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Notes/Greek (Modern)/Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου — human geography, physical geography and the period 1974–1983
Notes · Greek (Modern)UK · A-Levels

Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου — human geography, physical geography and the period 1974–1983

This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's third theme, Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου, and it is the one place in the specification where the country changes. Themes 1, 2 and 4 are set in the context of Greece only; Theme 3 is set in the context of Cyprus only, and the specification says so twice. Cyprus is therefore studied here as its own society and its own state, with its own economy, its own environment and its own history, and not as a region of Greece or an appendix to it. That is why the two frozen social-issues slots hold two different countries: social-issues-and-trends-1 is Greece, and this one is Cyprus. The topic covers both sub-themes — Ανθρωπογεωγραφία, with its aspects of living standards and quality of life, the division between urban and rural environments, and tourism, and Φυσική γεωγραφία, with the environment, changing attitudes to environmental protection, and the effects of industrialisation on society and on the environment — and it carries the theme's research subject, Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983. That research subject concerns events that are contested and unresolved, and it is handled here in the only defensible way: the dated documented events are stated flatly, every characterisation is attributed to whoever makes it, the dispute about what things are called is taught as part of the dispute itself, the positions of the United Nations and of international law are named as positions held by named bodies, and nothing is adjudicated.

5 sections·~40 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 3 · Advanced 2

T·0222 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Greek about Cypriot society, economy and environment, including Cypriot speakersAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Greek on Cypriot geography, development and history, including contested accountsAO3 · Manipulate Greek accurately, using the vocabulary of geography, economy, environment and historical narrationAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, Cypriot society past and present, including the research subject Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983
Operators:αναλύωαξιολογώσυγκρίνωσυνοψίζωεξηγώτεκμηριώνωπεριγράφωαποδίδω

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description of Cyprus in its own right, in correct Greek, with the island's own places and institutions named and not confused with Greek ones.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the candidate to distinguish a dated event from an interpretation of it, to attribute every interpretation to a named holder, to hold two accounts of the same events side by side without collapsing them into one, and to say honestly where the evidence runs out.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου — human geography, physical geography and the period 1974–1983
    • 01Ανθρωπογεωγραφία I: Cyprus as its own state, and το βιοτικό επίπεδο◐
    • 02Ανθρωπογεωγραφία II: ο διαχωρισμός μεταξύ αστικού και αγροτικού περιβάλλοντος◐
    • 03Ανθρωπογεωγραφία III: ο τουρισμός◐
    • 04Φυσική γεωγραφία: το περιβάλλον, οι αντιλήψεις και η βιομηχανοποίηση●
    • 05Ερευνητικό θέμα: Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 — dated events, contested names, no verdict●
§ 01

Ανθρωπογεωγραφία I: Cyprus as its own state, and το βιοτικό επίπεδο#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9GK0 Τρίτο Θέμα — Ανθρωπογεωγραφία: αλλαγές σχετικά με το βιοτικό επίπεδο και την ποιότητα ζωήςLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Before any content, the scoping rule, because getting it wrong costs marks in every paper. The specification states that Theme 3 is set in the context of Cyprus only, and it repeats the point at the head of the theme. A Paper 1 Section B text drawn from this theme is about Cyprus; a Paper 3 listening source from this sub-theme features Cypriot speakers and Cypriot subject matter; and an answer that drifts into Greek examples has left the theme. Cyprus is η Κύπρος, feminine, and the Republic is η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία. The capital is η Λευκωσία, the other principal towns η Λεμεσός, η Λάρνακα, η Πάφος and, in the north, η Αμμόχωστος and η Κερύνεια. Note that Λεμεσός, Πάφος and Αμμόχωστος are feminine nouns ending in -ος, a declension class the grammar list names explicitly and which trips up almost every learner.
The institutional facts are stateable and worth knowing precisely, because they are what make Cyprus a state rather than a region. The Republic of Cyprus became independent of British rule in 1960 under the Zurich and London agreements; its constitution provided for a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president; the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey were named as guarantor powers under the Treaty of Guarantee; and the United Kingdom retained two Sovereign Base Areas, οι Βρετανικές Βάσεις, which remain British territory. Cyprus joined the European Union in 2004 and adopted the euro in 2008. The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish. The Greek spoken on the island includes η κυπριακή διάλεκτος, a distinct dialect, alongside standard Modern Greek, which is what is written and what the examination uses.
The first aspect, αλλαγές σχετικά με το βιοτικό επίπεδο και την ποιότητα ζωής, is a story of transformation with a break in the middle of it. In the first decades after independence the economy was still substantially agricultural; after 1974 it was reorganised around services, above all tourism, financial and professional services, and shipping, and living standards rose markedly over the following decades. Two things must be kept apart in the writing. Το βιοτικό επίπεδο, living standards, is largely an economic measure — income, housing, ownership of goods. Η ποιότητα ζωής, quality of life, is wider and includes time, health, environment and security, and the specification names both deliberately. An answer that treats them as synonyms has missed the aspect's own distinction.
The second break is more recent and is the one Cypriot sources still argue about: the banking crisis of 2013, in which Cyprus agreed a financial assistance programme with the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and in which uninsured deposits in the two largest banks were used to recapitalise them. That is a documented sequence and can be stated. Whether it was necessary, whether the terms were fair, and what it did to Cypriot society are all argued about, in Cyprus and outside it, and belong behind attributions: πολλοί οικονομολόγοι υποστηρίζουν ότι, ενώ άλλοι θεωρούν ότι. This is also the natural point of contact between Theme 3 and Theme 4, since Greece and Cyprus faced comparable pressures at overlapping moments while remaining two separate states with two separate programmes — and saying that clearly is precisely the kind of connection the AO4 grid rewards.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section B: reading a passage on living standards and answering in Greek

Read as you would in Paper 1 Section B, where all questions are set in Greek and must be answered in Greek. Το βιοτικό επίπεδο στην Κύπρο ανέβηκε θεαματικά μετά το 1974, σε μια οικονομία που είχε χάσει μεγάλο μέρος της παραγωγικής της βάσης. Οι υπηρεσίες, και ιδίως ο τουρισμός και ο τραπεζικός τομέας, αντικατέστησαν σταδιακά τη γεωργία. Ωστόσο, η ποιότητα ζωής δεν μετριέται μόνο με το εισόδημα· μετριέται και με τον χρόνο, με τη στέγαση και με το αίσθημα ασφάλειας, και σε αυτά τα πεδία η εικόνα είναι πιο σύνθετη.

  1. 01Read the first sentence for its pluperfect, which carries the argument

    σε μια οικονομία που είχε χάσει μεγάλο μέρος της παραγωγικής της βάσης. Είχε χάσει is the pluperfect of χάνω, had lost, and the tense is doing real work: the loss precedes the rise. The writer is not saying living standards rose and then something was lost; they are saying the rise happened out of a diminished base, which is a stronger claim. A comprehension question of the form Τι μας λέει ο συγγραφέας για την οικονομία πριν από την άνοδο; is answered by the tense. Note also της παραγωγικής της βάσης, where the possessive weak pronoun της sits inside the noun phrase between adjective and noun — a normal Greek pattern with no English equivalent.

  2. 02Identify the sectoral claim, and the verb that expresses it

    Οι υπηρεσίες, και ιδίως ο τουρισμός και ο τραπεζικός τομέας, αντικατέστησαν σταδιακά τη γεωργία. Αντικατέστησαν is the simple past third plural of αντικαθιστώ, replaced, and it is an irregular whose past stem must be learned rather than derived. Σταδιακά, gradually, softens the claim and should survive into any answer. If asked Ποιοι τομείς αντικατέστησαν τη γεωργία;, the answer is the services in general and tourism and banking in particular — the και ιδίως marks the second pair as a subset of the first, and a candidate who lists all three as parallel has misread the structure.

  3. 03Read the pivot, which is where the writer's own view lives

    Ωστόσο, η ποιότητα ζωής δεν μετριέται μόνο με το εισόδημα· μετριέται και με τον χρόνο, με τη στέγαση και με το αίσθημα ασφάλειας. Ωστόσο is however, and it announces a qualification of everything before it. Μετριέται is the mediopassive present of μετρώ, is measured. The δεν … μόνο … αλλά και pattern, here realised as δεν … μόνο · … και, is one of the highest-yield structures in the whole examination, because writers use it to distinguish their view from the obvious one. The three things named after it — time, housing, the sense of security — are the writer's own criteria, and naming them is exactly what an open-response question will want.

  4. 04Write the answer in Greek, in your own words

    For a question such as Γιατί, κατά τον συγγραφέα, η εικόνα της ποιότητας ζωής είναι πιο σύνθετη από την εικόνα του βιοτικού επιπέδου;, do not lift μετριέται και με τον χρόνο. Re-encode: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, το εισόδημα από μόνο του δεν αρκεί ως κριτήριο· η ποιότητα ζωής περιλαμβάνει και παράγοντες όπως ο ελεύθερος χρόνος, η στέγαση και η ασφάλεια, οι οποίοι δεν ακολούθησαν κατ' ανάγκη την ίδια πορεία με το εισόδημα. The relative οι οποίοι is a deliberate range choice over που, and κατ' ανάγκη, necessarily, is a connective worth stealing.

Result: Model answer in Greek, not lifted: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, το εισόδημα από μόνο του δεν αρκεί ως κριτήριο· η ποιότητα ζωής περιλαμβάνει και παράγοντες όπως ο ελεύθερος χρόνος, η στέγαση και η ασφάλεια, οι οποίοι δεν ακολούθησαν κατ' ανάγκη την ίδια πορεία με το εισόδημα.

Exam focus

  • Theme 3 is Cyprus only. Greek examples in a Theme 3 answer are off-theme, however good they are (AO4).
  • Learn the feminine nouns in -ος: η Λεμεσός, η Πάφος, η Αμμόχωστος, η περίοδος, η είσοδος. Article feminine, ending masculine-looking (AO3).
  • Keep το βιοτικό επίπεδο and η ποιότητα ζωής apart. The specification names both because they are not the same measure.
  • 1960 independence, 2004 EU accession, 2008 the euro, 2013 the banking programme — four dates that anchor any answer on this sub-theme.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing about Cyprus as though it were a Greek region. It is an independent republic, an EU member state and a member of the United Nations.
  • Treating quality of life as identical to income, when the aspect explicitly pairs the two terms.
  • Declining η Λεμεσός as a masculine noun. The article is feminine throughout: της Λεμεσού, τη Λεμεσό.
  • Delivering a verdict on the 2013 programme. State what was agreed and when; attribute the assessment.

Active revision

Write 200 words in Greek introducing Cyprus to a reader who knows only that Greek is spoken there, covering in order: what kind of state it is and since when, how the economy is now composed, and one respect in which living standards and quality of life have moved in different directions. Name at least four Cypriot places with correct articles and endings, and attribute at least one contested claim.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Ανθρωπογεωγραφία II: ο διαχωρισμός μεταξύ αστικού και αγροτικού περιβάλλοντος#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9GK0 Τρίτο Θέμα — Ανθρωπογεωγραφία: διαχωρισμός μεταξύ αστικού και αγροτικού περιβάλλοντοςLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The second aspect is the urban–rural division, and the Greek is precise: το αστικό περιβάλλον is the urban environment, το αγροτικό περιβάλλον the rural one, η ύπαιθρος the countryside as a whole, η αστικοποίηση urbanisation, η αστυφιλία the pull of the town, and η εσωτερική μετανάστευση internal migration. A village is το χωριό and a community το κοινοτικό συμβούλιο administers it; the towns are οι πόλεις and the built-up area around them η ευρύτερη αστική περιοχή. Two more words carry the argument: η ερήμωση or η εγκατάλειψη των χωριών, the emptying of the villages, and η γήρανση του πληθυσμού, the ageing of the population — because emptying and ageing are the same process seen from two ends.
The physical setting of the division is worth two sentences because it explains it. Cyprus has two mountain ranges — ο Τρόοδος in the centre and west, and ο Πενταδάκτυλος, the northern range — separated by the central plain, η Μεσαορία, in which Nicosia sits. Settlement historically followed water and land; the modern population is concentrated in and around the coastal towns and the capital. The mountain villages of Troodos and the plain villages have lost population at different rates and for different reasons, and a candidate who can name that difference is being specific in the way the AO4 grid asks for, without needing a single statistic.
The third strand is what has been done about it, and here the register shifts to policy. Greek for the relevant concepts: η περιφερειακή ανάπτυξη, regional development; τα κίνητρα, incentives; οι υποδομές, infrastructure; η αναβάθμιση, upgrading; ο αγροτουρισμός, agritourism, in which a restored village house becomes accommodation. The pattern reported across Cypriot sources is that improved roads and services have made some villages commutable, and thus liveable again, while others have become second-home or seasonal settlements, and others still have continued to empty. Three outcomes from one policy is a more truthful and a more markable claim than a single verdict on whether the policy worked.
The division also has a dimension particular to Cyprus and it must be stated carefully, because it belongs to the research subject as well as to this aspect. Since 1974 the island has been divided by a line that the United Nations patrols, and the settlement pattern on both sides of it was reshaped by the movement of populations in that year and after. That is a fact about the human geography of Cyprus, and it can be stated as one. What follows from it — who bears responsibility, what the arrangement should be called, what should happen now — is contested and is handled in the research-subject section below, not here. Keeping the geographical fact and the political dispute in separate sentences is a discipline that will serve a candidate in every paper.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translating into Greek, with the feminine nouns in -ος as the trap

Translate into Greek as you would in Paper 2 Section A. The gap between the towns and the countryside has narrowed, but it has not closed. Young people still leave the villages for Nicosia and Limassol, where the jobs are, and many of the smaller communities now live mainly on tourism and on money sent home.

  1. 01Build the first sentence around two perfects

    Το χάσμα ανάμεσα στις πόλεις και στην ύπαιθρο έχει μειωθεί, αλλά δεν έχει κλείσει. Gap is το χάσμα, neuter in -μα, so its genitive is του χάσματος and its plural τα χάσματα — an imparisyllabic neuter the grammar list names. Between takes ανάμεσα σε plus the accusative, contracting to στις and στην. Has narrowed is best rendered by the perfect passive έχει μειωθεί, from μειώνω; has not closed by the perfect active δεν έχει κλείσει. Two perfects in one sentence, one of them passive, is AO3 range obtained for free from a faithful translation.

  2. 02Handle the two place names, which are the accuracy test

    για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό. Both are feminine. Η Λευκωσία is a regular feminine in -α, accusative τη Λευκωσία. Η Λεμεσός is the trap: a feminine noun ending in -ος, so the article is feminine throughout while the ending looks masculine — nominative η Λεμεσός, genitive της Λεμεσού, accusative τη Λεμεσό. Writing τον Λεμεσό is a case-and-gender error of exactly the kind the examiner guidance singles out. The same class contains η Πάφος and η Αμμόχωστος, and outside place names η περίοδος, η μέθοδος, η είσοδος and η ύπαιθρος.

  3. 03Choose the verb for leave, and the preposition after it

    Οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να φεύγουν από τα χωριά για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό. Still, in the sense of continuing, is εξακολουθούν να plus the subjunctive rather than the adverb ακόμα, and choosing the verbal construction is a deliberate range decision. Φεύγω takes από for the place left and για for the destination, so από τα χωριά … για τη Λευκωσία. Where the jobs are is όπου υπάρχουν οι θέσεις εργασίας; θέση εργασίας, a post of work, is the standard collocation and is more precise than δουλειές.

  4. 04Find the Greek for money sent home

    και πολλές από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες ζουν πλέον κυρίως από τον τουρισμό και από τα εμβάσματα. Τα εμβάσματα are remittances, the single word Greek uses for money sent home, and reaching for it rather than paraphrasing is worth a mark under range. Ζω από, to live on, takes από plus the accusative. Πλέον, now or any longer, is a higher-register alternative to τώρα and is the natural word in a sentence about a change of state. Note that πολλές agrees with κοινότητες, feminine plural, and that από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες keeps the accusative after από.

Result: Το χάσμα ανάμεσα στις πόλεις και στην ύπαιθρο έχει μειωθεί, αλλά δεν έχει κλείσει. Οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να φεύγουν από τα χωριά για τη Λευκωσία και τη Λεμεσό, όπου υπάρχουν οι θέσεις εργασίας, και πολλές από τις μικρότερες κοινότητες ζουν πλέον κυρίως από τον τουρισμό και από τα εμβάσματα.

Exam focus

  • Learn the physical frame — ο Τρόοδος, ο Πενταδάκτυλος, η Μεσαορία — because it explains the settlement pattern (AO4).
  • Η αστυφιλία, η ερήμωση, η γήρανση του πληθυσμού: three nouns that let you write the process rather than the impression.
  • Give policy three outcomes, not a verdict: villages that revived, villages that became seasonal, villages that continued to empty.
  • State the post-1974 division as a geographical fact in one sentence and keep the contested part in its own place.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing about villages purely nostalgically. The aspect is a division with causes, not a lament.
  • Confusing η ύπαιθρος, the countryside, with το ύπαιθρο, the open air. The article is doing the distinguishing.
  • Assuming Cypriot urbanisation followed the Greek pattern. It has its own timing and its own causes.
  • Letting the 1974 division take over an answer that was asked about urban and rural environments.

Active revision

Write 200 words in Greek explaining Γιατί ο πληθυσμός της Κύπρου συγκεντρώθηκε στις πόλεις και τι έγινε στα χωριά. Use at least three of η αστικοποίηση, η αστυφιλία, η ερήμωση, η γήρανση, η περιφερειακή ανάπτυξη, ο αγροτουρισμός, and give at least two different outcomes for different kinds of village rather than one outcome for all.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 03

Ανθρωπογεωγραφία III: ο τουρισμός#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9GK0 Τρίτο Θέμα — Ανθρωπογεωγραφία: τουρισμόςLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Tourism is the third aspect of the human-geography sub-theme and it is the hinge between the other two, because it explains both the rise in living standards and much of the reshaping of the settlement pattern. The vocabulary is straightforward and should be automatic: ο τουρισμός, ο τουρίστας and η τουρίστρια, ο επισκέπτης the visitor, το ξενοδοχείο, το θέρετρο the resort, η τουριστική περίοδος or η σεζόν the season, η εποχικότητα seasonality, οι αφίξεις arrivals, and η τουριστική βιομηχανία. For the argumentative half: η μαζική τουριστική ανάπτυξη, mass tourist development; ο εναλλακτικός τουρισμός, alternative tourism; ο αγροτουρισμός, agritourism; ο πολιτιστικός τουρισμός; and η φέρουσα ικανότητα, carrying capacity, a term worth having because it lets you make a quantitative-sounding argument without a statistic.
The structural facts are these and they are safe to state. Tourism has been one of the principal sectors of the Cypriot economy since the reorganisation of the 1970s and 1980s; the industry is concentrated on the coast, particularly around Limassol, Paphos, Larnaca and Ayia Napa; it is strongly seasonal, with the summer months carrying much the greater share; and its principal source markets have historically been in northern and western Europe, with the United Kingdom prominent, which is why demand is sensitive to conditions in a small number of foreign economies. Every one of those is a description of structure rather than a number, and structure is what an argument can be built on.
The costs are real and are argued about in Cyprus itself, which is exactly why this aspect rewards an essay rather than a description. The recurring points made by Cypriot commentators, environmental organisations and local authorities are pressure on water in a country where water is scarce, waste and sewage, coastal building and the loss of shoreline, the seasonality of the employment created, and the reliance on a narrow set of markets. Against those, the arguments made by the industry and by the state are employment across a wide region, foreign exchange, infrastructure that residents also use, and a case that regulated development is better than none. Set the two lists against each other and say which you find stronger; that is the AO4 grid's definition of critical analysis.
The third strand, and the one that lifts an answer, is what change is being proposed. Cypriot policy discussion has for years used the language of διαφοροποίηση, diversification, and of επιμήκυνση της τουριστικής περιόδου, lengthening the season — both aimed at the same problem, which is that a coastal summer industry leaves the rest of the country and the rest of the year comparatively idle. The alternatives named are agritourism in the Troodos villages, cultural and religious tourism around monuments and monasteries, conference and sports tourism, and hiking and nature routes. Note the link back to the previous aspect: alternative tourism is proposed partly as regional policy, a way of putting income into villages that were emptying, and stating that connection explicitly is what makes an answer read as analysis rather than as a list.
Worked example

Paper 3 Section A: listening for the argument in a short spoken source

This is the transcript of a Section A listening item. Ο τουρισμός στην Κύπρο δεν είναι απλώς ένας κλάδος· είναι ο κλάδος. Το ερώτημα δεν είναι αν θα υπάρχει τουρισμός, αλλά τι είδους. Η μαζική παραθεριστική ανάπτυξη στα παράλια έφερε εισόδημα, αλλά και πίεση στο νερό, στα απόβλητα και στο τοπίο. Όσοι μιλούν για εναλλακτικό τουρισμό — αγροτουρισμό, πολιτιστικό, ορεινό — δεν προτείνουν κάτι μικρότερο· προτείνουν κάτι πιο κατανεμημένο.

  1. 01Use the individual control of the recording deliberately

    The specification says students have individual control and may stop, revisit and replay sections as they wish, which converts listening from a single ordeal into a three-pass method. Pass one, no pen: get the shape. Pass two: stop after each sentence and note the function of that sentence, not its words. Pass three: go back only to the places a question actually targets. Candidates who write continuously through the first pass hear less and note more that they do not need.

  2. 02Catch the definite article in the first sentence, because it is the whole claim

    δεν είναι απλώς ένας κλάδος· είναι ο κλάδος. The contrast is between the indefinite ένας and the definite ο, and in speech it is carried by stress alone. It means: not merely a sector but the sector. If you translate both as a sector, the sentence becomes meaningless and any question about the speaker's opening claim is lost. This is a good illustration of why listening practice has to include listening for grammar and not only for vocabulary.

  3. 03Identify the reframing, which is the speaker's thesis

    Το ερώτημα δεν είναι αν θα υπάρχει τουρισμός, αλλά τι είδους. The question is not whether but what kind. Αν θα υπάρχει is an embedded yes-or-no question with the future, whether there will be. Τι είδους, what kind of, is elliptical — τουρισμός is understood. A multiple-choice question here would offer distractors along the lines of the speaker opposes tourism and the speaker wants more tourism, both of which the sentence explicitly rules out.

  4. 04Track the concession and the correction at the end

    έφερε εισόδημα, αλλά και πίεση … δεν προτείνουν κάτι μικρότερο· προτείνουν κάτι πιο κατανεμημένο. Έφερε is the simple past of φέρνω. The αλλά και construction concedes the benefit and then adds the cost, so an answer claiming the speaker denies the economic benefit is wrong. The final correction — not smaller but more distributed — is the speaker's actual policy position and is what a summary question is for. Κατανεμημένος is the past passive participle of κατανέμω, distributed, and it is exactly the -μένος class the grammar list names.

Result: The speaker holds that tourism is not one sector among others but the sector; that the real question is what kind of tourism rather than whether; that mass coastal development brought income but also pressure on water, waste and landscape; and that advocates of alternative tourism are arguing for a more distributed industry, not a smaller one.

Exam focus

  • Structure beats statistics: concentration on the coast, strong seasonality, a narrow set of source markets (AO4).
  • Η φέρουσα ικανότητα, η εποχικότητα, η διαφοροποίηση, η επιμήκυνση της περιόδου — four terms that let you argue precisely.
  • Set the costs and the benefits against each other and choose. A list of both is description; a weighing is analysis.
  • Tie alternative tourism back to the urban–rural aspect. It is proposed as regional policy, not only as a holiday product.

Typical mistakes

  • Inventing arrival figures or a percentage of GDP. Say that tourism is one of the principal sectors and describe how it works.
  • Treating alternative tourism as automatically better. It is a proposal with its own limits, and Cypriot sources debate it.
  • Forgetting seasonality, which is the single most consequential feature of the industry for employment.
  • Using η σεζόν in a formal written answer when η τουριστική περίοδος is available and better registered.

Active revision

Write 220 words in Greek on Ο τουρισμός στην Κύπρο: ευλογία ή βάρος; Give the strongest version of each case in turn, using at least three of the technical terms from this section, and reach a conclusion that distinguishes between kinds of tourism rather than accepting or rejecting tourism as a whole.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 04

Φυσική γεωγραφία: το περιβάλλον, οι αντιλήψεις και η βιομηχανοποίηση#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9GK0 Τρίτο Θέμα — Φυσική γεωγραφία: το περιβάλλον, αλλαγές στις αντιλήψεις σχετικά με την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, επιπτώσεις της βιομηχανοποίησης στην κοινωνία και στο περιβάλλονLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The second sub-theme has three aspects and they run from the physical to the social. Το περιβάλλον is the environment; the words that go with it are η φύση, το τοπίο the landscape, το οικοσύστημα, η βιοποικιλότητα biodiversity, and η προστασία protection. For the pressures: η ρύπανση pollution, τα απόβλητα waste, η ξηρασία drought, η λειψυδρία water scarcity, η διάβρωση erosion, οι δασικές πυρκαγιές forest fires, and η κλιματική αλλαγή. For the responses: η ανακύκλωση recycling, οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας renewable sources, η αφαλάτωση desalination, η βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη sustainable development, and η προστατευόμενη περιοχή protected area, of which Cyprus has a network within the European Union's framework.
The physical facts that shape everything else are worth stating plainly. Cyprus is a Mediterranean island with hot dry summers and mild wet winters, two mountain ranges, and no permanent rivers of consequence — which means that water is the country's structural constraint. Rainfall is concentrated in winter, storage depends on dams and on groundwater, and long dry spells have repeatedly forced emergency measures. Desalination plants, οι μονάδες αφαλάτωσης, were built to reduce dependence on rainfall and are now part of the ordinary supply. Cyprus is also unusually exposed to summer forest fire, particularly in the Troodos pine forest. None of that requires a number to be argued about; the constraint is the argument.
The second aspect asks about changing attitudes, αλλαγές στις αντιλήψεις σχετικά με την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, and this is where an examinable narrative lives. The broad and defensible shape is that environmental protection moved over several decades from being a marginal concern to being a routine part of planning and law, driven partly by domestic pressure and organisations and partly by the obligations that came with European Union accession in 2004, which brought a body of environmental directives with it. Say who drove the change and by what mechanism. Do not assert that Cypriots as a whole now think one thing, because attitudes are measured and reported and remain divided, notably wherever protection and development compete for the same coast.
The third aspect, επιπτώσεις της βιομηχανοποίησης στην κοινωνία και στο περιβάλλον, names two objects deliberately: society and the environment. Cyprus never industrialised heavily in the sense of large manufacturing; its transformation was into services, with construction and quarrying as the visible heavy industries and with light manufacturing, food processing and, more recently, energy exploration offshore. The social effects to write about are the movement of labour out of agriculture, the growth of the coastal towns, the arrival of migrant labour in construction and services, and a change in what a working life looks like. The environmental effects to write about are quarrying and building materials, coastal construction, waste and water demand. Keeping the two lists separate and then relating them is the structure the aspect itself asks for.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: translating an environmental passage into English

Translate into English for the 20-mark points-based scheme. Η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος στην Κύπρο συνδέεται άμεσα με το νερό. Το νησί έχει περιορισμένα αποθέματα, και οι μακρές περίοδοι ξηρασίας έχουν επιβάλει λύσεις που πριν από τριάντα χρόνια θα φάνταζαν υπερβολικές, όπως οι μονάδες αφαλάτωσης. Παράλληλα, η βιομηχανοποίηση και η οικοδομική δραστηριότητα άλλαξαν το τοπίο ταχύτερα από ό,τι άλλαξαν οι αντιλήψεις.

  1. 01Sentence 1 — a mediopassive and a neuter genitive in -οντος

    Η προστασία του περιβάλλοντος στην Κύπρο συνδέεται άμεσα με το νερό. Συνδέεται is the mediopassive present of συνδέω, is connected or is linked. Του περιβάλλοντος is the genitive singular of το περιβάλλον, a neuter formed on a participle and declined -ον, -οντος; getting that genitive right in your own writing is an AO3 point. Άμεσα is directly. The whole sentence renders as environmental protection in Cyprus is directly connected with water, and the word order — the long subject phrase first, the verb late — is normal Greek and should not survive into the English.

  2. 02Sentence 2 — the feminine plural in -οι, and a perfect

    οι μακρές περίοδοι ξηρασίας έχουν επιβάλει λύσεις. Η περίοδος is feminine although it ends in -ος, so its plural is οι περίοδοι with a feminine article and a feminine adjective, μακρές. Ξηρασίας is a genitive of description: periods of drought. Έχουν επιβάλει is the present perfect of επιβάλλω, have imposed or have made necessary. Note that the perfect in Greek is formed with έχω plus an unchanging non-finite form, here επιβάλει with one lambda, distinct from the present επιβάλλουν with two — a spelling difference that carries a grammatical one.

  3. 03Sentence 2 continued — the conditional inside a relative clause

    λύσεις που πριν από τριάντα χρόνια θα φάνταζαν υπερβολικές. Θα plus the imperfect is the conditional, would seem or would have seemed. Φαντάζω means to appear or to seem, not to imagine, which is φαντάζομαι — a false friend worth flagging. Πριν από τριάντα χρόνια is thirty years ago, and the από is obligatory before a quantity. So: solutions that thirty years ago would have seemed excessive, such as the desalination plants. Losing the conditional and writing seemed would cost the section of language that carries it.

  4. 04Sentence 3 — the comparative, and the orthography of ό,τι

    η βιομηχανοποίηση και η οικοδομική δραστηριότητα άλλαξαν το τοπίο ταχύτερα από ό,τι άλλαξαν οι αντιλήψεις. Από ό,τι introduces the second term of a comparison when a clause follows, and ό,τι is written with a comma to distinguish it from ότι, the conjunction that. That comma is not decoration; it is the spelling. Ταχύτερα is the comparative adverb of ταχύς, more quickly. The English is: industrialisation and building activity changed the landscape more quickly than attitudes changed. Keeping the repeated verb άλλαξαν visible in the English preserves the rhetorical balance of the Greek.

Result: Environmental protection in Cyprus is directly linked to water. The island has limited reserves, and long periods of drought have made necessary solutions that thirty years ago would have seemed excessive, such as the desalination plants. At the same time, industrialisation and building activity changed the landscape more quickly than attitudes changed.

Exam focus

  • Water is the organising constraint of Cypriot physical geography. Build the answer on it (AO4).
  • Attribute the change in attitudes to mechanisms — domestic campaigning, EU accession in 2004 and the directives that came with it — not to a change of national heart.
  • The third aspect names society AND environment. An answer that covers only one has covered half an aspect.
  • Cyprus industrialised into services, not into manufacturing. Say so; it is a more accurate and more interesting claim.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing a generic environmental essay that could be about anywhere. The aspect is Cypriot physical geography.
  • Claiming that attitudes have simply improved. They have changed, unevenly, and remain contested where development is at stake.
  • Confusing η ρύπανση, pollution, with η μόλυνση, contamination or infection. They are not interchangeable.
  • Ignoring the social half of the industrialisation aspect, which is where the marks for connection are.

Active revision

Write 220 words in Greek on Πώς έχει αλλάξει η σχέση της Κύπρου με το περιβάλλον της; Organise it as constraint, response and dispute: the physical constraint the island lives under, what has been done about it, and one question on which Cypriot opinion is genuinely divided. Attribute the last of these to named kinds of actor rather than to Cypriots in general.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 05

Ερευνητικό θέμα: Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 — dated events, contested names, no verdict#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9GK0 Τρίτο Θέμα — Ερευνητικό θέμα: Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 (Ιούλιος 1974, οι επιπτώσεις των γεγονότων του 1974 στην κοινωνία της Κύπρου, σημαντικές προσωπικότητες της περιόδου)LPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

The same events, three vocabularies

Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983: how the same things are namedTable with 4 columns and 5 rows, Data: What is named · Greek Cypriot usage · Turkish Cypriot usage · UN and legal usage; 15 July 1974 · το πραξικόπημα, the coup against Makarios · a coup aimed at union with Greece · a coup d'état against the President; 20 July 1974 · η εισβολή, the invasion · a peace operation under the Treaty of Guarantee · foreign military intervention, Resolution 353; Since 1974 · η κατοχή, τα κατεχόμενα · a separate state, declared in 1983 · Resolution 541 declared the declaration invalid; The line · η Πράσινη Γραμμή, η νεκρή ζώνη · the border between two peoples · the buffer zone, patrolled by UNFICYP; The displaced · οι πρόσφυγες του 1974 · displaced, and moved under the 1975 agreement · displaced persons in both communitiesWHAT IS NAMEDGREEK CYPRIOT USAGETURKISH CYPRIOT USAGEUN AND LEGAL USAGE15 JULY 1974το πραξικόπημα, the coupagainst Makariosa coup aimed at union withGreecea coup d'état against thePresident20 JULY 1974η εισβολή, the invasiona peace operation under theTreaty of Guaranteeforeign militaryintervention, Resolution 353SINCE 1974η κατοχή, τα κατεχόμεναa separate state, declaredin 1983Resolution 541 declared thedeclaration invalidTHE LINEη Πράσινη Γραμμή, η νεκρήζώνηthe border between twopeoplesthe buffer zone, patrolledby UNFICYPTHE DISPLACEDοι πρόσφυγες του 1974displaced, and moved underthe 1975 agreementdisplaced persons in bothcommunities
Fig. 1This table describes how the same events are named by different parties. It records usage; it does not endorse any of it, and it is not a scale of correctness. A candidate writing in Greek will use Greek Cypriot vocabulary because that is what the language supplies, and the mark of a strong answer is knowing that, saying it once, and attributing thereafter. The United Nations column records the language of the Security Council's own instruments — Resolution 186 of 1964, which established UNFICYP; Resolution 353 of 20 July 1974; and Resolution 541 of November 1983.

Key points

This is one of the four research subjects, and it is the most demanding thing in the qualification, because the events it names are not settled history: they are an unresolved international dispute in which Greek Cypriot, Turkish Cypriot, Greek and Turkish accounts differ not only in interpretation but in the words themselves. The specification's own instruction is relevant here — it says twice that teachers should consider cultural sensitivities when advising on the choice of research subject — and so is the fact that an examiner is marking a Greek A-Level, not adjudicating a conflict. The method that works is the one professional historians use for live disputes. State the dated events flatly. Attribute every characterisation to whoever makes it. Name the positions of the United Nations and of international law as the positions of those bodies. Treat the naming dispute as part of the subject. Reach conclusions about evidence and about consequences, not about blame.
The dated sequence, as documented in the record and as the United Nations Security Council recorded it at the time. The Republic of Cyprus became independent in 1960 with a constitution providing for shared Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot participation and with the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey as guarantor powers. In December 1963 the constitutional arrangements broke down and intercommunal violence followed; Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the institutions of the state; and in March 1964 Security Council Resolution 186 established the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, UNFICYP, which is still deployed. On 15 July 1974 a coup carried out by the Cypriot National Guard, with the involvement of the military regime then governing Greece, removed President Makarios and installed Nikos Sampson. On 20 July 1974 Turkish armed forces landed on the north coast near Kyrenia; Security Council Resolution 353 of the same day demanded an end to foreign military intervention and the withdrawal of foreign military personnel. A further phase of operations followed in mid-August 1974. The military regime in Greece fell on 23 July 1974. Since 1974 the island has been divided by a line the United Nations patrols, with Turkish forces present in the north.
The rest of the period, to the specification's closing date of 1983. Large numbers of people were displaced in both directions in 1974 and afterwards; both communities lost people, and many remain unaccounted for, which is why the bicommunal Committee on Missing Persons, established under United Nations auspices, still works on the island. A separate administration was proclaimed in the north in 1975. Makarios returned to the presidency in December 1974 and died in August 1977; Glafkos Klerides had served as acting president in the interval, and Spyros Kyprianou succeeded Makarios. High-level agreements between the two communities' leaderships in 1977 and 1979 set out a bizonal, bicommunal federation as the agreed basis for a settlement, a formula still invoked. On 15 November 1983 a unilateral declaration of independence proclaimed a state in the north; Security Council Resolution 541 of the same month declared the declaration legally invalid and called for its withdrawal, and that entity has been recognised by Turkey alone. The specification's three aspects — July 1974, the effects on Cypriot society, and significant figures — are all inside that sequence.
The naming is the dispute, and teaching it as such is the honest way to handle it. What Greek Cypriot and Greek usage calls η εισβολή, the invasion, Turkish and Turkish Cypriot official usage calls a peace operation. What Greek Cypriot usage calls η κατοχή, the occupation, and τα κατεχόμενα, the occupied areas, Turkish Cypriot usage calls a separate state. The line that divides the island is η Πράσινη Γραμμή or η νεκρή ζώνη in Greek Cypriot usage and the buffer zone in United Nations usage. The people displaced from the north are οι πρόσφυγες in Greek Cypriot usage; Turkish Cypriots displaced from the south describe their own displacement, and a 1975 agreement provided for movement of populations. A candidate writing in Greek will inevitably use Greek Cypriot vocabulary, because that is the vocabulary Greek supplies; the mark of a strong answer is that they know it is one community's vocabulary, say so once, and attribute rather than assume. Never invent a casualty, displacement or missing-persons figure, and never invent testimony. Where a magnitude matters, give it as attributed and approximate, or comparatively, or not at all.

Cyprus 1960–1983: the dated frame

Κύπρος 1960–1983Timeline from 1955 to 1990, 1960: Ανεξαρτησία, 1964: Δύναμη ΟΗΕ, 1974: Ιούλιος 1974, 1977: Συμφωνία, 1983: Διακήρυξη195519901960Ανεξαρτησία1964Δύναμη ΟΗΕ1974Ιούλιος 19741977Συμφωνία1983Διακήρυξη
Fig. 2The research subject is bounded 1974–1983, but the years before it are what make July 1974 intelligible, and the specification's own first aspect is that month. Independence in 1960; the United Nations force established in 1964 after the constitutional breakdown of December 1963; the events of July 1974, marked here, beginning with the coup of 15 July and the Turkish landings of 20 July; the high-level agreement of 1977 between the two leaderships, restated in 1979, which set out a bizonal, bicommunal federation as the basis for a settlement; and the unilateral declaration of November 1983, which Security Council Resolution 541 declared legally invalid.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: answering on contested history without adjudicating it

You have researched Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 and covered all three aspects. The unseen Greek text is an account of how the events of 1974 reshaped daily life in Cyprus. The statement is: «Τα γεγονότα του 1974 άλλαξαν την Κύπρο περισσότερο από οποιοδήποτε άλλο γεγονός του εικοστού αιώνα.» Plan and open a 270–320-word answer in Greek.

  1. 01Notice what the statement is and is not asking

    It asks about magnitude of change, not about responsibility, and that is a gift: it is answerable entirely from documented consequence. Do not import a blame argument the statement did not invite. A defensible position is that the statement is true of the social and demographic consequences and defensible about the political ones, but that 1960 has a claim as the foundational change. Opening in Greek: Η δήλωση είναι ισχυρή, αλλά χρειάζεται μια διάκριση: το 1974 άλλαξε τη ζωή των ανθρώπων περισσότερο από κάθε άλλο έτος, ενώ το 1960 άλλαξε το ίδιο το καθεστώς του νησιού.

  2. 02Establish the dated spine in one compact movement

    Two or three sentences of dated fact buy the right to argue for the rest of the answer. Στις 15 Ιουλίου 1974 έγινε πραξικόπημα εναντίον του Προέδρου Μακαρίου. Στις 20 Ιουλίου τουρκικά στρατεύματα αποβιβάστηκαν στη βόρεια ακτή, και το Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας του ΟΗΕ ζήτησε με το ψήφισμα 353 τον τερματισμό της ξένης στρατιωτικής επέμβασης. Έκτοτε το νησί είναι διαιρεμένο από μια γραμμή που περιπολεί ο ΟΗΕ. Note αποβιβάστηκαν, the simple past mediopassive, and το ψήφισμα 353, which names the instrument rather than characterising the act.

  3. 03Write the consequences aspect without a single invented number

    Aspect two of the research subject is the effects on Cypriot society, and it is the heart of this answer. Write mechanisms: displacement in both directions and the resettlement that followed; property left behind and the legal questions it created; the reorganisation of the economy after the loss of much of its productive base, which is why services and tourism grew as they did; families with members unaccounted for, and the bicommunal Committee on Missing Persons that still works on the island; and a generation on both sides that grew up on one side of a line. Each of those is describable, checkable and free of arithmetic. If a magnitude is unavoidable, write χιλιάδες ανθρώπων or ένα μεγάλο μέρος του πληθυσμού, and attribute anything sharper.

  4. 04Handle the vocabulary problem explicitly, once

    One sentence, early, buys you the whole essay: Οι όροι που χρησιμοποιούνται για τα γεγονότα του 1974 διαφέρουν ανάλογα με την κοινότητα και τη χώρα· εδώ χρησιμοποιώ τους ελληνοκυπριακούς όρους, σημειώνοντας ότι η τουρκοκυπριακή και η τουρκική πλευρά χρησιμοποιούν άλλους. Χρησιμοποιούνται is a mediopassive present, ανάλογα με is depending on, and σημειώνοντας is the gerund in -οντας that the grammar list names. After that sentence you may write normally, because the reader knows you know.

  5. 05Use the third aspect as evidence rather than as a list

    Σημαντικές προσωπικότητες της περιόδου is an aspect, so the figures must appear — Makarios, who was removed in July 1974, returned in December and died in 1977; Nikos Sampson, installed by the coup; Glafkos Klerides as acting president; Spyros Kyprianou as Makarios's successor; Rauf Denktaş as the Turkish Cypriot leader through the whole period and the other signatory of the high-level agreements of 1977 and 1979. Do not narrate them one after another. Use them to carry an argument: the 1977 and 1979 agreements show that within three years of the events the two leaderships had agreed the shape of a settlement, which is evidence about consequence and not about blame.

  6. 06Close on the statement, and check the three grids

    The closing sentence must answer the statement in its own terms. Συνεπώς, αν μετρήσουμε την αλλαγή με βάση την καθημερινή ζωή, τη δημογραφία και την οικονομία, η δήλωση ευσταθεί· αν τη μετρήσουμε με βάση τη συγκρότηση του κράτους, το 1960 παραμένει το κρίσιμο έτος. Then check: AO4 out of 20 wants perceptive ideas supported by research with focus maintained — have you stayed on the research subject throughout? AO2 out of 10 wants relevant use of the unseen text — have you cited it at least twice and pushed past it? AO3 out of 10 wants range and accuracy — is there a passive, a pluperfect, a subjunctive and a gerund in the 300 words you wrote?

Result: Opening: Η δήλωση είναι ισχυρή, αλλά χρειάζεται μια διάκριση: το 1974 άλλαξε τη ζωή των ανθρώπων περισσότερο από κάθε άλλο έτος, ενώ το 1960 άλλαξε το ίδιο το καθεστώς του νησιού. Vocabulary sentence: Οι όροι που χρησιμοποιούνται για τα γεγονότα του 1974 διαφέρουν ανάλογα με την κοινότητα και τη χώρα· εδώ χρησιμοποιώ τους ελληνοκυπριακούς όρους, σημειώνοντας ότι η τουρκοκυπριακή και η τουρκική πλευρά χρησιμοποιούν άλλους. Closing: Συνεπώς, αν μετρήσουμε την αλλαγή με βάση την καθημερινή ζωή, τη δημογραφία και την οικονομία, η δήλωση ευσταθεί· αν τη μετρήσουμε με βάση τη συγκρότηση του κράτους, το 1960 παραμένει το κρίσιμο έτος.

Exam focus

  • State dated events flatly; attribute every characterisation. That distinction is the whole method for this subject (AO4).
  • Learn the naming dispute as content: εισβολή against peace operation, κατοχή against separate state, Πράσινη Γραμμή against buffer zone.
  • Name UN instruments as what they are: Resolution 186 of 1964, Resolution 353 of 1974, Resolution 541 of 1983.
  • Cover all three aspects — July 1974, the effects on society, the significant figures — because the specification requires it of a research candidate.

Typical mistakes

  • Producing casualty, refugee or missing-persons numbers from memory. Attributed and approximate, or comparative, or nothing.
  • Writing only about one community. Turkish Cypriots are a community with their own account, their own displacement and their own losses.
  • Using contested vocabulary as though it were neutral, without ever saying whose vocabulary it is.
  • Turning the answer into a verdict on responsibility. The examination rewards evidence and consequence, not blame.
  • Inventing eyewitness testimony or a quotation from a participant to make the answer vivid.

Active revision

Take one paragraph you have written on this research subject and rewrite it under a single rule: every sentence must be either a dated event that could be checked in a document, or a characterisation with a named holder. Sentences that are neither must be cut or converted. Then count the two kinds. A defensible answer on this subject usually runs about half and half.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Ανθρωπογεωγραφία I: Cyprus as its own state, and το βιοτικό επίπεδο◐
    • 02Ανθρωπογεωγραφία II: ο διαχωρισμός μεταξύ αστικού και αγροτικού περιβάλλοντος◐
    • 03Ανθρωπογεωγραφία III: ο τουρισμός◐
    • 04Φυσική γεωγραφία: το περιβάλλον, οι αντιλήψεις και η βιομηχανοποίηση●
    • 05Ερευνητικό θέμα: Ιστορία της Κύπρου 1974–1983 — dated events, contested names, no verdict●

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From notes into training

Τρίτο Θέμα: Όψεις της Κύπρου — human geography, physical geography and the period 1974–1983

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~40
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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EuraStudy·Notes T·02·MMXXVI

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