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Notes/Italian/I media: freedom of expression, the press and the politics of attention
Notes · ItalianUK · A-Levels

I media: freedom of expression, the press and the politics of attention

This topic carries the second sub-theme of Tema 2, La cultura politica ed artistica nei Paesi di lingua italiana: i media, which the specification exemplifies as la libertà di espressione, la stampa cartacea e online, and l'impatto sulla società e la politica. It is the sub-theme where the artistic theme becomes explicitly political, and the specification's own title says so — cultura politica ed artistica. Like the rest of Tema 2 its scope is any Italian-speaking country or community, so Swiss Italian broadcasting and the media of the Italian diaspora are legitimately in range. The notes cover the real ground: the constitutional guarantee of free expression in Article 21 and its limits, the RAI and the way public broadcasting is governed and funded, the arrival of commercial television and the long argument about concentration of ownership, the decline of the paid printed newspaper and the arrival of digital subscription, social platforms and disinformation, and the par condicio rules on election coverage — together with the Italian needed to discuss all of it in a register that is analytical rather than partisan.

5 sections·~36 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 1 · Advanced 4

T·0444 / 13
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Italian from broadcast and online mediaAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Italian from newspapers and online sourcesAO3 · Manipulate Italian accurately, using a range of lexis and structure to report, attribute and qualifyAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, the Italian media and their effect on society and politics
Operators:riassumereattribuireanalizzarevalutareconfrontaresosteneretradurre

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description of the Italian media landscape — the main newspapers and broadcasters, how people consume news, what social media have changed — with a clear personal view expressed in correct Italian.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the political question to be handled directly and fairly: what freedom of expression means when ownership is concentrated, whether regulation protects pluralism or constrains it, whether disinformation is a new problem or an old one at new speed. Answers must attribute claims rather than assert them, use reported speech and the congiuntivo where doubt requires it, and remain analytical about a subject on which Italians themselves disagree sharply.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. I media: freedom of expression, the press and the politics of attention
    • 01La libertà di espressione: the constitutional guarantee and its limits●
    • 02La stampa cartacea e online: newspapers, decline and the digital turn◐
    • 03La televisione: RAI, Mediaset and the argument about ownership●
    • 04I social e la disinformazione: speed, algorithms and what is genuinely new●
    • 05Exam technique: earning the AO3 range mark with deliberate complex language●
§ 01

La libertà di espressione: the constitutional guarantee and its limits#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 2 - i media: libertà di espressioneLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Freedom of expression in Italy has a constitutional address, and citing it is the single most efficient piece of evidence available on this sub-theme. Article 21 of the Constitution of 1948 guarantees that everyone has the right to express their thought freely in speech, in writing and by any other means of dissemination, and it explicitly forbids prior authorisation or censorship of the press, allowing seizure only by a reasoned judicial order in defined cases. Two things follow that a good candidate will say. First, the guarantee is a reaction: it was written by an assembly that had just lived under a regime in which the press was licensed and controlled, which links this sub-theme directly to Tema 4. Second, it is not absolute — the same article and the criminal law set limits, and the Italian debate is about where those limits fall rather than whether they exist. The vocabulary: la libertà di stampa, la censura, il sequestro, l'autorizzazione preventiva, la tutela della reputazione.
The two live limits are worth knowing precisely because they generate constant argument. La diffamazione — defamation — remains a criminal as well as a civil matter in Italy, and defamation committed through the press carries the heavier treatment; journalists' organisations and European bodies have repeatedly argued that criminal defamation chills reporting, while its defenders argue that reputations need protection that damages alone cannot give. The second is the phenomenon Italians call le querele temerarie, vexatious lawsuits filed not to win but to impose legal costs and delay on a journalist or a small outlet; the term for the international version is now widely used in Italian too. Say it carefully and attribute: secondo le associazioni dei giornalisti, le querele temerarie hanno un effetto dissuasivo, mentre chi le difende sostiene che la reputazione vada tutelata. Note vada tutelata, andare as a passive of obligation, and note that attributing both positions rather than asserting one is what the mark grid means by analysis.
A third dimension is professional rather than legal: who counts as a journalist. Italy has an Ordine dei giornalisti, a professional register with an examination, a structure that has no British equivalent and that is itself debated — it professionalises the trade and, critics argue, controls entry to it. Alongside it sits the question of protection: giornalisti sotto scorta, reporters who live under police protection because of threats from organised crime, are a small number but a real and documented feature of Italian journalism, and naming the phenomenon is a striking piece of concrete knowledge. This is also where the sub-theme reconnects to il divario Nord/Sud, since local reporting in areas with a strong criminal presence is the most exposed.
For the exam, the essential skill on this sub-theme is attribution, because almost nothing here is uncontested. Learn the frames and use them constantly: secondo X, a giudizio di X, X sostiene che, si ritiene che plus congiuntivo, sono in molti a pensare che plus congiuntivo, c'è chi sostiene che plus congiuntivo, come è stato osservato. And learn to mark your own position separately: personalmente ritengo che, dal canto mio, a mio avviso. A candidate who never distinguishes what they think from what is claimed will sound partisan; a candidate who does it habitually sounds like someone who has read Italian sources — which is precisely the impression the AO4 grid is designed to reward.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Italian on press freedom

Translate into Italian. The Constitution guarantees that everyone may express their own ideas freely. Nevertheless, some journalists maintain that the fear of being sued discourages investigative reporting, above all in small local newspapers which cannot pay a lawyer.

  1. 01The Constitution guarantees that everyone may express their own ideas freely

    La Costituzione garantisce che tutti possano esprimere liberamente le proprie idee. Garantire che takes the congiuntivo when it introduces a right or a possibility rather than a bare fact: possano. Le proprie idee, not le loro idee, because the possessor is the generic tutti — proprio is the correct possessive with an indefinite or impersonal subject. Liberamente is formed from the feminine of libero plus -mente, which is the rule for every adverb of this class.

  2. 02Nevertheless, some journalists maintain

    Tuttavia alcuni giornalisti sostengono. Tuttavia is the formal nevertheless and can open a sentence; però is more colloquial in that position. Alcuni agrees in gender and number: alcuni giornalisti, alcune giornaliste. Sostenere che introduces an assertion and takes the indicative; use ritenere or temere and you would need the congiuntivo instead — a choice worth making consciously.

  3. 03that the fear of being sued discourages investigative reporting

    che il timore di essere querelati scoraggi il giornalismo d'inchiesta. Two decisions. The English passive infinitive of being sued becomes essere querelati, with the participle agreeing in the masculine plural because the implied subject is i giornalisti. And although sostengono takes the indicative, the subordinate here reports a disputed causal claim, so scoraggi in the congiuntivo is both defensible and stylistically stronger; scoraggia would also be accepted. Il giornalismo d'inchiesta is the fixed term for investigative journalism.

  4. 04above all in small local newspapers

    soprattutto nei piccoli giornali locali. Soprattutto is one word. Nei is the preposizione articolata in plus i. Note the adjective order: in Italian piccolo normally precedes the noun and locale follows it, so piccoli giornali locali is right and giornali piccoli locali is not. Un quotidiano is a daily paper specifically; un giornale is the general term.

  5. 05which cannot pay a lawyer

    che non possono permettersi un avvocato. The relative che is the subject of the clause, so no preposition is needed. Note the idiom: to be unable to pay for a lawyer in this sense is non potersi permettere, to be unable to afford — pagare would mean they do not settle the bill. Permettersi is reflexive and the pronoun climbs to the modal: non possono permettersi, or equally non si possono permettere.

Result: La Costituzione garantisce che tutti possano esprimere liberamente le proprie idee. Tuttavia alcuni giornalisti sostengono che il timore di essere querelati scoraggi il giornalismo d'inchiesta, soprattutto nei piccoli giornali locali, che non possono permettersi un avvocato.

Exam focus

  • Cite Article 21 by number and date it to 1948. A constitutional reference is the cheapest and strongest evidence on this sub-theme (AO4).
  • Attribute contested claims with secondo, c'è chi sostiene che, si ritiene che — and mark your own view separately (AO3 and AO4).
  • Link the guarantee back to Tema 4: the article was written by people who had lived under press control (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing la libertà di parola. The Italian collocation is la libertà di espressione or la libertà di stampa.
  • Saying censura for any restriction. La censura is prior restraint, which Article 21 forbids; other limits are not censura.
  • Using una querela and una denuncia interchangeably. A querela is a complaint filed by the injured party in cases that require it; a denuncia is a report of an offence.
  • Asserting a contested claim as fact. Use secondo or c'è chi sostiene che; unattributed assertion reads as partisanship, not analysis.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano circa 150 parole su «La libertà di espressione ha dei limiti legittimi?», citando l'articolo 21 della Costituzione e attribuendo almeno due posizioni diverse con «secondo» e «c'è chi sostiene che».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

La stampa cartacea e online: newspapers, decline and the digital turn#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 2 - i media: la stampa cartacea e onlineLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Il panorama mediatico italiano

Il panorama mediaticoTable with 3 columns and 6 rows, Data: Mezzo · Esempio · La questione aperta; TV pubblica · la RAI · chi la governa e come si finanzia; TV commerciale · Mediaset · la concentrazione della proprietà; Quotidiani · Corriere, Repubblica · il calo delle copie vendute; Stampa locale · testate regionali · chi controlla il potere locale; Radio · radio pubbliche e private · un mezzo che non è mai morto; Piattaforme · social e motori di ricerca · disinformazione e algoritmi, highlighted cell: disinformazione e algoritmiMEZZOESEMPIOLA QUESTIONE APERTATV PUBBLICAla RAIchi la governa e come sifinanziaTV COMMERCIALEMediasetla concentrazione dellaproprietàQUOTIDIANICorriere, Repubblicail calo delle copie venduteSTAMPA LOCALEtestate regionalichi controlla il poterelocaleRADIOradio pubbliche e privateun mezzo che non è mai mortoPIATTAFORMEsocial e motori di ricercadisinformazione e algoritmi
Fig. 1Each medium raises a different question, and the question is where the AO4 marks are. Learn the right-hand column rather than the left: the institutions are knowledge, the questions are analysis.

Key points

Know the titles, because naming them is the difference between an answer about Italy and an answer about the media in general. Il Corriere della Sera, published in Milan, and la Repubblica, founded in Rome in 1976, are the two largest general dailies; La Stampa is the Turin paper; Il Sole 24 Ore is the financial daily, published by the employers' federation; Il Fatto Quotidiano and Il Giornale sit at opposite ends of the political range; l'Avvenire is the Catholic daily and l'Osservatore Romano the Vatican's paper; and la Gazzetta dello Sport, printed on pink paper, is among the most read papers in the country — the fact that a sports daily competes with the general press for circulation is a genuine and distinctive feature of Italian reading habits. Note the vocabulary that comes with them: il quotidiano, il settimanale, il mensile, la testata (a masthead, and by extension a title), l'edicola, l'abbonamento, la tiratura, il direttore, il cronista, l'inviato, l'editoriale, il fondo.
Three structural features of the Italian press are worth having ready. First, circulation of printed papers has fallen steeply over the last two decades, as elsewhere in Europe, and l'edicola — the newspaper kiosk that is a fixture of every Italian piazza — has been closing in large numbers, which gives you a concrete, visible image for an abstract trend. Second, Italian papers are strongly regional in identity even when national in reach, and local dailies remain important, which connects to the regional identity you met in the heritage topic. Third, ownership matters: several major titles belong to industrial or financial groups rather than to media companies, and Italian debate about la proprietà dei giornali and il conflitto di interessi is long-running and, unlike in Britain, involves manufacturers as well as press barons. Attribute rather than assert: si discute da tempo se la proprietà industriale dei giornali incida sull'indipendenza delle redazioni.
The digital turn has a specific Italian shape. Most major titles now operate a paywall — il paywall or, in Italian, l'accesso a pagamento — alongside free content; readers increasingly arrive through social platforms and search rather than through a homepage; and the youngest readers consume news through Instagram and TikTok accounts run by news organisations and by individual journalists. The vocabulary is largely anglicised and you should use it as Italians do rather than inventing translations: il sito, la newsletter, il podcast, lo streaming, il clickbait, la fake news (Italian uses the English phrase, though la disinformazione is the neutral term). Add the native terms: l'informazione, la notizia, la fonte, la verifica delle fonti, il fact-checking, la rettifica.
The evaluative question is whether the digital transition is a loss, and the strong answer separates two things that stimulus statements usually conflate. Access to information has unquestionably improved: more sources, faster, free at the point of use, and unmediated access to primary material. The economics of producing information have deteriorated: advertising revenue moved to platforms, newsrooms shrank, and reporting that costs money — investigations, foreign bureaux, court and council reporting — is the first to be cut. Put the two together in Italian and you have a genuinely analytical position: non è mai stato così facile informarsi, e non è mai stato così difficile finanziare chi produce l'informazione. That antithesis is worth memorising: it can be adapted to almost any stimulus on this sub-theme.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: translation into English on the newspaper crisis

Translate into English. Negli ultimi vent'anni le copie vendute dei quotidiani italiani si sono ridotte drasticamente e molte edicole hanno chiuso. Le redazioni si sono assottigliate, e il giornalismo che costa di più — quello d'inchiesta — è stato il primo a essere sacrificato. Non è però vero che gli italiani si informino meno: si informano diversamente, e spesso gratuitamente, il che pone il problema di chi debba pagare l'informazione.

  1. 01Negli ultimi vent'anni ... si sono ridotte drasticamente

    Over the last twenty years the number of copies sold has fallen sharply. Vent'anni with the elision is normal Italian for venti anni. Ridursi is to shrink or to fall; the participle ridotte agrees with le copie, feminine plural, because the auxiliary is essere. English idiom prefers fallen sharply to reduced drastically, and translation marks reward natural English rather than a word-for-word mapping.

  2. 02molte edicole hanno chiuso

    Many newspaper kiosks have closed. Chiudere is used intransitively here and takes avere, which is worth noticing because the previous verb took essere: Italian assigns auxiliaries verb by verb, not by meaning. Un'edicola has no single English word; newspaper kiosk or newsstand are both acceptable, and leaving it untranslated would not be.

  3. 03Le redazioni si sono assottigliate

    Newsrooms have grown thinner, or more idiomatically newsrooms have shrunk. La redazione is the editorial team or the newsroom, not the redaction. Assottigliarsi is literally to become thin; the participle again agrees, assottigliate. Where a verb has no neat English equivalent, translate the meaning and keep the register.

  4. 04il giornalismo che costa di più — quello d'inchiesta — è stato il primo a essere sacrificato

    The journalism that costs most — investigative journalism — has been the first to be sacrificed. Quello d'inchiesta is a demonstrative pronoun standing for il giornalismo, and English must supply the noun again. È stato il primo a essere sacrificato combines a passive with the construction il primo a plus infinitive; the English mirror the first to be sacrificed works exactly.

  5. 05Non è però vero che gli italiani si informino meno ... il che pone il problema di chi debba pagare

    It is not true, though, that Italians are less well informed: they inform themselves differently, and often free of charge, which raises the question of who should pay for news. Si informino is a congiuntivo triggered by the negated non è vero che; English has no equivalent and simply uses the indicative. Il che refers to the whole preceding clause: which. Debba is a congiuntivo inside an indirect question after chi, rendered in English by should. Gratuitamente is free of charge, not gratuitously.

Result: Over the last twenty years the number of copies sold by Italian daily papers has fallen sharply and many newspaper kiosks have closed. Newsrooms have shrunk, and the journalism that costs most — investigative journalism — has been the first to be sacrificed. It is not true, though, that Italians are less well informed: they inform themselves differently, and often free of charge, which raises the question of who should pay for news.

Exam focus

  • Name at least three real Italian titles and say what distinguishes them. Naming is the fastest AO4 evidence on this sub-theme (AO4).
  • Separate access to information from the economics of producing it; conflating them is what weak answers do (AO4).
  • Use l'edicola as a concrete image for an abstract trend — the grid rewards pertinent examples, and a visible one is best (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing il giornale to mean the news. La notizia is a news item and l'informazione or il telegiornale is the news; il giornale is the newspaper.
  • Saying la stampa when you mean printing. La stampa is the press as an institution; printing is la stampa only in technical contexts and usually la tipografia.
  • Translating headline as il titolo grande. It is il titolo, or for the front-page banner il titolo di apertura.
  • Using la tiratura and la diffusione interchangeably. La tiratura is the print run; la diffusione is copies actually distributed or sold.

Active revision

Confronta in italiano, in circa 140 parole, come si informava un italiano vent'anni fa e come si informa oggi, citando almeno due testate reali e usando l'imperfetto per il passato.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

La televisione: RAI, Mediaset and the argument about ownership#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 2 - i media: l'impatto sulla società e la politicaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Television is where this sub-theme becomes unavoidably political, and the history is short enough to hold. Public broadcasting began as a state monopoly: la RAI, Radiotelevisione Italiana, has broadcast since the 1950s, is funded by il canone — a licence fee long collected through the electricity bill, a small administrative detail that Italians find memorable — and is governed under parliamentary oversight, which is precisely what makes its independence a permanent subject of argument. In the 1970s the Constitutional Court opened the way for local private broadcasting, and from that opening grew commercial television; by the 1980s Silvio Berlusconi's group had assembled the three national commercial channels that became Mediaset. Italians have described the resulting structure as il duopolio: two groups holding the overwhelming share of national television audience and of television advertising.
The reason this matters for an A-Level answer, rather than only for a media-studies one, is that Berlusconi entered politics in 1994 and served as prime minister in several governments while remaining the owner of Mediaset. That situation gave Italian the phrase il conflitto di interessi in a very concrete sense, and it produced regulation designed to constrain it, including the law on political communication of 2000 that established la par condicio — equal treatment in the allocation of airtime to political forces during election campaigns, still the standard Italian term for the principle. State it as a factual sequence and let the reader draw the inference: chi possedeva le televisioni private è stato più volte capo del governo, e questo ha reso il conflitto di interessi un tema costante del dibattito italiano. That is neutral, accurate and analytically loaded, which is exactly the register the mark grid rewards.
The contemporary landscape has moved on and you should say so, because a candidate who describes 1994 as the present is dating themselves. La7 is a third national player; le piattaforme di streaming — Netflix, Prime Video and others — have taken audience and drama production, and Italian series produced for international platforms have become a significant cultural export; and television consumption is ageing while younger audiences move to on-demand and social video. The regulator to know is l'AGCOM, l'Autorità per le garanzie nelle comunicazioni, the communications authority. Add il talk show politico, a genuinely central Italian format in which politicians and journalists argue in the evening, and l'ascolto or lo share, the audience-share figure that Italian media discuss obsessively.
The evaluative question — l'impatto sulla società e la politica, in the specification's own words — should be answered in two directions rather than one. Television plainly shapes Italian politics: it sets the agenda, it rewards the telegenic, and the format of the talk show favours conflict over explanation. But the causal arrow also runs backwards, and noticing that is the perceptive move: le televisioni non hanno soltanto influenzato la politica, ne hanno anche subito l'influenza, dal momento che la RAI è governata secondo equilibri parlamentari. And the honest conclusion refuses determinism: sarebbe semplicistico sostenere che gli italiani votino come la televisione suggerisce; è più esatto dire che la televisione stabilisce di che cosa si parla, e questo è già molto. Note votino, congiuntivo after sostenere che inside a negated evaluative frame, and note che cosa si parla with the impersonal si and the preposition di attached to parlare.
Worked example

Paper 3 Task 1: handling a politically charged stimulus statement

The stimulus card for the sub-theme i media carries the statement: «In Italia chi controlla i media controlla la politica.» Build a spoken answer that is analytical rather than partisan.

  1. 01Slow the statement down before responding to it

    È un'affermazione forte, e prima di rispondere vorrei distinguere due cose: influenzare l'agenda e determinare il voto. Naming the distinction before taking a position is the single most effective opening on a charged statement: it demonstrates analysis in the first ten seconds and it gives the rest of your answer a structure. Vorrei is a hedged conditional and sounds educated.

  2. 02Concede the historical evidence, factually

    Che i media contino, è innegabile: chi possedeva le tre reti commerciali private è stato più volte presidente del Consiglio, e proprio per questo nel 2000 è stata approvata una legge sulla par condicio. Che ... è innegabile is a fronted subordinate clause, an elegant structure. The facts are dated and neutral; you have conceded without endorsing the slogan.

  3. 03Introduce the reversal

    Detto questo, il rapporto non è a senso unico: la RAI, per esempio, è un servizio pubblico governato secondo equilibri parlamentari, quindi è la politica a influenzare la televisione almeno quanto il contrario. A senso unico is one-way. È la politica a influenzare is the cleft construction with a plus infinitive, and almeno quanto il contrario is a compact comparative that would take an English speaker a whole clause.

  4. 04Update the picture

    Va poi aggiunto che il panorama è cambiato: i giovani si informano sui social, dove non c'è un proprietario unico ma un algoritmo, e questo sposta il problema più che risolverlo. Va aggiunto is the andare passive of obligation again. Sposta il problema più che risolverlo is a controlled comparison using più che before an infinitive — exactly where più che is required rather than più di.

  5. 05Conclude on a formulation you can defend

    Quindi direi che chi controlla i media non decide come si vota, ma decide di che cosa si parla — e in politica stabilire l'agenda è già una forma di potere. Non crede? The conclusion is quotable, defensible and non-partisan; the closing question satisfies the interaction requirement. Non crede? is short and natural; the specification's own examples of eliciting include «È d'accordo con me?» and «Che cosa pensa di ...?».

Result: È un'affermazione forte, e prima di rispondere vorrei distinguere due cose: influenzare l'agenda e determinare il voto. Che i media contino, è innegabile: chi possedeva le tre reti commerciali private è stato più volte presidente del Consiglio, e proprio per questo nel 2000 è stata approvata una legge sulla par condicio. Detto questo, il rapporto non è a senso unico: la RAI è un servizio pubblico governato secondo equilibri parlamentari, quindi è la politica a influenzare la televisione almeno quanto il contrario. Va poi aggiunto che il panorama è cambiato: i giovani si informano sui social, dove non c'è un proprietario unico ma un algoritmo, e questo sposta il problema più che risolverlo. Quindi direi che chi controlla i media non decide come si vota, ma decide di che cosa si parla — e in politica stabilire l'agenda è già una forma di potere. Non crede?

Exam focus

  • Give the sequence — monopoly, opening, duopoly, conflict of interest, par condicio, platforms — as a chronology; it structures a whole answer (AO4).
  • Reverse the causal arrow once: television shapes politics and is shaped by it. That is the perceptive move on this sub-theme (AO4).
  • Stay factual on a politically charged topic. State what happened and when; let the analysis do the arguing (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Describing the RAI as state television in the sense of government-controlled. It is public service broadcasting under parliamentary oversight, and the distinction is the whole debate.
  • Writing la televisione pubblica è gratis. It is funded by il canone, a licence fee.
  • Treating the 1990s as the present. Streaming platforms, La7 and AGCOM belong in any current answer.
  • Asserting that television determines voting. Sarebbe semplicistico sostenere che ... is the accurate and better-marked formulation.

Active revision

Rispondi in italiano, in circa 160 parole, a «La televisione ha ancora un potere politico in Italia?», usando una cronologia precisa e rovesciando almeno una volta il rapporto di causa.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

I social e la disinformazione: speed, algorithms and what is genuinely new#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 2 - i media: l'impatto sulla società e la politicaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Start with the distinction that most stimulus statements blur, because making it is worth a band on its own. La disinformazione is false information spread deliberately; la misinformazione, less used in Italian, is false information spread in good faith. Italians commonly use the English phrase le fake news, but the neutral and more precise Italian is la disinformazione, and using the Italian term while acknowledging the English one shows control of register. Add the mechanisms: la camera dell'eco or l'eco chamber, la bolla informativa or filter bubble, la polarizzazione, la viralità, il clickbait, la profilazione, l'algoritmo di raccomandazione. And add the countermeasures: il fact-checking, la verifica delle fonti, l'alfabetizzazione mediatica or educazione ai media, la rettifica, la moderazione dei contenuti.
The properly analytical question is what is actually new, and there is a defensible answer that avoids both technophobia and complacency. False information is not new: propaganda, rumour and forged documents predate the internet by centuries, and Tema 4 supplies the obvious Italian example of a state that controlled information systematically. What is new is scale, speed and targeting — la velocità di diffusione, la portata globale, la possibilità di rivolgersi a un pubblico ristretto e profilato — and, crucially, the collapse of the gatekeeper: prima esisteva un filtro editoriale, oggi ogni utente è anche un editore. Say that and you have converted a tired topic into an argument. Note ogni utente è anche un editore, a compact formulation you can adapt to any question about platforms.
The social consequences deserve concrete Italian rather than abstraction. Political communication has moved to platforms: Italian politicians address the electorate directly through social accounts, bypassing journalists, which changes both what is said and who can question it. Public argument has become faster and more emotional; il linguaggio d'odio, hate speech, and il cyberbullismo are the subject of specific Italian legislation and of school programmes. And journalism itself has adapted, not always well: newsrooms chase traffic, and la notizia diventa un prodotto misurato in clic. Balance it honestly: platforms have also given a voice to people the traditional media ignored, have made organising easier, and have carried genuine reporting out of countries where the press is not free. The Italian for that side: dare voce a chi non l'aveva, abbassare le barriere all'accesso, aggirare la censura.
For the exam, this sub-theme rewards a candidate who can hold a position without exaggerating. Three formulations, all defensible, all reusable: il problema non è tanto la falsità quanto la velocità, perché una smentita non raggiunge mai lo stesso pubblico della notizia falsa; non serve chiedere agli utenti di essere più critici se il sistema premia ciò che indigna; e la soluzione non può essere solo tecnica, perché la fiducia non si ripristina con un algoritmo. Each contains a subordinate structure the AO3 grid names — a comparative correlative, a conditional, a negated causal — and each gives a discussion somewhere to go rather than closing it down.
Worked example

Building a two-sided paragraph with a controlled conclusion

Take the claim that social media have damaged public debate in Italy and build a paragraph that concedes, counters and concludes without retreating into on the one hand and on the other.

  1. 01Grant the strongest version of the claim first

    Che il dibattito pubblico si sia inasprito è difficile negarlo: sui social la discussione è più rapida, più emotiva e spesso più aggressiva. Fronting the che-clause with the congiuntivo si sia inasprito is an elegant and genuinely native structure. Granting the strongest version, not a weak one, makes the counter that follows credible.

  2. 02Locate the mechanism rather than blaming the medium

    Il punto, però, è capire perché: le piattaforme misurano il successo in interazioni, e ciò che indigna genera più interazioni di ciò che spiega. Ciò che is that which and is more formal than quello che; the parallel ciò che indigna against ciò che spiega is a rhetorical figure that costs nothing and reads well.

  3. 03Concede the real benefit specifically

    Sarebbe però ingiusto ignorare l'altra faccia: i social hanno dato voce a chi prima non l'aveva, hanno reso più facile organizzarsi e, in paesi senza libertà di stampa, hanno permesso di aggirare la censura. L'altra faccia is the other side; dare voce a chi non l'aveva uses the relative chi with a pronoun l' referring back to voce.

  4. 04Take the position through a comparison, not a compromise

    Il problema, a mio avviso, non è tanto la falsità quanto la velocità: una smentita non raggiunge mai lo stesso pubblico della notizia falsa. Non tanto X quanto Y is the correlative that lets you rank two things rather than balance them, and ranking is what a conclusion does. Una smentita is a denial or correction.

  5. 05Close on a consequence for policy

    Ne consegue che l'educazione ai media conta più di qualsiasi regolamento, perché la fiducia non si ripristina con un algoritmo. Ne consegue che draws the inference formally. Non si ripristina is the passive si, and ending on a short concrete image — an algorithm cannot restore trust — is more memorable than a summary.

Result: Che il dibattito pubblico si sia inasprito è difficile negarlo: sui social la discussione è più rapida, più emotiva e spesso più aggressiva. Il punto, però, è capire perché: le piattaforme misurano il successo in interazioni, e ciò che indigna genera più interazioni di ciò che spiega. Sarebbe però ingiusto ignorare l'altra faccia: i social hanno dato voce a chi prima non l'aveva, hanno reso più facile organizzarsi e, in paesi senza libertà di stampa, hanno permesso di aggirare la censura. Il problema, a mio avviso, non è tanto la falsità quanto la velocità: una smentita non raggiunge mai lo stesso pubblico della notizia falsa. Ne consegue che l'educazione ai media conta più di qualsiasi regolamento, perché la fiducia non si ripristina con un algoritmo.

Exam focus

  • Distinguish disinformazione from misinformazione, and prefer the Italian term to the English one (AO3 and AO4).
  • Answer what is genuinely new with scale, speed, targeting and the collapse of the gatekeeper, rather than with a general complaint (AO4).
  • Give the counter-case for platforms; a one-sided answer on this sub-theme is the commonest way to stall in the middle bands (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Using le fake news as if it were the only available term. La disinformazione is the precise Italian, and using it deliberately shows register control.
  • Writing i social media are always the plural i social in ordinary Italian; il social alone means a single platform and sounds odd.
  • Claiming that social media caused polarisation without qualification. Attribute: secondo molti studiosi, le piattaforme amplificano una polarizzazione che esisteva già.
  • Translating to share as condividere in every context but forgetting that a post is un post and to post is postare or pubblicare.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano circa 160 parole in risposta a «I social hanno peggiorato la qualità del dibattito pubblico», sostenendo che il problema è la velocità più che la falsità, e concedendo almeno un vantaggio reale delle piattaforme.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: earning the AO3 range mark with deliberate complex language#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 2 Sections B and C - range of grammatical structures and vocabulary (AO3), 20 marks per essayLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 3 - accuracy and range of language (AO3), 12 marks in each of Task 1 and Task 2 Part 2

Key points

AO3 is 30 per cent of the qualification, more than any other objective, and in the essay paper it is assessed twice per essay: 20 marks for range of grammatical structures and vocabulary, and 10 marks for accuracy. That split is the most useful thing to know about it, because the two grids reward opposite instincts. The accuracy grid rewards not making mistakes. The range grid rewards attempting structures that could go wrong. A candidate who writes only what they are certain of will do well on accuracy out of 10 and badly on range out of 20 — which is the wrong trade. The strategy that follows is not to write dangerously but to rehearse the complex structures until they are safe, so that range costs you nothing in accuracy.
The specification lists what it counts as complex language, and the list is short enough to work through deliberately: appropriate sequence of tenses in reported speech and indirect statement; the passive voice; the subjunctive mood; relative pronouns; extended sentences that express abstract ideas or convey justified arguments and that therefore require a range of conjunctions and pronouns; synonyms and varied expressions for saying the same thing differently; and any grammar specific to A-Level in the grammar list. Every one of those is trainable. Reported speech: ha detto che sarebbe tornato — note that Italian uses the condizionale passato for a future-in-the-past where English uses would return. The passive with three auxiliaries: la legge è stata approvata, la legge viene approvata ogni anno, questo problema va risolto. Relative pronouns beyond che: il quale for clarity, cui after a preposition, chi without an antecedent, il che for a whole clause.
The other half of the range grid is vocabulary, and its wording is exact: consistently varied use of vocabulary allowing ideas to be conveyed in a variety of different ways. That is a specific skill — saying the same thing twice differently — and it is trainable by paraphrase drill. Take a claim and rewrite it three ways: i giovani faticano a trovare lavoro; per i giovani l'ingresso nel mercato del lavoro è difficile; l'occupazione giovanile resta un problema irrisolto. All three are correct, they use different parts of speech, and a candidate who can do this will never repeat a phrase across a 350-word essay. The grid also names terminology appropriate to literary and cinematic analysis for the essay papers, which is treated in the works topics.
Two disciplines protect range from becoming decoration. First, every complex structure must be doing work: a congiuntivo appears because the meaning is doubted or desired, not because you wanted to show one. Examiners can tell, because a decorative subjunctive usually appears after a verb that does not take it. Second, build variation into the plan rather than the sentence. Before writing an essay, decide that paragraph two will carry the passive, paragraph three the conditional, paragraph four an extended relative — then write naturally and check afterwards. This is far more reliable than trying to remember mid-sentence, and it produces the consistent variation the top band asks for rather than a cluster of complexity in one paragraph and none elsewhere.
Worked example

Upgrading a correct but flat paragraph into the top AO3 band

Here is a paragraph of accurate but restricted Italian. Rewrite it so that it earns the range mark without losing accuracy. Original: «I social sono importanti. Molti giovani usano i social per informarsi. I giornali vendono meno copie. Questo è un problema. I giornalisti perdono il lavoro. Le notizie false circolano velocemente.»

  1. 01Diagnose before rewriting

    Six sentences, all simple, all subject-verb-object, no subordination, no pronouns beyond the subject, one connective. Every sentence is correct, so accuracy is safe; range is at the bottom of the grid. The fix is not longer words but joined ideas — the grid's word is articulate, and its definition is that the student controls the language to say what they want to say rather than what they can say.

  2. 02Join the first two ideas with a relative and a purpose

    I social sono ormai il canale attraverso cui molti giovani si informano. Attraverso cui is a relative pronoun governed by a preposition, one of the structures the specification names. Ormai adds a temporal nuance English would need a clause for. Two sentences have become one, and the join carries meaning rather than merely saving words.

  3. 03Turn the third and fourth into a consequence with a passive

    Di conseguenza le copie vendute dai quotidiani continuano a diminuire, e le redazioni vengono ridimensionate. Vengono ridimensionate is the venire passive, correct here because it describes a process. Continuare a plus infinitive is a verb governing a preposition, which the grammar list names explicitly.

  4. 04Recast the fifth as a subordinate clause with a subjunctive

    Non è detto, però, che il problema sia soltanto economico: quando un giornale locale chiude, nessuno controlla più chi amministra quella città. Non è detto che takes the congiuntivo sia. The second half introduces a genuinely new idea — local accountability — which is the difference between varying your sentences and varying your thought.

  5. 05Close the sixth with a comparative and a conditional

    Quanto alle notizie false, il problema non è tanto che circolino, quanto la velocità con cui lo fanno: una smentita arriverebbe comunque troppo tardi. Circolino is the congiuntivo required after non è tanto che; con cui is another prepositional relative; lo fanno uses the pro-verb fare with the neuter pronoun lo; and arriverebbe is a conditional expressing a hypothetical outcome. Read the finished paragraph back and count: five distinct complex structures, all load-bearing, none decorative.

Result: I social sono ormai il canale attraverso cui molti giovani si informano. Di conseguenza le copie vendute dai quotidiani continuano a diminuire, e le redazioni vengono ridimensionate. Non è detto, però, che il problema sia soltanto economico: quando un giornale locale chiude, nessuno controlla più chi amministra quella città. Quanto alle notizie false, il problema non è tanto che circolino, quanto la velocità con cui lo fanno: una smentita arriverebbe comunque troppo tardi.

Exam focus

  • Remember the split: range is worth 20 per essay and accuracy 10. Writing only what is safe is the wrong trade (AO3).
  • Work through the specification's own list of complex language and rehearse each item until it is safe (AO3).
  • Drill paraphrase — three ways to say one claim — because varied expression is explicitly what the top band names (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Using the congiuntivo after verbs that do not take it, which reads as decoration rather than control.
  • Clustering all the complex structures in one paragraph. The grid asks for consistent variation across the whole piece.
  • Repeating the same connective. Four uses of inoltre in one essay is exactly what the grid calls repetitive expression.
  • Confusing the two passives: use venire for a process, essere for a state, andare for necessity. Questo va fatto means this must be done, not this is going.

Active revision

Prendi un tuo paragrafo di 100 parole e riscrivilo introducendo, una sola volta ciascuno e solo dove il senso lo richiede: un passivo con «venire», un congiuntivo dopo un'espressione di opinione, un «il che», un condizionale passato e un pronome relativo con preposizione («a cui», «di cui»).

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01La libertà di espressione: the constitutional guarantee and its limits●
    • 02La stampa cartacea e online: newspapers, decline and the digital turn◐
    • 03La televisione: RAI, Mediaset and the argument about ownership●
    • 04I social e la disinformazione: speed, algorithms and what is genuinely new●
    • 05Exam technique: earning the AO3 range mark with deliberate complex language●

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From notes into training

I media: freedom of expression, the press and the politics of attention

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~36
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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