EuraStudy
This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's first theme, Πρώτο Θέμα: Αλλαγές στην ελληνική κοινωνία, which the specification sets in the context of Greece only and describes as society past and present. It covers both sub-themes — Σχέσεις και Οικογένεια, with its three aspects of the evolving nuclear-family model, gender roles, and relationships with older people and with peers, and Ο χώρος της εργασίας, with employment trends in Greece, unemployment, and students in the labour market — and it also carries the theme's research subject, Η Παιδεία στην Ελλάδα, whose three aspects are developments in the education system, the language question and changes to the taught curriculum. The frozen topic slot is one of two labelled social issues and trends; this one is Greece. The other, social-issues-and-trends-2, is Cyprus and only Cyprus, because Θέμα 3 is scoped that way in the specification. Content from this theme can surface in every paper: as the source of a Paper 1 Section A translation passage, among the reading texts of Paper 1 Section B, as the sub-theme behind a Paper 3 listening or reading source, as the material of a Paper 2 Section A translation into Greek, and — if the student chooses Η Παιδεία — as the entire substance of the 40-mark research question in Paper 1 Section C. Greek is written monotonically throughout, and every Greek expression here is given in a form a candidate can reuse in writing.
5 sections~41 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 2 · Advanced 3
basic level
At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a personal response: name the change, describe it in correct Greek with the right case endings, and give one reason and one consequence without contradicting yourself.
higher level
The full A-Level expects the change to be dated and located, causal claims to be attributed rather than asserted, generalisation about all Greeks to be replaced by a specific about a place, a generation or a sector, and the language to reach the pluperfect, the passive and the subjunctive that the AO3 grid calls complex.
Reading depth: In depth
Text size: Standard
Translate this passage into English as you would in Paper 1 Section A, where 20 marks are awarded by a points-based scheme giving one mark for each correct individual section of language. Η ελληνική οικογένεια άλλαξε ριζικά τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες. Παλαιότερα, τρεις γενιές ζούσαν συχνά κάτω από την ίδια στέγη και οι αποφάσεις παίρνονταν από κοινού. Σήμερα το πυρηνικό μοντέλο έχει επικρατήσει στις πόλεις, χωρίς όμως να έχει εξαφανιστεί η επιρροή των παππούδων. Πολλοί νέοι μένουν με τους γονείς τους μέχρι τα τριάντα, όχι επειδή το θέλουν, αλλά επειδή δεν τους το επιτρέπουν οι οικονομικές συνθήκες.
Η ελληνική οικογένεια άλλαξε ριζικά τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες. Άλλαξε is the simple past, third person singular, of αλλάζω. Greek uses the simple past freely where English idiom reaches for the present perfect, and here the time phrase τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, in recent decades, pulls English towards has changed. Both has changed radically and changed radically will be accepted, because the points scheme rewards the correct section of language, not one canonical wording. Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες is accusative because Greek marks duration and extent with the bare accusative — no preposition to translate. Ριζικά is the adverb of ριζικός, from ρίζα, root; radically or fundamentally.
Παλαιότερα, τρεις γενιές ζούσαν συχνά κάτω από την ίδια στέγη και οι αποφάσεις παίρνονταν από κοινού. Παλαιότερα is a comparative adverb used absolutely, in earlier times or formerly. Ζούσαν is the imperfect of ζω, they used to live — a repeated or habitual past, and the habitual reading is what συχνά, often, confirms. Παίρνονταν is the imperfect of the mediopassive παίρνομαι, decisions were taken, and it is the form candidates most often mistranslate as a present. Από κοινού is a fixed adverbial phrase, jointly or in common; translating it word by word as from common earns nothing. Τρεις is the masculine and feminine plural form of three; η γενιά is feminine, so τρεις is correct and τρία would be wrong.
Σήμερα το πυρηνικό μοντέλο έχει επικρατήσει στις πόλεις, χωρίς όμως να έχει εξαφανιστεί η επιρροή των παππούδων. Έχει επικρατήσει is the present perfect of επικρατώ, has come to predominate or has become dominant. Χωρίς να is without plus a verb, and Greek follows it with the subjunctive; here the subjunctive is itself perfect, να έχει εξαφανιστεί, so the whole clause means without the influence of grandparents having disappeared. Όμως, however, is placed inside the clause in Greek where English would front it. Των παππούδων is genitive plural of ο παππούς; note that the genitive plural, not a preposition, is doing the work of English of. Rendering this clause as although the influence of grandparents has not disappeared is acceptable and keeps the English natural.
Πολλοί νέοι μένουν με τους γονείς τους μέχρι τα τριάντα, όχι επειδή το θέλουν, αλλά επειδή δεν τους το επιτρέπουν οι οικονομικές συνθήκες. Τους in με τους γονείς τους is the possessive weak pronoun, their parents, and it is a different τους from the one in δεν τους το επιτρέπουν, which is the genitive plural weak pronoun meaning to them. In a Greek clitic cluster the genitive comes first and the accusative second: τους το, to them it. So δεν τους το επιτρέπουν οι οικονομικές συνθήκες is economic conditions do not allow them to. Όχι επειδή … αλλά επειδή is not because … but because, a two-armed causal frame that a comprehension question will often target. Μέχρι τα τριάντα is until thirty, with the neuter plural article standing in for the age.
Read your English back sentence by sentence and ask of each chunk whether a marker could find the Greek in it. Every tense, every plural, every negative, every connective is a potential point. The two places to slow down are παίρνονταν, which must not become take or are taken, and χωρίς να έχει εξαφανιστεί, where dropping the perfect loses a section of language. Nothing is gained by improving the register; a fluent paraphrase that quietly deletes όμως or από κοινού scores below a plainer version that keeps them.
Result: The Greek family has changed radically in recent decades. In earlier times three generations often lived under the same roof and decisions were taken jointly. Today the nuclear model has become dominant in the cities, without the influence of grandparents having disappeared. Many young people stay with their parents until they are thirty, not because they want to but because economic conditions do not allow them to.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Greek describing how the shape of the Greek household changed between the mid-twentieth century and today, in three movements: what the arrangement was, what replaced it in the cities, and what survived the change. Every sentence must have a subject you could point to — a generation, a place, a decade — and at least three sentences must use a subordinating connective from the list ενώ, αν και, παρά το γεγονός ότι, με αποτέλεσμα να.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Translate the following into Greek as you would in Paper 2 Section A, where 20 marks are awarded on the same points-based logic as Paper 1 Section A. Attitudes to the roles of men and women have changed more quickly in the cities than in the villages. Many women now work outside the home, but society still expects them to look after the children and the housework. Younger couples say that they share the responsibilities, although research shows that the burden has not been divided equally.
Οι αντιλήψεις για τους ρόλους των ανδρών και των γυναικών άλλαξαν πιο γρήγορα στις πόλεις παρά στα χωριά. Attitudes is οι αντιλήψεις, feminine plural, from η αντίληψη; the alternative οι στάσεις is also defensible. Attitudes to takes για plus the accusative, so τους ρόλους. Of men and of women is two genitive plurals, and each has an irregular shape a candidate must simply know: ο άνδρας gives των ανδρών, η γυναίκα gives των γυναικών. Άλλαξαν is the simple past third plural. The comparative is πιο γρήγορα, and the second term of a comparison after πιο is introduced by παρά or by από; παρά is safer before a prepositional phrase, so στις πόλεις παρά στα χωριά.
English says they are still expected to, with no agent. Greek can do the same with αναμένεται να or εξακολουθεί να αναμένεται να, but the more natural and more markable choice is to supply the agent that English suppressed: αλλά η κοινωνία εξακολουθεί να περιμένει από αυτές να φροντίζουν τα παιδιά και το νοικοκυριό. Notice three separate things. Εξακολουθώ να plus the subjunctive is continues to. Περιμένω από κάποιον να is expects someone to, with από plus the accusative for the person and να for the thing expected. Και the two objects τα παιδιά and το νοικοκυριό are both accusative after φροντίζουν, although φροντίζω can also take για plus the accusative. Work outside the home is εργάζονται εκτός σπιτιού, with εκτός taking the genitive.
Τα νεότερα ζευγάρια λένε ότι μοιράζονται τις ευθύνες, αν και οι έρευνες δείχνουν ότι το βάρος δεν έχει μοιραστεί ισότιμα. Younger couples is τα νεότερα ζευγάρια, neuter plural, so the adjective is neuter plural too. Say that is λένε ότι — πως is equally correct and varying between them is free range. Μοιράζονται is the mediopassive of μοιράζω used reciprocally, they share. Although is αν και. The final clause needs the perfect passive of μοιράζω: δεν έχει μοιραστεί, has not been divided. That form is worth rehearsing because the AO3 grid names the passive and the perfect as complex language, and this one sentence supplies both.
The examiner guidance says in so many words that errors of gender and adjectival agreement are tolerated as long as they do not include a mismatch of cases, and it gives its own Greek example of the fatal kind. So the check has a priority order. First, cases: every preposition, every object, every genitive of possession. Second, verb persons and tenses. Third, agreement. Read the Greek once looking only at case endings, then once looking only at verbs. That is faster and catches more than reading for overall sense, which is what most candidates do.
Result: Οι αντιλήψεις για τους ρόλους των ανδρών και των γυναικών άλλαξαν πιο γρήγορα στις πόλεις παρά στα χωριά. Πολλές γυναίκες εργάζονται πλέον εκτός σπιτιού, αλλά η κοινωνία εξακολουθεί να περιμένει από αυτές να φροντίζουν τα παιδιά και το νοικοκυριό. Τα νεότερα ζευγάρια λένε ότι μοιράζονται τις ευθύνες, αν και οι έρευνες δείχνουν ότι το βάρος δεν έχει μοιραστεί ισότιμα.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Greek on the proposition Η ισότητα των φύλων στην Ελλάδα κατοχυρώνεται νομικά αλλά δεν έχει ολοκληρωθεί στην πράξη. Devote the first third to what the law establishes, written without hedging; the second third to what is observed, every claim carrying an attribution; and the last third to at least two competing explanations, ending with which you find more persuasive and why. Use at least one passive and one pluperfect.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
Read the passage as you would in Paper 1 Section B, where four questions mix multiple choice with open response and all questions are set in Greek and must be answered in Greek. Στην Ελλάδα ο ρόλος των παππούδων παραμένει κεντρικός, ιδίως όταν και οι δύο γονείς εργάζονται. Δεν πρόκειται απλώς για βοήθεια με τα παιδιά· πρόκειται για μια ολόκληρη οικονομία φροντίδας που δεν καταγράφεται πουθενά. Οι νεότεροι, από την άλλη, οργανώνουν την κοινωνική τους ζωή γύρω από την παρέα, μια λέξη που δύσκολα μεταφράζεται και που σημαίνει πολύ περισσότερα από «φίλοι».
The thesis is in the second sentence, and it is signalled by a structure rather than by a keyword: Δεν πρόκειται απλώς για Χ· πρόκειται για Υ. Πρόκειται για is an impersonal expression meaning it is a matter of or it is about. The frame not merely X but Y tells you the writer is correcting an expected, smaller description. Any question of the form Ποια είναι η άποψη του συγγραφέα; is answered here and nowhere else. The ano teleia, the raised dot ·, is doing the job of a colon and marks the pivot.
μια ολόκληρη οικονομία φροντίδας που δεν καταγράφεται πουθενά. An entire care economy that is recorded nowhere. Καταγράφεται is the mediopassive present of καταγράφω, is recorded or is registered, and πουθενά is nowhere, requiring the double negative with δεν that Greek insists on. The claim is that this work is economically real but statistically invisible. A candidate who summarises the sentence as grandparents help with the children has read the topic and missed the argument, and open-response marks in Section B are awarded for the argument.
Suppose the question is Γιατί ο συγγραφέας χαρακτηρίζει τη φροντίδα των παππούδων «οικονομία»; A lifted answer repeats the writer's clause and earns little, because Section B rewards understanding demonstrated in your own words. A strong answer re-encodes it: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, πρόκειται για πραγματική εργασία με οικονομική αξία, η οποία όμως δεν καταγράφεται σε καμία στατιστική. Notice the deliberate substitutions — πραγματική εργασία for οικονομία, δεν καταγράφεται σε καμία στατιστική for δεν καταγράφεται πουθενά — and the attribution κατά τον συγγραφέα, which costs three words and signals that you know whose claim it is.
μια λέξη που δύσκολα μεταφράζεται και που σημαίνει πολύ περισσότερα από «φίλοι». The writer has flagged η παρέα as resistant to translation, which is itself a likely question: Τι εννοεί ο συγγραφέας λέγοντας ότι η λέξη «παρέα» δύσκολα μεταφράζεται; The answer is not a definition of παρέα but an account of why a definition fails: Εννοεί ότι η λέξη δεν δηλώνει απλώς ένα σύνολο ατόμων, αλλά μια σταθερή ομάδα με δικές της συνήθειες και δικό της ρόλο στη ζωή του νέου. Δύσκολα is an adverb here, with difficulty, and μεταφράζεται is again mediopassive.
Result: Thesis: grandparent care is not incidental help but an unrecorded care economy. Model open-response answer, in Greek and not lifted: Επειδή, κατά τον συγγραφέα, πρόκειται για πραγματική εργασία με οικονομική αξία, η οποία όμως δεν καταγράφεται σε καμία στατιστική. Second model answer: Εννοεί ότι η λέξη δεν δηλώνει απλώς ένα σύνολο ατόμων, αλλά μια σταθερή ομάδα με δικές της συνήθειες και δικό της ρόλο στη ζωή του νέου.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 200 words in Greek answering the question Πώς έχουν αλλάξει οι σχέσεις των νέων με τους μεγαλύτερους και με τους συνομηλίκους τους στην Ελλάδα; Structure it so that the two relationships each get a paragraph and the third paragraph connects them — for instance through the time a young person has, or through where they live. Use η παρέα at least once, correctly, and attribute at least two claims.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
This is a transcript of the listening source. Summarise the different points of view it expresses, as question 5(a) requires, in Greek. Το πρόβλημα δεν είναι ότι οι νέοι δεν δουλεύουν· είναι ότι δουλεύουν με όρους που δεν τους επιτρέπουν να σχεδιάσουν τίποτα. Μερική απασχόληση, συμβάσεις τριών μηνών, μισθοί που δεν καλύπτουν ένα ενοίκιο. Όσοι σπούδασαν περιμένουν χρόνια για μια θέση σχετική με το πτυχίο τους, και πολλοί τελικά μεταναστεύουν στο εξωτερικό.
Question 5(a) is points-based, not levels-based: the marks sit on identified points of view, not on style. Section B as a whole is 30 marks, of which the three grids for 5(c) account for 22 — AO1 out of 6, AO2 out of 6 and AO3 out of 10 — so 5(a) and 5(b) together carry the remaining 8. That arithmetic tells you exactly how to budget: a compact, complete list of viewpoints, not a paragraph of prose. Write in Greek, because all questions in both sections are set in Greek and must be answered in Greek.
Το πρόβλημα δεν είναι ότι οι νέοι δεν δουλεύουν· είναι ότι δουλεύουν με όρους που δεν τους επιτρέπουν να σχεδιάσουν τίποτα. The speaker is refusing one diagnosis and substituting another, and both halves are points of view. Point one: η άποψη ότι οι νέοι δεν εργάζονται απορρίπτεται. Point two: το πρόβλημα εντοπίζεται στους όρους εργασίας. Τους σχεδιάσουν — note the clitic τους is the genitive plural, to them, and the negative δεν attaches to επιτρέπουν, not to σχεδιάσουν.
Μερική απασχόληση, συμβάσεις τριών μηνών, μισθοί που δεν καλύπτουν ένα ενοίκιο. This is a verbless list, common in speech, and it supports the second viewpoint rather than adding a new one. In a summary, subordinate it: ως παραδείγματα αναφέρονται η μερική απασχόληση, οι βραχυχρόνιες συμβάσεις και οι χαμηλοί μισθοί. Συμβάσεις τριών μηνών is a genitive of description, three-month contracts, and reusing that construction in your own answer is free AO3 range.
Όσοι σπούδασαν περιμένουν χρόνια για μια θέση σχετική με το πτυχίο τους, και πολλοί τελικά μεταναστεύουν στο εξωτερικό. Όσοι σπούδασαν is those who studied, a headless relative in the simple past. This is a distinct claim about graduates, and it has a consequence attached — emigration. Summarised: για τους πτυχιούχους ειδικότερα, η αναμονή για θέση σχετική με τις σπουδές τους οδηγεί πολλούς στη μετανάστευση. The verb οδηγεί σε, leads to, is the summariser's friend and should be in your active stock.
Result: Model 5(a) answer in Greek: Ο ομιλητής απορρίπτει την άποψη ότι οι νέοι δεν εργάζονται και υποστηρίζει ότι το πρόβλημα βρίσκεται στους όρους εργασίας, οι οποίοι δεν επιτρέπουν μακροπρόθεσμο σχεδιασμό. Ως παραδείγματα αναφέρονται η μερική απασχόληση, οι βραχυχρόνιες συμβάσεις και οι μισθοί που δεν καλύπτουν το ενοίκιο. Τέλος, θεωρεί ότι για τους πτυχιούχους η μακρά αναμονή για θέση σχετική με τις σπουδές τους οδηγεί πολλούς στη μετανάστευση.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Write 220 words in Greek on Ποιες είναι οι μεγαλύτερες προκλήσεις για έναν νέο πτυχιούχο στην ελληνική αγορά εργασίας; Name three challenges, each with a concrete mechanism rather than an adjective, and end by saying which you consider the hardest to change and why. Use at least one fixed-term-contract phrase, one sector name and one attributed claim.
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)
The Greek education ladder
Το γλωσσικό ζήτημα: the landmarks
The unseen Greek text argues that Greek schooling has been reformed repeatedly without changing what happens in the classroom. The statement you must respond to is: «Οι μεταρρυθμίσεις στην ελληνική εκπαίδευση άλλαξαν τους νόμους αλλά όχι την τάξη.» You have researched Η Παιδεία στην Ελλάδα and covered all three aspects. Plan and open the answer.
The statement contains two propositions joined by an implied contrast: reforms changed the law, and reforms did not change classroom practice. You may agree with one and not the other, and the strongest answers usually do. Do not restate the statement as your opening sentence, which wastes twenty words of a 320-word budget; open by taking a position on it. For instance: Η διάκριση ανάμεσα στη νομοθεσία και στην πράξη είναι χρήσιμη, αλλά ισχύει άνισα για τις τρεις όψεις του θέματος.
Section C rewards coverage of the research subject with focus maintained throughout, so the safest architecture is one paragraph per aspect, each argued against the statement rather than described. Aspect one, the system: reforms of structure and of the examination have genuinely changed how schools operate, so here the statement is weakest. Aspect two, the language question: here the statement is at its weakest of all, because the 1976 reform did change what is spoken and written in every classroom in the country. Aspect three, the curriculum: here the statement has most force, because a revised διδακτέα ύλη taught from the same textbooks under the same πανελλαδικές can leave practice largely intact. That is a real argument, and it uses all three aspects.
AO2 is worth 10 marks and rewards relevant information from the text contributing to your ideas. Quote sparingly and integrate: Όπως επισημαίνεται στο κείμενο, οι αλλαγές συχνά σταματούν στην πόρτα της αίθουσας. Then push past it with something the text does not contain, which is where AO4 lives: Ωστόσο, η μεταρρύθμιση του 1976 αποτελεί εξαίρεση, καθώς άλλαξε τη γλώσσα της ίδιας της διδασκαλίας. A sentence that both cites the text and exceeds it is doing double duty across the two grids.
Curriculum reform in Greece has repeatedly been politically contested, so name positions rather than delivering one: Ορισμένοι υποστηρίζουν ότι, whereas άλλοι θεωρούν ότι. The final sentence must answer the statement. Something like: Συνεπώς, η φράση «άλλαξαν οι νόμοι αλλά όχι η τάξη» περιγράφει με ακρίβεια τη διδακτέα ύλη, όχι όμως το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, όπου η αλλαγή υπήρξε ριζική. Notice the shape: the statement is accepted in part, rejected in part, and each part is tied to an aspect.
The AO3 grid is worth 10 marks and its own guidance defines complex language for you: the pluperfect and future perfect, the passive, the subjunctive, subordination, extended sentences carrying abstract argument, and varied synonymy. Run one pass looking only for those. Have you used a passive — αποφασίστηκε, καθιερώθηκε? A subjunctive after a subordinator — παρόλο που άλλαξε ο νόμος, χωρίς να αλλάξει η πρακτική? A pluperfect — είχε ήδη επικρατήσει στην ποίηση πριν φτάσει στο σχολείο? Three targeted insertions can lift the band, and they cost fewer words than another example.
Result: Plan: opening position, then one paragraph per aspect — system (statement weak), language question (statement weakest, use 1976 and 1982), curriculum (statement strongest, attribute the political dispute) — closing with a differentiated verdict. Model opening: Η διάκριση ανάμεσα στη νομοθεσία και στην πράξη είναι χρήσιμη, αλλά ισχύει άνισα για τις τρεις όψεις του θέματος. Model closing: Συνεπώς, η φράση «άλλαξαν οι νόμοι αλλά όχι η τάξη» περιγράφει με ακρίβεια τη διδακτέα ύλη, όχι όμως το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, όπου η αλλαγή υπήρξε ριζική.
Typical mistakes
Active revision
Draft a 300-word plan in Greek for a Paper 1 Section C answer on Η Παιδεία στην Ελλάδα, in which each of the three aspects gets a paragraph, each paragraph contains one dated fact and one attributed opinion, and the closing sentence answers a statement rather than summarising the topic. Then mark your own plan against the AO4 descriptors: is every idea supported by something specific from research, and is the focus on the research subject maintained throughout?
Active recall
Recall the key points — then reveal.
Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Greek (9GK0) specification (Pearson Edexcel) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)
References & sources
Department for Education