EuraStudy
This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's third theme, Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου, and it is the one place in the specification where the country changes. Themes 1, 2 and 4 are set in the context of Greece only; Theme 3 is set in the context of Cyprus only, and the specification says so twice. Cyprus is therefore studied here as its own society and its own state, with its own economy, its own environment and its own history, and not as a region of Greece or an appendix to it. That is why the two frozen social-issues slots hold two different countries: social-issues-and-trends-1 is Greece, and this one is Cyprus. The topic covers both sub-themes — Ανθρωπογεωγραφία, with its aspects of living standards and quality of life, the division between urban and rural environments, and tourism, and Φυσική γεωγραφία, with the environment, changing attitudes to environmental protection, and the effects of industrialisation on society and on the environment — and it carries the theme's research subject, Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983. That research subject concerns events that are contested and unresolved, and it is handled here in the only defensible way: the dated documented events are stated flatly, every characterisation is attributed to whoever makes it, the dispute about what things are called is taught as part of the dispute itself, the positions of the United Nations and of international law are named as positions held by named bodies, and nothing is adjudicated.
5 sections~40 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 3 · Advanced 2
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description of Cyprus in its own right, in correct Greek, with the island's own places and institutions named and not confused with Greek ones.
higher level
The full A-Level expects the candidate to distinguish a dated event from an interpretation of it, to attribute every interpretation to a named holder, to hold two accounts of the same events side by side without collapsing them into one, and to say honestly where the evidence runs out.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
Read as you would in Paper 1 Section B, where all questions are set in Greek and must be answered in Greek. Το βιοτικό επίπεδο στην Κύπρο ανέβηκε θεαματικά μετά το 1974, σε μια οικονομία που είχε χάσει μεγάλο μέρος της παραγωγικής της βάσης. Οι υπηρεσίες, και ιδίως ο τουρισμός και ο τραπεζικός τομέας, αντικατέστησαν σταδιακά τη γεωργία. Ωστόσο, η ποιότητα ζωής δεν μετριέται μόνο με το εισόδημα· μετριέται και με τον χρόνο, με τη στέγαση και με το αίσθημα ασφάλειας, και σε αυτά τα πεδία η εικόνα είναι πιο σύνθετη.
σε μια οικονομία που είχε χάσει μεγάλο μέρος της παραγωγικής της βάσης. Είχε χάσει is the pluperfect of χάνω, had lost, and the tense is doing real work: the loss precedes the rise. The writer is not saying living standards rose and then something was lost; they are saying the rise happened out of a diminished base, which is a stronger claim. A comprehension question of the form Τι μας λέει ο συγγραφέας για την οικονομία πριν από την άνοδο; is answered by the tense. Note also της παραγωγικής της βάσης, where the possessive weak pronoun της sits inside the noun phrase between adjective and noun — a normal Greek pattern with no English equivalent.
Οι υπηρεσίες, και ιδίως ο τουρισμός και ο τραπεζικός τομέας, αντικατέστησαν σταδιακά τη γεωργία. Αντικατέστησαν is the simple past third plural of αντικαθιστώ, replaced, and it is an irregular whose past stem must be learned rather than derived. Σταδιακά, gradually, softens the claim and should survive into any answer. If asked Ποιοι τομείς αντικατέστησαν τη γεωργία;, the answer is the services in general and tourism and banking in particular — the και ιδίως marks the second pair as a subset of the first, and a candidate who lists all three as parallel has misread the structure.
Ωστόσο, η ποιότητα ζωής δεν μετριέται μόνο με το εισόδημα· μετριέται και με τον χρόνο, με τη στέγαση και με το αίσθημα ασφάλειας. Ωστόσο is however, and it announces a qualification of everything before it. Μετριέται is the mediopassive present of μετρώ, is measured. The δεν … μόνο … αλλά και pattern, here realised as δεν … μόνο · … και, is one of the highest-yield structures in the whole examination, because writers use it to distinguish their view from the obvious one. The three things named after it — time, housing, the sense of security — are the writer's own criteria, and naming them is exactly what an open-response question will want.
For a question such as Γιατί, κατά τον συγγραφέα, η εικόνα της ποιότητας ζωής είναι πιο σύνθετη από την εικόνα του βιοτικού επιπέδου;, do not lift μετριέται και με τον χρόνο. Re-encode: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, το εισόδημα από μόνο του δεν αρκεί ως κριτήριο· η ποιότητα ζωής περιλαμβάνει και παράγοντες όπως ο ελεύθερος χρόνος, η στέγαση και η ασφάλεια, οι οποίοι δεν ακολούθησαν κατ' ανάγκη την ίδια πορεία με το εισόδημα. The relative οι οποίοι is a deliberate range choice over που, and κατ' ανάγκη, necessarily, is a connective worth stealing.
Result: Model answer in Greek, not lifted: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, το εισόδημα από μόνο του δεν αρκεί ως κριτήριο· η ποιότητα ζωής περιλαμβάνει και παράγοντες όπως ο ελεύθερος χρόνος, η στέγαση και η ασφάλεια, οι οποίοι δεν ακολούθησαν κατ' ανάγκη την ίδια πορεία με το εισόδημα.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Greek introducing Cyprus to a reader who knows only that Greek is spoken there, covering in order: what kind of state it is and since when, how the economy is now composed, and one respect in which living standards and quality of life have moved in different directions. Name at least four Cypriot places with correct articles and endings, and attribute at least one contested claim.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Translate into Greek as you would in Paper 2 Section A. The gap between the towns and the countryside has narrowed, but it has not closed. Young people still leave the villages for Nicosia and Limassol, where the jobs are, and many of the smaller communities now live mainly on tourism and on money sent home.
Το χάσμα ανάμεσα στις πόλεις και στην ύπαιθρο έχει μειωθεί, αλλά δεν έχει κλείσει. Gap is το χάσμα, neuter in -μα, so its genitive is του χάσματος and its plural τα χάσματα — an imparisyllabic neuter the grammar list names. Between takes ανάμεσα σε plus the accusative, contracting to στις and στην. Has narrowed is best rendered by the perfect passive έχει μειωθεί, from μειώνω; has not closed by the perfect active δεν έχει κλείσει. Two perfects in one sentence, one of them passive, is AO3 range obtained for free from a faithful translation.
για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό. Both are feminine. Η Λευκωσία is a regular feminine in -α, accusative τη Λευκωσία. Η Λεμεσός is the trap: a feminine noun ending in -ος, so the article is feminine throughout while the ending looks masculine — nominative η Λεμεσός, genitive της Λεμεσού, accusative τη Λεμεσό. Writing τον Λεμεσό is a case-and-gender error of exactly the kind the examiner guidance singles out. The same class contains η Πάφος and η Αμμόχωστος, and outside place names η περίοδος, η μέθοδος, η είσοδος and η ύπαιθρος.
Οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να φεύγουν από τα χωριά για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό. Still, in the sense of continuing, is εξακολουθούν να plus the subjunctive rather than the adverb ακόμα, and choosing the verbal construction is a deliberate range decision. Φεύγω takes από for the place left and για for the destination, so από τα χωριά … για τη Λευκωσία. Where the jobs are is όπου υπάρχουν οι θέσεις εργασίας; θέση εργασίας, a post of work, is the standard collocation and is more precise than δουλειές.
και πολλές από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες ζουν πλέον κυρίως από τον τουρισμό και από τα εμβάσματα. Τα εμβάσματα are remittances, the single word Greek uses for money sent home, and reaching for it rather than paraphrasing is worth a mark under range. Ζω από, to live on, takes από plus the accusative. Πλέον, now or any longer, is a higher-register alternative to τώρα and is the natural word in a sentence about a change of state. Note that πολλές agrees with κοινότητες, feminine plural, and that από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες keeps the accusative after από.
Result: Το χάσμα ανάμεσα στις πόλεις και στην ύπαιθρο έχει μειωθεί, αλλά δεν έχει κλείσει. Οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να φεύγουν από τα χωριά για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό, όπου υπάρχουν οι θέσεις εργασίας, και πολλές από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες ζουν πλέον κυρίως από τον τουρισμό και από τα εμβάσματα.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Greek explaining Γιατί ο πληθυσμός της Κύπρου συγκεντρώθηκε στις πόλεις και τι έγινε στα χωριά. Use at least three of η αστικοποίηση, η αστυφιλία, η ερήμωση, η γήρανση, η περιφερειακή ανάπτυξη, ο αγροτουρισμός, and give at least two different outcomes for different kinds of village rather than one outcome for all.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
This is the transcript of a Section A listening item. Ο τουρισμός στην Κύπρο δεν είναι απλώς ένας κλάδος· είναι ο κλάδος. Το ερώτημα δεν είναι αν θα υπάρχει τουρισμός, αλλά τι είδους. Η μαζική παραθεριστική ανάπτυξη στα παράλια έφερε εισόδημα, αλλά και πίεση στο νερό, στα απόβλητα και στο τοπίο. Όσοι μιλούν για εναλλακτικό τουρισμό — αγροτουρισμό, πολιτιστικό, ορεινό — δεν προτείνουν κάτι μικρότερο· προτείνουν κάτι πιο κατανεμημένο.
The specification says students have individual control and may stop, revisit and replay sections as they wish, which converts listening from a single ordeal into a three-pass method. Pass one, no pen: get the shape. Pass two: stop after each sentence and note the function of that sentence, not its words. Pass three: go back only to the places a question actually targets. Candidates who write continuously through the first pass hear less and note more that they do not need.
δεν είναι απλώς ένας κλάδος· είναι ο κλάδος. The contrast is between the indefinite ένας and the definite ο, and in speech it is carried by stress alone. It means: not merely a sector but the sector. If you translate both as a sector, the sentence becomes meaningless and any question about the speaker's opening claim is lost. This is a good illustration of why listening practice has to include listening for grammar and not only for vocabulary.
Το ερώτημα δεν είναι αν θα υπάρχει τουρισμός, αλλά τι είδους. The question is not whether but what kind. Αν θα υπάρχει is an embedded yes-or-no question with the future, whether there will be. Τι είδους, what kind of, is elliptical — τουρισμός is understood. A multiple-choice question here would offer distractors along the lines of the speaker opposes tourism and the speaker wants more tourism, both of which the sentence explicitly rules out.
έφερε εισόδημα, αλλά και πίεση … δεν προτείνουν κάτι μικρότερο· προτείνουν κάτι πιο κατανεμημένο. Έφερε is the simple past of φέρνω. The αλλά και construction concedes the benefit and then adds the cost, so an answer claiming the speaker denies the economic benefit is wrong. The final correction — not smaller but more distributed — is the speaker's actual policy position and is what a summary question is for. Κατανεμημένος is the past passive participle of κατανέμω, distributed, and it is exactly the -μένος class the grammar list names.
Result: The speaker holds that tourism is not one sector among others but the sector; that the real question is what kind of tourism rather than whether; that mass coastal development brought income but also pressure on water, waste and landscape; and that advocates of alternative tourism are arguing for a more distributed industry, not a smaller one.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Greek on Ο τουρισμός στην Κύπρο: ευλογία ή βάρος; Give the strongest version of each case in turn, using at least three of the technical terms from this section, and reach a conclusion that distinguishes between kinds of tourism rather than accepting or rejecting tourism as a whole.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Translate into English for the 20-mark points-based scheme. Η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος στην Κύπρο συνδέεται άμεσα με το νερό. Το νησί έχει περιορισμένα αποθέματα, και οι μακρές περίοδοι ξηρασίας έχουν επιβάλει λύσεις που πριν από τριάντα χρόνια θα φάνταζαν υπερβολικές, όπως οι μονάδες αφαλάτωσης. Παράλληλα, η βιομηχανοποίηση και η οικοδομική δραστηριότητα άλλαξαν το τοπίο ταχύτερα από ό,τι άλλαξαν οι αντιλήψεις.
Η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος στην Κύπρο συνδέεται άμεσα με το νερό. Συνδέεται is the mediopassive present of συνδέω, is connected or is linked. Του περιβάλλοντος is the genitive singular of το περιβάλλον, a neuter formed on a participle and declined -ον, -οντος; getting that genitive right in your own writing is an AO3 point. Άμεσα is directly. The whole sentence renders as environmental protection in Cyprus is directly connected with water, and the word order — the long subject phrase first, the verb late — is normal Greek and should not survive into the English.
οι μακρές περίοδοι ξηρασίας έχουν επιβάλει λύσεις. Η περίοδος is feminine although it ends in -ος, so its plural is οι περίοδοι with a feminine article and a feminine adjective, μακρές. Ξηρασίας is a genitive of description: periods of drought. Έχουν επιβάλει is the present perfect of επιβάλλω, have imposed or have made necessary. Note that the perfect in Greek is formed with έχω plus an unchanging non-finite form, here επιβάλει with one lambda, distinct from the present επιβάλλουν with two — a spelling difference that carries a grammatical one.
λύσεις που πριν από τριάντα χρόνια θα φάνταζαν υπερβολικές. Θα plus the imperfect is the conditional, would seem or would have seemed. Φαντάζω means to appear or to seem, not to imagine, which is φαντάζομαι — a false friend worth flagging. Πριν από τριάντα χρόνια is thirty years ago, and the από is obligatory before a quantity. So: solutions that thirty years ago would have seemed excessive, such as the desalination plants. Losing the conditional and writing seemed would cost the section of language that carries it.
η βιομηχανοποίηση και η οικοδομική δραστηριότητα άλλαξαν το τοπίο ταχύτερα από ό,τι άλλαξαν οι αντιλήψεις. Από ό,τι introduces the second term of a comparison when a clause follows, and ό,τι is written with a comma to distinguish it from ότι, the conjunction that. That comma is not decoration; it is the spelling. Ταχύτερα is the comparative adverb of ταχύς, more quickly. The English is: industrialisation and building activity changed the landscape more quickly than attitudes changed. Keeping the repeated verb άλλαξαν visible in the English preserves the rhetorical balance of the Greek.
Result: Environmental protection in Cyprus is directly linked to water. The island has limited reserves, and long periods of drought have made necessary solutions that thirty years ago would have seemed excessive, such as the desalination plants. At the same time, industrialisation and building activity changed the landscape more quickly than attitudes changed.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Greek on Πώς έχει αλλάξει η σχέση της Κύπρου με το περιβάλλον της; Organise it as constraint, response and dispute: the physical constraint the island lives under, what has been done about it, and one question on which Cypriot opinion is genuinely divided. Attribute the last of these to named kinds of actor rather than to Cypriots in general.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The same events, three vocabularies
Cyprus 1960–1983: the dated frame
You have researched Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 and covered all three aspects. The unseen Greek text is an account of how the events of 1974 reshaped daily life in Cyprus. The statement is: «Τα γεγονότα του 1974 άλλαξαν την Κύπρο περισσότερο από οποιοδήποτε άλλο γεγονός του εικοστού αιώνα.» Plan and open a 270–320-word answer in Greek.
It asks about magnitude of change, not about responsibility, and that is a gift: it is answerable entirely from documented consequence. Do not import a blame argument the statement did not invite. A defensible position is that the statement is true of the social and demographic consequences and defensible about the political ones, but that 1960 has a claim as the foundational change. Opening in Greek: Η δήλωση είναι ισχυρή, αλλά χρειάζεται μια διάκριση: το 1974 άλλαξε τη ζωή των ανθρώπων περισσότερο από κάθε άλλο έτος, ενώ το 1960 άλλαξε το ίδιο το καθεστώς του νησιού.
Two or three sentences of dated fact buy the right to argue for the rest of the answer. Στις 15 Ιουλίου 1974 έγινε πραξικόπημα εναντίον του Προέδρου Μακαρίου. Στις 20 Ιουλίου τουρκικά στρατεύματα αποβιβάστηκαν στη βόρεια ακτή, και το Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας του ΟΗΕ ζήτησε με το ψήφισμα 353 τον τερματισμό της ξένης στρατιωτικής επέμβασης. Έκτοτε το νησί είναι διαιρεμένο από μια γραμμή που περιπολεί ο ΟΗΕ. Note αποβιβάστηκαν, the simple past mediopassive, and το ψήφισμα 353, which names the instrument rather than characterising the act.
Aspect two of the research subject is the effects on Cypriot society, and it is the heart of this answer. Write mechanisms: displacement in both directions and the resettlement that followed; property left behind and the legal questions it created; the reorganisation of the economy after the loss of much of its productive base, which is why services and tourism grew as they did; families with members unaccounted for, and the bicommunal Committee on Missing Persons that still works on the island; and a generation on both sides that grew up on one side of a line. Each of those is describable, checkable and free of arithmetic. If a magnitude is unavoidable, write χιλιάδες ανθρώπων or ένα μεγάλο μέρος του πληθυσμού, and attribute anything sharper.
One sentence, early, buys you the whole essay: Οι όροι που χρησιμοποιούνται για τα γεγονότα του 1974 διαφέρουν ανάλογα με την κοινότητα και τη χώρα· εδώ χρησιμοποιώ τους ελληνοκυπριακούς όρους, σημειώνοντας ότι η τουρκοκυπριακή και η τουρκική πλευρά χρησιμοποιούν άλλους. Χρησιμοποιούνται is a mediopassive present, ανάλογα με is depending on, and σημειώνοντας is the gerund in -οντας that the grammar list names. After that sentence you may write normally, because the reader knows you know.
Σημαντικές προσωπικότητες της περιόδου is an aspect, so the figures must appear — Makarios, who was removed in July 1974, returned in December and died in 1977; Nikos Sampson, installed by the coup; Glafkos Klerides as acting president; Spyros Kyprianou as Makarios's successor; Rauf Denktaş as the Turkish Cypriot leader through the whole period and the other signatory of the high-level agreements of 1977 and 1979. Do not narrate them one after another. Use them to carry an argument: the 1977 and 1979 agreements show that within three years of the events the two leaderships had agreed the shape of a settlement, which is evidence about consequence and not about blame.
The closing sentence must answer the statement in its own terms. Συνεπώς, αν μετρήσουμε την αλλαγή με βάση την καθημερινή ζωή, τη δημογραφία και την οικονομία, η δήλωση ευσταθεί· αν τη μετρήσουμε με βάση τη συγκρότηση του κράτους, το 1960 παραμένει το κρίσιμο έτος. Then check: AO4 out of 20 wants perceptive ideas supported by research with focus maintained — have you stayed on the research subject throughout? AO2 out of 10 wants relevant use of the unseen text — have you cited it at least twice and pushed past it? AO3 out of 10 wants range and accuracy — is there a passive, a pluperfect, a subjunctive and a gerund in the 300 words you wrote?
Result: Opening: Η δήλωση είναι ισχυρή, αλλά χρειάζεται μια διάκριση: το 1974 άλλαξε τη ζωή των ανθρώπων περισσότερο από κάθε άλλο έτος, ενώ το 1960 άλλαξε το ίδιο το καθεστώς του νησιού. Vocabulary sentence: Οι όροι που χρησιμοποιούνται για τα γεγονότα του 1974 διαφέρουν ανάλογα με την κοινότητα και τη χώρα· εδώ χρησιμοποιώ τους ελληνοκυπριακούς όρους, σημειώνοντας ότι η τουρκοκυπριακή και η τουρκική πλευρά χρησιμοποιούν άλλους. Closing: Συνεπώς, αν μετρήσουμε την αλλαγή με βάση την καθημερινή ζωή, τη δημογραφία και την οικονομία, η δήλωση ευσταθεί· αν τη μετρήσουμε με βάση τη συγκρότηση του κράτους, το 1960 παραμένει το κρίσιμο έτος.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Take one paragraph you have written on this research subject and rewrite it under a single rule: every sentence must be either a dated event that could be checked in a document, or a characterisation with a named holder. Sentences that are neither must be cut or converted. Then count the two kinds. A defensible answer on this subject usually runs about half and half.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)
References & sources
Department for Education