های قمری هر سال حدود یازده روز زودتر فرا می‌رسند is By contrast, lunar occasions arrive about eleven days earlier every year. در برابر is a formal by contrast; مناسبت, occasion, is the right generic noun for a religious observance and is more precise than جشن here. حدود is another hedge, about. فرا رسیدن, to arrive or fall due, is a compound verb of some formality and rendering it as simply come would lose the register. Note that the number is written in words in the Persian of these notes; in a handwritten exam script you would normally use Persian numerals, and either is acceptable.

  3. 03Sentence two, second half: a causal connector and a modal with a subjunctive

    به همین سبب ممکن است رمضان یک بار در تابستان و بار دیگر در زمستان باشد is For this reason Ramadan may fall in summer one time and in winter another. به همین سبب is therefore, literally for this very reason. ممکن است plus a subjunctive is the standard Persian for may or it is possible that, and the subjunctive باشد at the end is obligatory — a candidate who writes است there has produced a factual claim instead of a possibility. یک بار ... بار دیگر is once ... another time, a neat correlative pair.

  4. 04What the paragraph teaches, and why the translation must not tidy it

    The passage is a compact explanation of two calendars, and everything in it that looks like padding — تقریباً, حدود, ممکن است — is doing precise work. A translator's instinct to smooth those away produces a crisper English paragraph that says something the Persian did not say. In a points-based mark scheme each of those hedges is likely to be one of the individual sections of language on which a mark depends, so the crisper version is also the lower-scoring one. Translate hedges as hedges: it is the single most transferable habit in Section A.

Result: Nowruz is held at the beginning of spring and its date is almost the same every year. By contrast, lunar occasions arrive about eleven days earlier every year, and for this reason Ramadan may fall in summer one time and in winter another.

Exam focus

  • Learn the Nowruz sequence as a sequence. It gives you a whole paragraph with no risk of invention.
  • The solar and lunar calendars explain why some festivals move and others do not. It is the cheapest deep point in the sub-theme.
  • Date and attribute any claim about current public observance in Afghanistan. Arrangements have changed.

Typical mistakes

  • Placing نوروز on a fixed western date. It falls at the equinox, and the western date shifts by a day between years.
  • Treating عید فطر as a seasonal festival. It follows the lunar calendar and moves through the seasons.
  • Writing هفت سین with a space. It is هفت‌سین, one compound with a half-space.
  • Assuming Iranian practice describes Afghan practice. Theme 2 is two countries and they are not the same.

Active revision

توالی مراسم نوروز را از خانه‌تکانی تا سیزده‌بدر به فارسی بنویسید، و سپس در دو جمله توضیح دهید که چرا عید فطر هر سال در فصل دیگری فرا می‌رسد

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Ancient customs, and the calendars they sit in (آداب و رسوم باستانی)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع دوم — جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها: آداب و رسوم باستانیLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 2 Section A (translation into Persian)

Key points

آداب و رسوم is a fixed pair meaning manners and customs, and باستانی means ancient in the sense of belonging to antiquity, as against قدیمی, which merely means old. The distinction is worth keeping because it is precisely the point at issue in this aspect: which observances are genuinely of great antiquity, which are older than living memory but not ancient, and which are recent revivals of things believed to be ancient? All three exist, all three are interesting, and a candidate who can tell them apart is doing real cultural analysis rather than reciting a heritage brochure. The safe formulation is بسیاری از پژوهشگران این رسم را باستانی می‌دانند — many researchers consider this custom to be ancient — rather than a flat assertion.
The calendar is the structure underneath the customs, and the Persian solar calendar, گاه‌شماری هجری شمسی, is genuinely examinable content. Its year begins at the vernal equinox; its twelve months in Iranian usage are فروردین, اردیبهشت, خرداد, تیر, مرداد, شهریور, مهر, آبان, آذر, دی, بهمن and اسفند; the first six have thirty-one days and the rest have thirty, with the last adjusted in a leap year. Several of those month names are the names of Zoroastrian divine entities, which is one of the most visible survivals of pre-Islamic Iran in everyday modern life — a fact that is both accurate and analytically useful, because it lets you talk about continuity without romanticising it.
Afghan usage of the same solar year has historically employed a different set of month names, taken from the signs of the zodiac: حمل, ثور, جوزا, سرطان, اسد, سنبله, میزان, عقرب, قوس, جدی, دلو and حوت. The year is the same year; the names are different. That is a small, precise, checkable difference between the two countries of Theme 2 and it is worth far more in an answer than a general remark about shared culture. Official calendar arrangements in Afghanistan have been subject to change in recent years, so present this as historical usage and check current practice rather than asserting the present tense.
Customs beyond the calendar are also in scope and are often better evidence because they are less picturesque. مهمان‌نوازی, hospitality, with its own elaborate etiquette; تعارف, the ritualised politeness of offer and refusal that has no clean English equivalent; the observances around ازدواج and around سوگواری, mourning; the ritual drama تعزیه, performed in محرم, which has been inscribed on UNESCO's intangible heritage list; and the customs of the چهارشنبه‌سوری fire, which have changed considerably in urban Iran and are publicly debated. Any of these can carry an evaluative paragraph, because each has both a documented form and a live argument about its present state.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: an English paragraph on custom into Persian

Translate into Persian and justify each decision. 'Every household keeps the new year differently. In some families the table is set exactly as it was two generations ago; in others only the essentials remain. Anthropologists warn that a custom which is described as unchanging is usually one that nobody has looked at closely.'

  1. 01Sentence one: a distributive subject and an adverb of manner

    هر خانواده‌ای سال نو را به شیوه‌ی خود برگزار می‌کند. هر plus an indefinite noun is the standard distributive every; note that هر خانواده‌ای takes a singular verb. سال نو را carries را because the object is specific — the new year, a particular thing. به شیوه‌ی خود, in its own way, uses the reflexive خود as a possessive after an ezafe, which is the neat Persian solution to the English its own. برگزار کردن is the active counterpart of the برگزار شدن you met in the previous section.

  2. 02Sentence two, first half: a comparison across time with a past habitual

    در برخی خانواده‌ها سفره درست همان‌گونه چیده می‌شود که دو نسل پیش چیده می‌شد. Two passives with a tense contrast: چیده می‌شود, is laid, in the present, against چیده می‌شد, used to be laid, in the past continuous. That contrast is the sentence's whole content and it is carried entirely by the verb morphology, with no adverb of time needed beyond دو نسل پیش. همان‌گونه که, in the same way that, is the comparative connector; درست before it is an intensifier meaning exactly.

  3. 03Sentence two, second half: ellipsis and a restrictive quantifier

    و در برخی دیگر تنها ضروری‌ترین چیزها باقی مانده است. تنها is only in the restrictive sense. ضروری‌ترین چیزها is the most essential things — a superlative with ترین and a half-space, placed before its noun as Persian superlatives are. باقی ماندن is to remain, and the singular verb with a plural inanimate subject is normal in formal Persian. Note the ellipsis of خانواده‌ها after برخی دیگر: Persian allows it because the noun is recoverable, and reproducing it here would be heavy.

  4. 04Sentence three: the attribution, and a relative clause with a passive inside it

    مردم‌شناسان هشدار می‌دهند که رسمی که آن را بی‌تغییر توصیف می‌کنند، معمولاً رسمی است که کسی از نزدیک به آن ننگریسته است. مردم‌شناس, anthropologist, is a transparent compound with a half-space. هشدار دادن, to warn, takes که. The first relative clause رسمی که آن را ... توصیف می‌کنند uses an impersonal third-person plural rather than a passive, which is the more idiomatic Persian solution to English's is described. نگریستن به, to look at, is a literary verb taking به, and ننگریسته است is its negative present perfect. The sentence is long, and it should be: the AO3 range grid explicitly rewards complex structures used accurately.

Result: هر خانواده‌ای سال نو را به شیوه‌ی خود برگزار می‌کند. در برخی خانواده‌ها سفره درست همان‌گونه چیده می‌شود که دو نسل پیش چیده می‌شد، و در برخی دیگر تنها ضروری‌ترین چیزها باقی مانده است. مردم‌شناسان هشدار می‌دهند که رسمی که آن را بی‌تغییر توصیف می‌کنند، معمولاً رسمی است که کسی از نزدیک به آن ننگریسته است.

Exam focus

  • Distinguish باستانی from قدیمی and from a modern revival. That three-way split is the analysis.
  • Learn the Iranian month names and the Afghan zodiacal set. A precise difference beats a general similarity.
  • تعارف and مهمان‌نوازی are strong evidence precisely because they are ordinary. Use them.

Typical mistakes

  • Asserting that a custom is thousands of years old. Attribute the claim; the antiquity of specific practices is often argued about.
  • Assuming the Afghan and Iranian month names are the same. They are two sets for the same solar year.
  • Translating تعارف as politeness and moving on. It is a specific practice and explaining it is worth marks.
  • Writing آداب و رسوم as though رسوم were singular. It is the plural of رسم and takes plural agreement.

Active revision

دوازده ماه سال شمسی را به فارسی بنویسید، سپس یک رسم را برگزینید و در سه جمله توضیح دهید که چه چیزی در آن مستند است، چه چیزی مورد اختلاف است و نظر خودتان چیست

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 03

Changing approaches to festivals and customs (تغییر رویکردها درباره‌ی جشنواره‌ها و رسوم)#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع دوم — جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها: تغییر رویکردها درباره‌ی جشنواره‌ها و رسومLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section B (reading)

Key points

رویکرد means approach or stance, and the aspect is about how approaches have changed rather than about how the festivals themselves have changed — a distinction that gives you a sharper answer than most candidates write. Four kinds of change are worth distinguishing and each needs different evidence. The ritual itself may change: what is done, where, with whom. The meaning attached to it may change while the ritual stays the same. The participants may change: who joins, and at what ages. And the public status may change: whether an observance is officially marked, permitted, discouraged or promoted. A sentence naming which of the four you mean is worth several sentences of general description.
Three well-documented cases give you material without risk. First, چهارشنبه‌سوری in urban Iran: the fire observance has been the subject of public safety concern and of considerable debate in the Iranian press over injuries from fireworks, and municipal and emergency services issue guidance around it each year. Second, سیزده‌بدر: its association with the outdoors has drawn commentary about litter and about the pressure of large crowds on parks and roadsides, which links the sub-theme neatly to Theme 3. Third, تعزیه: its performance and its status have been discussed both as religious observance and as theatrical heritage, and its inscription on UNESCO's intangible heritage list is itself a change in how it is regarded.
Two forces recur in the commentary and both are examinable. شهرنشینی, urbanisation, changes an observance simply by changing the space available: a courtyard ritual in an apartment block is a different ritual whatever anyone intends. And رسانه‌ها, the media, change an observance by making it visible — a festival broadcast, filmed and shared is performed partly for a camera. That second force is the direct bridge to this theme's research subject, and noticing it is exactly the kind of synoptic link the specification says Paper 1 assesses. In Persian: هنگامی که مراسمی برای دوربین اجرا شود، بخشی از آن دیگر برای حاضران نیست.
Be careful with the vocabulary of loss. Words like از بین رفتن, to disappear, and فراموش شدن, to be forgotten, are strong claims and are usually contested; an observance that is no longer general may still be vigorous in some regions or among some communities. The disciplined alternatives are کم‌رنگ‌تر شدن, to become fainter, and محدودتر شدن, to become more restricted, both of which claim a direction without asserting an ending. And where you do want to claim that something has ended, attribute it and date it, because a claim about the present tense of a whole society is the kind of claim that a single counter-example destroys.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section B: a text on a changing observance, answered in Persian

Read and answer in Persian. متن: «هر سال پیش از چهارشنبه‌ی پایانی سال، سازمان‌های امدادی درباره‌ی خطر مواد آتش‌زا هشدار می‌دهند. برخی از خانواده‌ها این هشدارها را جدی می‌گیرند و مراسم را در فضایی کوچک‌تر برگزار می‌کنند؛ برخی دیگر می‌گویند که محدود کردن مراسم، معنای آن را از میان می‌برد.» پرسش الف: سازمان‌های امدادی چه می‌کنند؟ پرسش ب: تفاوت میان دو گروه از خانواده‌ها را توضیح دهید و بگویید اختلاف بر سر چیست.

  1. 01Question (a): a habitual present, answered as a habitual present

    هشدار می‌دهند is a present simple with habitual force, reinforced by هر سال. The answer must keep that: سازمان‌های امدادی هر سال پیش از این مراسم درباره‌ی خطر مواد آتش‌زا هشدار می‌دهند. Do not shift into a perfect, which would suggest a single episode. Note also that the question asks چه می‌کنند, what do they do, so the answer's verb should be the same verb — a small alignment that examiners notice and that costs nothing.

  2. 02Question (b): find the two positions, and see that they are not about the same thing

    The first group takes the warnings seriously and holds the observance in a smaller space; the second says that restricting it destroys its meaning. Those are not two answers to one question. The first group is answering a question about safety; the second is answering a question about meaning. Saying so is the whole of the analysis, and a candidate who merely lists the two positions has described where a stronger candidate has explained.

  3. 03Write the explanation with an explicit statement of the difference in kind

    گروه نخست به ایمنی می‌اندیشد و مراسم را کوچک‌تر می‌کند؛ گروه دوم به معنا می‌اندیشد و می‌گوید که محدود کردن مراسم آن معنا را از میان می‌برد. بنابراین اختلاف میان آن‌ها بر سر خطر نیست، بلکه بر سر آن است که مراسم برای چیست. اندیشیدن به, to think about, takes به. از میان بردن, to destroy or eliminate, is a compound verb whose object here is آن معنا, marked with را.

  4. 04Close by naming what would resolve it, and stay inside the text

    هیچ‌یک از دو گروه دیگری را متهم به نادرستی نمی‌کند؛ اگر معنای مراسم روشن‌تر تعریف شود، شاید بتوان هر دو نگرانی را با هم پاسخ داد. Neither group accuses the other of being wrong; if the meaning of the observance were defined more clearly, perhaps both concerns could be answered together. متهم کردن به, to accuse of, takes به. The conditional uses a passive subjunctive تعریف شود, and شاید بتوان is an impersonal perhaps one could. And note the discipline: everything in this answer comes from the text, which is what Section B is marked on.

Result: الف: سازمان‌های امدادی هر سال پیش از این مراسم درباره‌ی خطر مواد آتش‌زا هشدار می‌دهند. ب: گروه نخست به ایمنی می‌اندیشد و مراسم را کوچک‌تر می‌کند؛ گروه دوم به معنا می‌اندیشد و می‌گوید که محدود کردن مراسم آن معنا را از میان می‌برد. بنابراین اختلاف میان آن‌ها بر سر خطر نیست، بلکه بر سر آن است که مراسم برای چیست. هیچ‌یک از دو گروه دیگری را متهم به نادرستی نمی‌کند؛ اگر معنای مراسم روشن‌تر تعریف شود، شاید بتوان هر دو نگرانی را با هم پاسخ داد.

Exam focus

  • Name which of the four is changing — ritual, meaning, participants, or public status — before you describe the change.
  • Urbanisation and media are the two forces that recur. Both give you a mechanism rather than an impression.
  • Prefer کم‌رنگ‌تر شدن to از بین رفتن. Direction is defensible; extinction usually is not.

Typical mistakes

  • Describing a change in the festival when the aspect asks about a change in approach to it.
  • Claiming that a custom has disappeared. Almost always too strong, and one counter-example undoes it.
  • Treating official promotion and popular enthusiasm as the same evidence. They are different things and may move in opposite directions.
  • Writing رویکرد ها with a space. It is رویکردها, and the plural attaches with a half-space where one is needed.

Active revision

یکی از چهار گونه‌ی تغییر را برگزینید و در صد کلمه توضیح دهید که چه شاهدی برای آن لازم است و کدام ادعا را نمی‌توانید بدون منبع بیان کنید

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 04

Social and online media — the Theme Two research subject (توسعه‌ی رسانه‌های اجتماعی و اینترنتی)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع دوم، موضوع تحقیق — توسعه‌ی رسانه‌های اجتماعی و اینترنتی: نمایش ارزش‌های غربی؛ تأثیر رسانه‌های اجتماعی و آنلاین در شیوه‌ی زندگی؛ گسترش دسترسی به اطلاعات و انتقال اخبارLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 1 Section C (writing — research question)

Media claims: what is documented, what is contested, what is unknowable

Sorting a media claim before you write itTable with 3 columns and 5 rows, Data: The claim · Its status · How to write it; Access has grown a lot · Widely reported in both countries · Attribute to reports; no figure; Platforms are blocked · Documented but changes often · Say which, and say when; Media changed our values · Contested causal claim · Name who argues it, and the rival view; The young prefer online news · Depends on a survey you cannot cite · Attribute, or describe a mechanism; Western values are displayed · The specification's own framing · Quote it as a framing, then examine itTHE CLAIMITS STATUSHOW TO WRITE ITAccess has grown a lotWidely reported in bothcountriesAttribute to reports; nofigurePlatforms are blockedDocumented but changes oftenSay which, and say whenMedia changed our valuesContested causal claimName who argues it, and therival viewThe young prefer online newsDepends on a survey youcannot citeAttribute, or describe amechanismWestern values are displayedThe specification's ownframingQuote it as a framing, thenexamine it
Fig. 2Sorting a claim before you write it is the fastest way into the top AO4 band, because the grid rewards arguments supported by relevant information rather than confident assertion. Note that the fifth row is the specification's own phrase: it is a framing you are asked to examine, not a finding you are asked to repeat. The table is in English because the figure engine has no bidi handling; the Persian attribution formulas that realise each row are in the prose above.

Key points

This is the only research subject in the specification that may be based on either of two countries, and the choice is the first decision you make. Iran and Afghanistan have very different media histories, very different infrastructure and very different recent trajectories, and a research file that mixes them is worth less than half of one that does not. Note also the consequence the specification spells out: because a candidate may research one country only, the unseen text set for a Theme 2 research subject is written to be general in nature and equally relevant to both countries. That means the unseen text will not supply your country-specific substance. It will supply framing and ideas; everything specific has to come from your own memory of your own research.
The first aspect is نمایش ارزش‌های غربی, the display of Western values, and it is the specification's own phrase, which is exactly how you should handle it: as a framing that is itself worth examining. Treat it descriptively. What is actually being described is that online media carry material produced elsewhere, and that some of that material embodies assumptions about family, consumption, gender, leisure and authority that differ from local ones. Who describes this as نمایش ارزش‌های غربی, and who would describe the same thing differently — as جهانی شدن, globalisation, or as ارتباط فرهنگی, cultural contact? Naming the competing framings is analysis; adopting one of them without noticing is not.
The second aspect is تأثیر رسانه‌های اجتماعی و آنلاین در شیوه‌ی زندگی, the effect on ways of living, and this is where claims about media effects must be handled carefully. Effects claims are among the hardest in social science: correlation between media use and a behaviour does not establish that the media caused it, and the same evidence is regularly read in opposite directions. So attribute: به گفته‌ی برخی پژوهشگران, according to some researchers. And prefer the mechanism to the sweeping claim — a described mechanism such as messaging applications changing how families keep in touch across distance is defensible, while a claim that social media has changed a national culture is not.
The third aspect is گسترش دسترسی به اطلاعات و انتقال اخبار, the widening of access to information and the transmission of news, and it is the most concrete of the three. Safe, statable ground: internet and mobile use is widespread in Iran and has grown very substantially in Afghanistan from a low base, with a large gap between urban and rural access in both; messaging applications carry a great deal of what would elsewhere travel as news; and both countries have domestic broadcasters, domestic news agencies and substantial Persian-language media produced outside their borders. Anything about blocking, filtering or licensing must be dated and attributed, because the position in both countries has changed repeatedly and an undated claim will be wrong about some period.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: a full paragraph plan and opening on the media research subject

You have based this research subject on Afghanistan. The statement is «اینترنت راه رسیدن مردم به خبر را دگرگون کرده است.» The unseen text, written to be relevant to both countries, argues that speed of transmission has outrun verification. Plan the four paragraphs and write the first two in Persian.

  1. 01Plan first: four paragraphs, one per job, all three aspects covered

    Paragraph one: refine the statement and concede the part that is true — access and speed. Paragraph two: use the unseen text on verification, and add your own research on how news actually reaches people in Afghanistan. Paragraph three: the aspect on ways of living, kept to a mechanism. Paragraph four: the aspect on Western values as a framing, plus a conclusion. That plan covers all three aspects, which the specification requires of your research, and it gives the AO2 grid something to reward because the unseen text has a defined job rather than being sprinkled through.

  2. 02Paragraph one: concede precisely, using a tense contrast

    این سخن تا اندازه‌ای درست است. تا دو دهه پیش، بیشتر مردم خبر را از رادیو و از گفت‌وگوی رودررو می‌گرفتند؛ امروز تلفن همراه و پیام‌رسان‌ها این نقش را بر عهده گرفته‌اند. Up to two decades ago most people got the news from the radio and from conversation face to face; today mobile phones and messaging applications have taken on that role. تا اندازه‌ای, to some extent, is the concessive opener. The past continuous می‌گرفتند against the present perfect بر عهده گرفته‌اند is the whole comparison. رودررو, face to face, is a compact adverbial and a genuine register lift.

  3. 03Paragraph two: give the unseen text its job, then answer it from your research

    متن ناخوانده به درستی هشدار می‌دهد که سرعت انتقال از سرعت راستی‌آزمایی پیشی گرفته است. پژوهش من نشان داد که در افغانستان این خطر با تفاوت میان شهر و روستا گره خورده است: در جایی که دسترسی محدودتر است، یک پیام بازفرستاده‌شده ممکن است تنها منبع در دسترس باشد. The unseen text rightly warns that the speed of transmission has outrun the speed of verification; my research showed that in Afghanistan that risk is bound up with the difference between town and country. راستی‌آزمایی, verification, is the standard Persian coinage; پیشی گرفتن از, to outstrip, takes از; گره خوردن با, to be tied up with, takes با.

  4. 04Check the paragraph against the rules before moving on

    Four checks, every time. One country only — everything here is Afghanistan, and Iran has not been mentioned. No fabricated statistics — the paragraph runs on a described mechanism and an urban-rural contrast, both defensible. Nothing from Paper 2 — no literary work or film has been touched. And the unseen text has been used rather than merely mentioned, which is what the ten-mark AO2 grid at Section C is for. Running those four checks at the end of each paragraph takes ten seconds and is the cheapest insurance in the paper.

Result: این سخن تا اندازه‌ای درست است. تا دو دهه پیش، بیشتر مردم خبر را از رادیو و از گفت‌وگوی رودررو می‌گرفتند؛ امروز تلفن همراه و پیام‌رسان‌ها این نقش را بر عهده گرفته‌اند. متن ناخوانده به درستی هشدار می‌دهد که سرعت انتقال از سرعت راستی‌آزمایی پیشی گرفته است. پژوهش من نشان داد که در افغانستان این خطر با تفاوت میان شهر و روستا گره خورده است: در جایی که دسترسی محدودتر است، یک پیام بازفرستاده‌شده ممکن است تنها منبع در دسترس باشد.

Exam focus

  • Choose the country first and stay in it. The unseen text will be deliberately general and will not do this work for you.
  • Treat نمایش ارزش‌های غربی as a framing to be examined, and name the alternative framings.
  • Prefer a described mechanism to a sweeping effects claim. Mechanisms are defensible; national transformations are not.

Typical mistakes

  • Expecting the unseen text to supply country-specific material. For Theme 2 it is written to be equally relevant to both countries.
  • Adopting the phrase نمایش ارزش‌های غربی as your own analysis instead of examining it.
  • Asserting a media effect from a correlation. Attribute it, or describe the mechanism instead.
  • Making an undated claim about what is blocked or permitted. The position has changed repeatedly in both countries.

Active revision

کشور خود را برگزینید و برای هر یک از سه جنبه‌ی این موضوع تحقیق یک ادعا بنویسید که بتوانید با دو منبع فارسی از آن دفاع کنید؛ سپس زیر هر ادعا بنویسید که چه شاهدی آن را رد می‌کند

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 05

The vocabulary of media, and how to attribute a claim (واژگان رسانه و شیوه‌ی استناد)#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 موضوع دوم — رسانه‌ها و فرهنگ (research subject vocabulary)LPPearson Edexcel 9PN0 Paper 3 Section B (listening, reading and writing)

Key points

Build the media field once and it serves you in every paper. The institutions: رسانه medium, رسانه‌های اجتماعی social media, شبکه‌های اجتماعی social networks, خبرگزاری news agency, روزنامه newspaper, نشریه periodical, تلویزیون television, رادیو radio, ماهواره satellite. The activity: خبر news, گزارش report, مصاحبه interview, تحلیل analysis, سرمقاله editorial, انتشار publication, پخش broadcast. The people: خبرنگار reporter, روزنامه‌نگار journalist, کاربر user, مخاطب audience or addressee, بیننده viewer, شنونده listener, خواننده reader. And the contested vocabulary that needs care in use: سانسور censorship, فیلترینگ filtering, آزادی بیان freedom of expression, اخبار جعلی false news, راستی‌آزمایی verification.
That last group is worth a paragraph of its own, because those words are not neutral descriptions but positions. سانسور, censorship, is a word that carries a judgement; محدودیت, restriction, and مقررات, regulation, describe similar arrangements without it. Which word a source uses tells you where that source stands, and noticing this is a genuine comprehension skill that Paper 3 Section B rewards directly, since that question asks you to summarise and then evaluate viewpoints. In Persian: انتخاب واژه در این حوزه خود نشانه‌ی موضع است، و خواننده‌ی دقیق آن را می‌بیند — the choice of word in this field is itself a sign of a position, and a careful reader sees it.
Attribution has a small set of Persian formulas and you should be able to write all of them without thinking. به گفته‌ی X, according to X, with the ezafe written ه‌ی on گفته. بر اساس گزارش‌ها, on the basis of reports. بنا بر پژوهشی که خواندم, according to a study I read. برخی از کارشناسان بر این باورند که, some experts are of the view that. منتقدان استدلال می‌کنند که, critics argue that. And for your own voice, distinctly: به نظر من or از دید من. Having six formulas ready means you never have to choose between attributing and keeping momentum, which is the situation in which unattributed claims get written.
One further discipline for a media answer: separate what a medium does from what a medium is blamed for. Media are routinely blamed for changes that have several causes, and a paragraph that treats a medium as the sole cause of a social change has made a claim it cannot support and that an examiner will read as unsophisticated. The alternative is a sentence naming the medium as one factor among several: رسانه‌های اجتماعی یکی از عامل‌های این تغییر بوده‌اند، اما نه تنها عامل آن. That formulation costs one clause, is honest, and reads as considerably more mature than a confident single-cause explanation.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section B: two sources whose disagreement is in their vocabulary

The recording carries a broadcaster who speaks of مقررات, regulation, of online platforms. The written source carries a commentator who speaks of سانسور, censorship, of the same arrangements. Write 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) in Persian, and account for each move.

  1. 015(a): summarise, and quote the source's own word rather than replacing it

    در فایل شنیداری، مسئولی از «مقررات» بسترهای برخط سخن می‌گوید و آن‌ها را برای حفظ نظم لازم می‌داند. Note the guillemets around مقررات: you are reporting the speaker's word, not adopting it, and marking it visibly is the single move that makes the whole answer work. لازم دانستن, to consider necessary, is the چیزی را چیزی دانستن pattern with را closing the object. Replacing the speaker's word with your own would destroy the very thing this pair of sources is testing.

  2. 025(b): summarise the second source, and mark the referential identity

    در متن نوشتاری، تحلیل‌گری همان ترتیب‌ها را «سانسور» می‌نامد و آن را نشانه‌ی محدود شدن آزادی بیان می‌داند. همان ترتیب‌ها, the same arrangements, is the crucial phrase: it tells the examiner you have understood that the two sources are describing one thing, not two. نامیدن, to call or name, takes a direct object with را and a predicate complement. This is the sentence that turns two summaries into a comparison in waiting.

  3. 035(c): state the finding — the disagreement is lexical before it is factual

    دو منبع درباره‌ی خودِ ترتیب‌ها اختلافی ندارند؛ اختلاف در نامی است که بر آن‌ها می‌گذارند، و این نام‌گذاری خود یک داوری است. The two sources do not disagree about the arrangements themselves; the disagreement is in the name they put on them, and that naming is itself a judgement. خودِ with the ezafe means the very or itself. نام‌گذاری, naming, is a compound verbal noun with a half-space. This observation is worth more than any amount of summary, and it is available to anyone who noticed the two words.

  4. 045(c) continued: judge, and give the judgement a condition

    به نظر من هیچ‌یک از دو واژه بی‌طرف نیست؛ واژه‌ی نخست ترتیب‌ها را عادی جلوه می‌دهد و واژه‌ی دوم آن‌ها را از پیش محکوم می‌کند. اگر بخواهیم درباره‌ی این ترتیب‌ها داوری کنیم، باید نخست بدانیم چه چیزی، به دست چه کسی و بر پایه‌ی کدام قاعده محدود می‌شود. In my view neither word is neutral; the first makes the arrangements look ordinary and the second condemns them in advance. If we want to judge them, we must first know what is restricted, by whom, and on what rule. Note جلوه دادن, to make appear; the modal اگر بخواهیم with the subjunctive; and the three-part question that ends the answer, which is a genuine evaluative conclusion rather than a refusal to conclude.

Result: 5(a) در فایل شنیداری، مسئولی از «مقررات» بسترهای برخط سخن می‌گوید و آن‌ها را برای حفظ نظم لازم می‌داند. 5(b) در متن نوشتاری، تحلیل‌گری همان ترتیب‌ها را «سانسور» می‌نامد و آن را نشانه‌ی محدود شدن آزادی بیان می‌داند. 5(c) دو منبع درباره‌ی خودِ ترتیب‌ها اختلافی ندارند؛ اختلاف در نامی است که بر آن‌ها می‌گذارند، و این نام‌گذاری خود یک داوری است. به نظر من هیچ‌یک از دو واژه بی‌طرف نیست: واژه‌ی نخست ترتیب‌ها را عادی جلوه می‌دهد و واژه‌ی دوم آن‌ها را از پیش محکوم می‌کند. اگر بخواهیم درباره‌ی این ترتیب‌ها داوری کنیم، باید نخست بدانیم چه چیزی، به دست چه کسی و بر پایه‌ی کدام قاعده محدود می‌شود.

Exam focus

  • Learn six attribution formulas by heart. You will use them in every written task in the qualification.
  • Notice which word a source chooses in the contested group. It tells you the source's position and Section B pays for that.
  • One factor among several, never the sole cause. It is one clause and it changes how the whole paragraph reads.

Typical mistakes

  • Using سانسور as a neutral description. It is a word with a judgement in it; if you mean it, say so deliberately.
  • Confusing مخاطب with خواننده. مخاطب is the addressee or intended audience of any medium; خواننده is specifically a reader.
  • Dropping attribution when writing quickly. The unattributed claim is the one that costs marks.
  • Writing خبرگزاری as two words. It is one compound noun.

Active revision

شش عبارت استناد را از حافظه بنویسید، سپس یک ادعای مورد اختلاف درباره‌ی رسانه‌ها را با سه تا از آن‌ها بازنویسی کنید و بگویید هر کدام چه تفاوتی در معنا ایجاد می‌کند

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01National and seasonal festivals (جشنواره‌های ملی و فصلی)◐
    • 02Ancient customs, and the calendars they sit in (آداب و رسوم باستانی)◐
    • 03Changing approaches to festivals and customs (تغییر رویکردها درباره‌ی جشنواره‌ها و رسوم)◐
    • 04Social and online media — the Theme Two research subject (توسعه‌ی رسانه‌های اجتماعی و اینترنتی)●
    • 05The vocabulary of media, and how to attribute a claim (واژگان رسانه و شیوه‌ی استناد)●

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From notes into training

Festivals, traditions and the media research subject (موضوع دوم: جشنواره‌ها و سنت‌ها)

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~34
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Persian (9PN0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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