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Notes/Italian/Migration: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione e i problemi della migrazione
Notes · ItalianUK · A-Levels

Migration: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione e i problemi della migrazione

This topic carries the first two sub-themes of Tema 3, L'Italia: una società in evoluzione: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione in Italia, exemplified in the specification as il contributo di immigrati e migranti all'economia e alla cultura, and i problemi della migrazione in Italia, exemplified as marginalizzazione e alienazione, integrazione, and impatto dell'emigrazione. Tema 3 is set in the context of Italy only. Note the asymmetry the specification builds in: the first sub-theme is explicitly about the positive impact, so an answer that treats immigration only as a problem has not answered it. The notes give the real ground — Italy's transformation from a country of emigration into a country of immigration, the largest resident foreign communities, the Mediterranean crossings and the difference between them and immigration as a whole, citizenship law and the ius soli debate, le seconde generazioni, marginalisation and the caporalato — together with the precise Italian vocabulary of migration, which is a subject where a wrong word does real damage.

5 sections·~35 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0555 / 13
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Italian on migration and integrationAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Italian on immigration policy and community lifeAO3 · Manipulate Italian accurately, using precise terminology and a range of structure on a sensitive subjectAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, migration in contemporary Italian society
Operators:definiredescriveredistinguerespiegarevalutaresosteneretradurre

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate, respectful description: who has come to Italy and from where, what work immigrant communities do, what integration means in practice, and a clear personal view supported by at least one concrete example, all in correct Italian with the right terminology.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the terms themselves to be handled critically. Why does the distinction between a refugee and an economic migrant matter legally and rhetorically? Why is a child born in Italy to foreign parents not automatically Italian? Why does the specification insist on the positive impact as a separate sub-theme? Answers must argue with evidence, attribute contested claims, and avoid both the celebratory and the alarmist register.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Migration: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione e i problemi della migrazione
    • 01Il lessico esatto: the words, and why the wrong one costs more than a mark◐
    • 02L'impatto positivo: il contributo all'economia e alla cultura◐
    • 03Marginalizzazione, alienazione e integrazione●
    • 04L'impatto dell'emigrazione: the movement out, then and now●
    • 05Exam technique: handling a contested theme without caricature●
§ 01

Il lessico esatto: the words, and why the wrong one costs more than a mark#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 3 - L'Italia: una società in evoluzione: i problemi della migrazione in ItaliaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Il lessico esatto della migrazione

Il lessico della migrazioneTable with 3 columns and 7 rows, Data: Termine · Che cosa significa · L'errore che evita; emigrato · chi lascia il proprio paese · confonderlo con chi arriva; immigrato · chi arriva in un paese · dimenticare il punto di vista; migrante · termine neutro, non giudica il motivo · presumere la causa della partenza; richiedente asilo · domanda presentata, non ancora decisa · chiamarlo già rifugiato; rifugiato · status riconosciuto per legge · usarlo per ogni arrivo; irregolare · chi è privo di documenti validi · usare «clandestino», oggi spregiativo; seconda generazione · nato in Italia da genitori stranieri · chiamarlo immigrato: non è mai emigrato, highlighted cell: chiamarlo immigrato: non è mai emigratoTERMINECHE COSA SIGNIFICAL'ERRORE CHE EVITAEMIGRATOchi lascia il proprio paeseconfonderlo con chi arrivaIMMIGRATOchi arriva in un paesedimenticare il punto divistaMIGRANTEtermine neutro, non giudicail motivopresumere la causa dellapartenzaRICHIEDENTE ASILOdomanda presentata, nonancora decisachiamarlo già rifugiatoRIFUGIATOstatus riconosciuto perleggeusarlo per ogni arrivoIRREGOLAREchi è privo di documentivalidiusare «clandestino», oggispregiativoSECONDAGENERAZIONEnato in Italia da genitoristranierichiamarlo immigrato: non èmai emigrato
Fig. 1The right-hand column is the reason to learn the table. Each of these terms prevents a specific error, and on this sub-theme the errors are not merely linguistic.

Key points

This is the one sub-theme in the specification where vocabulary is not merely a matter of accuracy but of accuracy about people, and the terms are not interchangeable. Un emigrato leaves a country; un immigrato arrives in one — the same person is both, depending on where you stand, and Italians who left for Belgium in the 1950s were emigrati to Italy and immigrati to Belgium. Un migrante is the neutral umbrella term for someone who moves, used increasingly in Italian journalism precisely because it does not prejudge the reason. Un profugo is someone who has fled, in ordinary usage; un rifugiato is a person granted refugee status under the Geneva Convention, a legal category; un richiedente asilo is an asylum seeker whose claim has not yet been decided. Uno straniero is a foreign national. And the word that requires most care is clandestino: it was long used in Italian journalism for someone without residence papers, it is now widely regarded as pejorative, and the accurate terms are irregolare, senza documenti or in condizione di irregolarità. Using irregolare rather than clandestino is a small choice that tells an examiner you have read Italian sources written this decade.
Two further sets of terms carry the substance of the sub-theme. On status and paperwork: il permesso di soggiorno, the residence permit; la cittadinanza, citizenship; la naturalizzazione; il rimpatrio, return or repatriation; l'espulsione; la regolarizzazione, the periodic amnesty by which people already living and working in Italy are given papers; l'accoglienza, reception, both the practice and the system of centres. On belonging: l'integrazione, l'inclusione, la convivenza, il multiculturalismo, l'interculturalità — and their opposites, l'emarginazione or la marginalizzazione, l'alienazione, la segregazione, la discriminazione, il pregiudizio, il razzismo, la xenofobia. The specification's own words for the second sub-theme are marginalizzazione e alienazione, so those two are worth being able to define in Italian rather than merely translate: l'emarginazione è l'esclusione dai luoghi in cui si decide e si lavora; l'alienazione è la sensazione di non appartenere a nessuno dei due mondi.
The most useful conceptual distinction on this sub-theme is between migration as movement and migration as settlement, and Italian public debate frequently conflates them. Gli sbarchi — the arrivals by sea, which dominate television coverage — are one route among several, and the number of people who arrive that way in a year is small relative to the number of foreign nationals already resident in Italy, many of whom arrived legally, by air or by land, years or decades ago and are now employed, taxed and schooled. A candidate who says this in Italian is doing exactly what the AO4 grid means by going beyond the standard, predictable response: il dibattito italiano tende a parlare di immigrazione guardando il mare, mentre la parte più importante del fenomeno riguarda persone che vivono in Italia da anni.
Register matters as much as vocabulary here, and there are three habits worth building. First, prefer people to abstractions: le persone che arrivano rather than gli arrivi, i lavoratori stranieri rather than la manodopera straniera where the sentence allows it. Second, attribute contested claims: secondo alcuni, si teme che plus congiuntivo, c'è chi sostiene che plus congiuntivo. Third, avoid the two ready-made registers that surround this topic in every European language — the celebratory (l'immigrazione è una ricchezza and nothing more) and the alarmist (l'invasione, an emotive metaphor that describes nothing accurately). The mark grid rewards analysis; both registers are the opposite of analysis, and an examiner hears them immediately.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: translation into English on the shape of Italian immigration

Translate into English. L'Italia è passata in pochi decenni da paese di emigrazione a paese di immigrazione. Oggi vi risiedono milioni di cittadini stranieri, la maggior parte dei quali è arrivata regolarmente e lavora da anni nel settore dei servizi, dell'agricoltura o dell'assistenza domiciliare. Gli sbarchi, che occupano gran parte del dibattito pubblico, riguardano una quota assai minore del fenomeno complessivo.

  1. 01L'Italia è passata ... da paese di emigrazione a paese di immigrazione

    Italy has changed, in a few decades, from a country of emigration into a country of immigration. Passare da X a Y is the fixed construction; English needs from ... to or from ... into. Note that Italian omits the indefinite article after da and a in this construction (da paese, a paese) where English requires it. È passata takes essere, so the participle agrees with l'Italia.

  2. 02Oggi vi risiedono milioni di cittadini stranieri

    Today millions of foreign nationals live there. Vi is the locative pronoun, a more formal equivalent of ci meaning there, referring back to Italy; recognising it is worth a mark on its own, because a candidate who misses it produces a sentence with no location. Risiedere is to reside; cittadini stranieri is foreign nationals or foreign citizens, and citizens on its own would lose the point.

  3. 03la maggior parte dei quali è arrivata regolarmente

    Most of whom arrived legally. Dei quali is the relative pronoun il quale in its plural masculine genitive form, used here because dei che is impossible; English uses of whom. La maggior parte takes a singular verb in standard Italian, hence è arrivata, and the participle agrees with parte, feminine singular. Regolarmente here means through legal channels, not regularly — an important false friend on precisely this subject.

  4. 04nel settore dei servizi, dell'agricoltura o dell'assistenza domiciliare

    In services, agriculture or home care. Note the three preposizioni articolate: dei, dell', dell'. L'assistenza domiciliare is care provided in the home, an important sector of Italian employment for foreign workers; the everyday Italian word for a live-in carer is una badante, which has no neat English equivalent and is worth knowing even though it is not in this passage.

  5. 05Gli sbarchi ... riguardano una quota assai minore del fenomeno complessivo

    Sea arrivals, which take up much of the public debate, account for a far smaller share of the phenomenon as a whole. Uno sbarco is a landing or arrival by sea; arrivals by sea is the natural English. Riguardare is to concern or to account for. Assai is a formal very or far. Complessivo means overall or total, not complex — another false friend, and a costly one.

Result: Italy has changed, in a few decades, from a country of emigration into a country of immigration. Today millions of foreign nationals live there, most of whom arrived legally and have worked for years in services, agriculture or home care. Arrivals by sea, which take up much of the public debate, account for a far smaller share of the phenomenon as a whole.

Exam focus

  • Use irregolare rather than clandestino, and be able to say why. It is a visible marker of current, real Italian usage (AO3 and AO4).
  • Distinguish sbarchi from immigration as a whole. Most foreign residents in Italy did not arrive by sea, and saying so is the analytical move (AO4).
  • Define emarginazione and alienazione in Italian rather than translating them; the specification names both (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Using emigrato and immigrato interchangeably. The same person is one or the other depending on the point of view.
  • Calling every arrival un rifugiato. That is a legal status granted after a decision; before it, the person is un richiedente asilo.
  • Using clandestino as if it were neutral. Prefer irregolare or senza documenti.
  • Writing gli stranieri sono il ... per cento with a figure you cannot verify. Comparatives and orders of magnitude are safer and are marked the same.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano circa 130 parole che spieghino la differenza fra «migrante», «richiedente asilo» e «rifugiato», e perché in Italia si preferisce oggi «irregolare» a «clandestino».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

L'impatto positivo: il contributo all'economia e alla cultura#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 3 - l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione in Italia: il contributo di immigrati e migranti all'economia e alla culturaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Read the specification's own wording for this sub-theme carefully, because it is unusual: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione in Italia, exemplified as il contributo di immigrati e migranti all'economia e alla cultura. The board has decided that the positive contribution is a topic in its own right, with its own stimulus card. That does not mean a candidate must be uncritical — the problems have their own sub-theme immediately after — but it does mean that an answer to this card which lists only difficulties has not answered the question set. Frame it explicitly at the start of any answer: la domanda non è se l'immigrazione sia positiva o negativa, ma quale contributo abbia dato, e questo è un fatto che si può descrivere.
The economic contribution can be described precisely and without invented statistics. Foreign workers are concentrated in sectors of the Italian economy that depend on them: l'agricoltura, la raccolta stagionale, l'edilizia, la logistica, la ristorazione, il turismo, and above all l'assistenza agli anziani, where the figure of la badante — a live-in carer, usually a woman, very often from Eastern Europe — has become a structural part of Italian family life and a direct link back to the ageing population you met in Tema 1. That link is the strongest single argument available on this sub-theme: un paese che invecchia rapidamente e ha pochi figli dipende, per l'assistenza agli anziani, da lavoratori che vengono da fuori. Add the fiscal point, which is checkable in kind if not in number: foreign workers are on average younger than the Italian population, so they contribute to the pension system for many years before drawing from it. Add entrepreneurship: le imprese gestite da stranieri have grown steadily and are visible in every Italian city.
The cultural contribution is harder to make concrete and therefore where weaker answers become vague. Anchor it in three specifics. First, food and commerce: Italian high streets now carry shops and restaurants run by Chinese, Bangladeshi, Egyptian, Peruvian and Senegalese Italians, and the resulting mixing is visible rather than theoretical. Second, sport and public life: the athletics champion Marcell Jacobs, Olympic 100 metres gold medallist in 2021, was born in the United States to an Italian mother and an American father, and the broader presence of players and athletes of immigrant background in Italian national teams has repeatedly forced a public conversation about who counts as Italian. Third, and most important, the arts: Italian writers, rappers and film-makers of immigrant background — the rap and trap scenes in particular — have given Italian a new vocabulary and new subject matter, which loops this sub-theme back to la musica in Tema 2. Naming the loop is the perceptive move: la trap italiana è, fra le altre cose, la voce delle seconde generazioni.
Two cautions protect this section from sounding like advocacy. First, avoid the purely instrumental argument — that immigration is good because it is economically useful — without noticing its weakness, which a strong candidate can name in Italian: l'argomento economico è utile ma fragile, perché fa dipendere il diritto di restare dalla produttività di una persona. Second, keep the register measured. Un contributo, un apporto, una risorsa are all usable; una ricchezza is common in Italian but is close to a slogan; and the mark grid's word for the top band is perceptive, which means noticing the weakness of your own strongest argument rather than repeating it more loudly.
Worked example

Building an argument that criticises its own strongest point

Construct a paragraph in Italian on the contribution of immigration to Italy which makes the economic case and then identifies the weakness of that case.

  1. 01Anchor in the demographic fact

    L'Italia è uno dei paesi più anziani d'Europa e ha uno dei tassi di natalità più bassi. Two relative superlatives in one sentence, both formed with di plus the region of comparison. Starting from demography rather than from immigration makes the argument feel derived rather than asserted.

  2. 02Draw the consequence explicitly

    Ne consegue che senza lavoratori stranieri interi settori — l'assistenza agli anziani, l'agricoltura stagionale, la logistica — non riuscirebbero a funzionare. Ne consegue che draws the inference; non riuscirebbero is a condizionale expressing a counterfactual, and the em-dashed list gives three concrete sectors instead of a vague claim.

  3. 03Add the fiscal dimension carefully

    A questo si aggiunge un dato demografico semplice: i lavoratori immigrati sono in media più giovani della popolazione italiana, e versano contributi per molti anni prima di riceverne. Versare contributi is the exact Italian for paying social-security contributions; riceverne uses ne to avoid repeating contributi. Note in media, which keeps the claim honest without needing a figure.

  4. 04Turn the argument on itself

    Detto questo, l'argomento economico ha un limite che vale la pena riconoscere: se il diritto di restare dipende dall'utilità economica, allora chi non lavora — un bambino, un anziano, un malato — non avrebbe diritto a restare. Vale la pena plus infinitive is worth doing. The conditional sentence uses se plus indicative and a condizionale in the main clause, which is the standard Italian pattern for a hypothesis presented as likely rather than remote.

  5. 05Land on a position that survives the criticism

    Per questo direi che il contributo economico è un fatto da conoscere, ma non il criterio con cui giudicare una persona. Da conoscere is adjective-plus-da-plus-infinitive; il criterio con cui is a prepositional relative. Ending on a distinction between a fact and a criterion is exactly the kind of conclusion the top band calls convincing.

Result: L'Italia è uno dei paesi più anziani d'Europa e ha uno dei tassi di natalità più bassi. Ne consegue che senza lavoratori stranieri interi settori — l'assistenza agli anziani, l'agricoltura stagionale, la logistica — non riuscirebbero a funzionare. A questo si aggiunge un dato semplice: i lavoratori immigrati sono in media più giovani della popolazione italiana, e versano contributi per molti anni prima di riceverne. Detto questo, l'argomento economico ha un limite che vale la pena riconoscere: se il diritto di restare dipende dall'utilità economica, allora chi non lavora non avrebbe diritto a restare. Per questo direi che il contributo economico è un fatto da conoscere, ma non il criterio con cui giudicare una persona.

Exam focus

  • Answer the card that was set. This sub-theme asks about the contribution; the problems have their own card (AO4).
  • Use the demographic link — an ageing country depends on incoming carers — as the central economic argument (AO4).
  • Name the weakness of the economic argument yourself. Criticising your own best point is the clearest signal of analysis available (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Answering the positive-impact card with a list of problems, which does not answer the question asked.
  • Writing la manodopera straniera fa i lavori che gli italiani non vogliono fare as if it were an argument. It is a claim, and it needs both evidence and qualification.
  • Using una badante loosely. It specifically means a live-in or in-home carer, most often for an elderly person.
  • Confusing contributo with contribuzione. Il contributo is the contribution; i contributi in a fiscal context are social-security payments.

Active revision

Prepara in italiano una risposta orale di 90 secondi a «Quale contributo hanno dato gli immigrati all'Italia?», con un argomento economico legato alla demografia, un esempio culturale preciso e una critica al tuo stesso argomento.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

Marginalizzazione, alienazione e integrazione#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 3 - i problemi della migrazione in Italia: marginalizzazione e alienazione; integrazioneLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The second sub-theme names three things, and they form a sequence rather than a list. Marginalisation is structural: exclusion from decent housing, from stable contracts, from the neighbourhoods where services are good and from the networks through which Italian jobs are actually found. Alienation is its subjective side: the experience of belonging fully to neither the country of origin nor the country of residence, which is felt most acutely not by those who arrived but by their children. Integration is the contested answer to both — contested because Italians, like everyone else, disagree about what it requires. Distinguish two models in Italian and you have the spine of an essay: il modello assimilazionista chiede a chi arriva di adottare la cultura del paese ospitante; il modello interculturale prevede un adattamento reciproco. Then take a position, and note that the specification's own word is integrazione, not assimilazione.
The concrete Italian problems are specific and can be named. Il caporalato is the illegal brokering of agricultural labour, in which a middleman recruits and controls seasonal workers, often housed in informal settlements and paid below any legal rate; it is a criminal offence and has been the subject of dedicated legislation and of prosecutions. Housing segregation exists in the peripheries of large cities, and Italian debate uses the word ghettizzazione. Recognition of foreign qualifications — il riconoscimento dei titoli di studio — is slow, so people work far below their training, a phenomenon Italian calls la dequalificazione. Discrimination in renting and hiring is documented and is illegal. And racism in football stadiums has been a recurrent and highly visible national embarrassment, with i cori razzisti prompting sanctions and public argument. Each of these is a checkable, nameable example of the kind the AO4 grid calls pertinent.
The sharpest issue in contemporary Italy, and the one that most rewards a well-prepared candidate, is citizenship. Italian nationality law is based principally on ius sanguinis, descent: a child born in Italy to foreign parents does not acquire Italian citizenship at birth, and must apply on reaching eighteen, having been continuously resident, within a limited window. The result is that hundreds of thousands of young people who were born in Italy, educated in Italian schools and speak Italian as their first language are legally foreign. The proposals debated for years are lo ius soli, citizenship by birth on the territory, usually in a conditional form, and lo ius scholae, citizenship acquired through a period of schooling in Italy; neither has become law, and describing the debate accurately — that it has been repeatedly proposed and repeatedly not passed — is better than asserting an outcome. The people concerned describe themselves as le seconde generazioni, and the movement that campaigns on the issue has used the slogan-free formulation italiani senza cittadinanza, Italians without citizenship, which is the phrase to know.
For argument, this sub-theme rewards precision about who is being talked about. A useful move is to insist on the difference between the first generation and the second: la prima generazione confronta la propria situazione con il paese da cui è partita, la seconda con i propri coetanei italiani, ed è per questo che il senso di esclusione può essere più forte nei figli che nei genitori. That observation explains something rather than describing it, it uses a comparative structure, and it is the kind of connection the specification's definition of perceptive explicitly names. Add the vocabulary of belonging that lets you speak about identity without cliché: appartenere a, riconoscersi in, sentirsi a casa, essere trattato da straniero in casa propria, un'identità plurale.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Italian on citizenship

Translate into Italian. Thousands of young people who were born in Italy and have studied in Italian schools are not Italian citizens. In order to obtain citizenship they must wait until they are eighteen and prove that they have always lived in the country. Many of them say that they feel Italian, even though the law does not recognise them as such.

  1. 01Thousands of young people who were born in Italy and have studied in Italian schools

    Migliaia di giovani nati in Italia e cresciuti nelle scuole italiane. Two decisions. Migliaia di is the plural of migliaio and requires di. And rather than a heavy relative clause (che sono nati in Italia e che hanno studiato), Italian prefers the reduced participial nati ... e cresciuti, which is shorter, more idiomatic and demonstrates the past participle used adjectivally — a structure the grammar list names. Cresciuti nelle scuole is idiomatic for brought up through the schools.

  2. 02are not Italian citizens

    non sono cittadini italiani. Straightforward, but note there is no indefinite article: Italian omits it before an unmodified predicate noun of category. Note too that cittadino is the noun and italiano the adjective, in that order — the reverse would be wrong.

  3. 03In order to obtain citizenship they must wait until they are eighteen

    Per ottenere la cittadinanza devono aspettare di compiere diciotto anni. Per plus infinitive expresses purpose when the subject is the same. La cittadinanza takes the definite article. And the English until they are eighteen is not rendered with fino a quando sono: the idiomatic Italian for reaching an age is compiere gli anni, so aspettare di compiere diciotto anni. Aspettare governs di plus infinitive when the subject is unchanged.

  4. 04and prove that they have always lived in the country

    e dimostrare di aver sempre risieduto nel paese. Again same-subject, so di plus infinitive rather than che plus finite verb: di aver risieduto, with the perfect infinitive that the grammar list names explicitly and with aver commonly elided before a vowel. Sempre is placed between the auxiliary and the participle, as adverbs of this class normally are. Risiedere is the register-appropriate verb for legal residence.

  5. 05Many of them say that they feel Italian, even though the law does not recognise them as such

    Molti di loro dicono di sentirsi italiani, anche se la legge non li riconosce come tali. Dire che would require a finite verb with a different subject; here the subject is the same, so di sentirsi. Sentirsi is reflexive and the adjective agrees: italiani. Anche se takes the indicative. Come tali is as such, agreeing in the plural; the singular come tale would be a visible error. Li is the direct-object pronoun.

Result: Migliaia di giovani nati in Italia e cresciuti nelle scuole italiane non sono cittadini italiani. Per ottenere la cittadinanza devono aspettare di compiere diciotto anni e dimostrare di aver sempre risieduto nel paese. Molti di loro dicono di sentirsi italiani, anche se la legge non li riconosce come tali.

Exam focus

  • Present marginalisation, alienation and integration as a sequence — structure, experience, response — rather than as three separate topics (AO4).
  • Know the citizenship position accurately: ius sanguinis is the law, ius soli and ius scholae are proposals that have not passed (AO4).
  • Use the generational comparison to explain why exclusion can be felt more strongly by children born in Italy (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Saying that Italy has ius soli. It does not; the principle in law is ius sanguinis, and ius soli has been proposed rather than adopted.
  • Calling someone born in Italy un immigrato. They have not migrated; the term used in Italy is seconda generazione, or italiani senza cittadinanza.
  • Using integrazione and assimilazione as synonyms. They name different demands, and the difference is the argument.
  • Writing il caporale for the practice. Il caporalato is the system; il caporale is the individual middleman.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano circa 160 parole su «Che cosa significa davvero integrazione?», distinguendo modello assimilazionista e modello interculturale e citando la questione della cittadinanza per le seconde generazioni.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

L'impatto dell'emigrazione: the movement out, then and now#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 3 - i problemi della migrazione in Italia: impatto dell'emigrazioneLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The specification includes l'impatto dell'emigrazione under the problems of migration, and candidates routinely miss it because they assume the sub-theme is only about arrival. Italy is one of the great emigration countries of modern history: between roughly the 1870s and the 1970s many millions left, first for the Americas and then, after the Second World War, for northern Europe — France, Belgium, Switzerland and West Germany — under bilateral labour agreements. The Belgian coal mines are the emblematic case, and the Marcinelle disaster of 1956, in which a fire in a mine at Marcinelle killed hundreds of miners, a large proportion of them Italian, remains the memorial date of Italian emigration. That history is the single most powerful rhetorical resource available on this whole theme, and using it is not sentimentality but argument: un paese che ha mandato milioni di persone a cercare lavoro altrove conosce da vicino che cosa significa essere lo straniero.
The impact on the places people left was severe and is worth describing structurally rather than nostalgically. Villages emptied — lo spopolamento — and many inland and mountain villages in the South and in the Apennines are now largely abandoned, a phenomenon Italian calls i borghi abbandonati and which has produced everything from schemes selling houses for a token sum to serious debate about internal areas policy, le aree interne. Families were separated for years; le rimesse, remittances sent home, sustained whole local economies; and returning emigrants, i rimpatriati, changed the places they came back to. The demographic effect compounds: emigration removes people of working and childbearing age, so the population left behind ages faster, which is the same mechanism you met in the North-South topic and can now be stated as a general rule: l'emigrazione non toglie soltanto braccia, toglie anche futuro demografico.
Emigration has not stopped, and the contemporary version is the one the specification's other themes connect to. Since the financial crisis of 2008 emigration from Italy has risen again, and it is now concentrated among the young and the qualified — the fuga dei cervelli of Tema 1 — with the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and France as the main destinations. It is measured by registrations on l'AIRE and is generally believed to be undercounted, since not everyone registers. Note the register for saying that: si ritiene che il fenomeno sia sottostimato, dal momento che non tutti si iscrivono all'AIRE. Si ritiene che takes the congiuntivo sia; sottostimato is underestimated; iscriversi a is to register with.
The connection between the two directions of movement is what makes this sub-theme worth a whole answer rather than a paragraph, and the specification has placed both under the same theme deliberately. Italy simultaneously receives working-age immigrants and sends away young graduates, so the same country is a destination and an origin at once — and the two flows are not equivalent, since the people arriving and the people leaving are differently qualified and go into different parts of the labour market. State it precisely and you have an observation that no stimulus card can defeat: l'Italia riceve manodopera e perde laureati, e sarebbe un errore trattare i due movimenti come se si compensassero. Note come se, which always takes the congiuntivo imperfetto — si compensassero — and which is one of the highest-value structures in the language for a Task 1 discussion.
Worked example

Paper 3 Task 1: using history as evidence in a spoken answer

The stimulus statement reads: «L'Italia non può accogliere tutti.» Build a spoken answer that engages the statement seriously and uses Italy's own emigration history as evidence rather than as sentiment.

  1. 01Accept the literal proposition immediately

    Sul piano letterale ha ragione: nessun paese può accogliere tutti, e nessuno lo sostiene. Sul piano letterale is on the literal level. Accepting a proposition that is trivially true, and naming it as trivially true, disarms the statement and forces the discussion onto the real question — which is the analytical move.

  2. 02Name the real question

    La domanda vera, quindi, non è se accogliere tutti, ma quanti, come e con quali diritti. Three interrogatives in parallel. This sentence would be worth preparing for almost any stimulus on this theme, because almost every card on migration states an absolute that dissolves once the real question is named.

  3. 03Introduce the historical evidence factually

    Vale la pena ricordare che l'Italia è stata a lungo un paese di emigrazione: fra Ottocento e Novecento milioni di italiani sono partiti per le Americhe e, dopo la guerra, per il Belgio, la Svizzera e la Germania. Vale la pena ricordare che introduces evidence without moralising. The dates and destinations are specific and checkable.

  4. 04Draw the argument, not the sentiment

    Non lo dico per fare un paragone facile — le situazioni sono diverse — ma perché quella storia ci dice qualcosa di concreto: allora si discuteva degli italiani con le stesse parole con cui oggi si discute di chi arriva. Explicitly refusing the easy parallel, and then giving the precise one, is what separates argument from sentiment. Con le stesse parole con cui is a prepositional relative used twice.

  5. 05Conclude with a criterion and hand back

    Quindi direi che il criterio non può essere il numero in astratto, ma la capacità reale di accoglienza: alloggi, scuole, lavoro. Lei crede che l'Italia stia investendo abbastanza in questo? Ending on three concrete nouns is more persuasive than an abstraction, and the closing question uses crede che plus congiuntivo stia — a genuine question that requires a judgement, which is what the Interaction grid wants.

Result: Sul piano letterale ha ragione: nessun paese può accogliere tutti, e nessuno lo sostiene. La domanda vera, quindi, non è se accogliere tutti, ma quanti, come e con quali diritti. Vale la pena ricordare che l'Italia è stata a lungo un paese di emigrazione: fra Ottocento e Novecento milioni di italiani sono partiti per le Americhe e, dopo la guerra, per il Belgio, la Svizzera e la Germania. Non lo dico per fare un paragone facile — le situazioni sono diverse — ma perché quella storia ci dice qualcosa di concreto: allora si discuteva degli italiani con le stesse parole con cui oggi si discute di chi arriva. Quindi direi che il criterio non può essere il numero in astratto, ma la capacità reale di accoglienza: alloggi, scuole, lavoro. Lei crede che l'Italia stia investendo abbastanza in questo?

Exam focus

  • Bring Italy's own emigration history into any answer on immigration; it is the strongest available piece of evidence and the specification asks for it (AO4).
  • Describe the effect on the places left behind — spopolamento, rimesse, ageing — rather than only on the people who left (AO4).
  • Use come se plus congiuntivo imperfetto at least once; it is a high-value structure and this sub-theme invites it (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Treating Italian emigration as finished. It rose again after 2008 and is now concentrated among graduates.
  • Saying gli emigranti when you mean the historical emigrants; Italian normally says gli emigrati for those who left and gli emigranti for those in the act of leaving.
  • Writing le rimesse as remittances of goods. Le rimesse are money sent home by workers abroad.
  • Using come se with the indicative. It requires the congiuntivo imperfetto or trapassato: come se fosse, come se non fosse mai successo.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano circa 150 parole che colleghino l'emigrazione italiana del passato e l'immigrazione di oggi, usando «come se» con il congiuntivo imperfetto e almeno un riferimento storico preciso.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: handling a contested theme without caricature#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 3 Task 1 - knowledge and understanding of society and culture (AO4), 12 marksLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 3 Task 1 - stimulus cards carry two statements offering different views on the sub-theme

Key points

The stimulus card format is designed for contested themes and you should understand what it is doing. Each card carries two statements, A and B, offering different views on the sub-theme; you choose one during the five minutes of preparation, announce your choice, and then discuss it. The statements are deliberately arguable — that is their function — and neither is the right answer. Choosing the statement you disagree with is entirely legitimate and often produces a better discussion, because arguing against a position forces you to represent it first, which is precisely the analytical work the grid rewards. What is not legitimate is treating a statement as a prompt to recite prepared content: the questions that follow are about the statement, and an answer that ignores it loses focus in the grid's own words.
There is a reliable shape for the first ninety seconds on any contested statement, and it is worth rehearsing until it is automatic. One: identify what the statement assumes. Two: grant whatever is true in it, specifically. Three: name the distinction that the statement blurs. Four: state your position. Five: give one concrete piece of evidence. The Italian for each move can be prepared once and reused: l'affermazione presuppone che plus congiuntivo; è vero che ...; bisogna però distinguere fra ... e ...; personalmente ritengo che plus congiuntivo; basti pensare a ... . A candidate with those five frames automated has a competent opening for any of the twelve cards in the specification.
On themes where people are the subject, three habits protect you. First, speak about specific groups and situations rather than about categories: not gli immigrati but i lavoratori stagionali in agricoltura, or i ragazzi nati in Italia da genitori stranieri. Precision is both more accurate and better marked. Second, attribute contested claims and mark your own view separately, so that the examiner can always tell which is which — secondo chi sostiene X, si teme che, personalmente ritengo che. Third, do not use an emotive metaphor as if it were a description: l'invasione, l'emergenza and l'assalto are figures of speech, and a candidate who repeats them has adopted a framing rather than analysed one. If a stimulus statement uses one, naming it is a strong move: la parola emergenza descrive un evento improvviso, mentre qui parliamo di un fenomeno strutturale da trent'anni.
Finally, a practical point about the discussion itself. Part 1 of Task 1 is the two compulsory printed questions plus follow-up on the statement; Part 2 broadens to the wider theme. That means you should keep material in reserve: do not deploy everything you know about migration on the first question, because the examiner will broaden the discussion and you will need the rest. Plan the five preparation minutes accordingly — one minute deciding your position and its single best piece of evidence, two minutes noting three further points for the broadening, one minute noting the Italian for two or three structures you intend to use, and one minute noting two questions you can ask the examiner. Notes may be made on one side of A4 and referred to, but reading out whole prepared sentences is explicitly not what they are for.
Worked example

The five preparation minutes, minute by minute

You have been offered a choice between the sub-themes l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione and i problemi della migrazione. You choose the first, and the card offers two statements. Show how the five minutes are spent.

  1. 01Minute 1: choose the statement and decide your position

    Read both statements once. Choose on one criterion only: which of the two gives you more to say, not which you agree with. Write your position as one Italian sentence at the top of the page — a full sentence, not a note, because that sentence will be your opening and you do not want to be composing it while speaking.

  2. 02Minute 2: one piece of evidence, written in full

    Write one concrete, checkable example in full Italian: la figura della badante mostra come l'assistenza agli anziani in Italia dipenda da lavoratrici straniere. One example written properly is worth more than six written as single words, because under pressure a single word does not reconstruct into a sentence but a sentence recalls itself.

  3. 03Minute 3: three points for the broadening

    Note three further points in two or three words each, for Part 2 when the examiner widens the discussion: contributo culturale — trap e seconde generazioni; cittadinanza — ius sanguinis, ius scholae proposto; emigrazione italiana — Belgio, Svizzera. Reserve, not opening material.

  4. 04Minute 4: the language you intend to use

    Note two or three structures you want to deploy and the exact words: bisogna distinguere fra ... e ...; non è tanto ... quanto ...; come se plus congiuntivo. Writing the structure, not a whole sentence, keeps you from reading aloud while making the structure available when the moment comes.

  5. 05Minute 5: two questions for the examiner, and a check

    Write two questions to elicit the examiner's view — «Lei che cosa ne pensa?» and «Non crede che il problema sia soprattutto di percezione?» — because the Interaction grid requires you to ask, naturally and at different points, and the specification's own examples are of exactly this kind. Then spend the last twenty seconds reading your position sentence aloud, silently, so that the first thing you say in the exam is a sentence you have already said once.

Result: A five-minute plan that produces one full opening sentence, one fully written example, three reserve points in note form, three target structures and two questions for the examiner — on one side of A4, with nothing on it that you would be tempted to read out.

Exam focus

  • Choosing the statement you disagree with is legitimate and often stronger, because arguing against a position requires representing it first (AO4).
  • Automate the five-move opening: assumption, concession, distinction, position, evidence (AO4).
  • Keep material in reserve for Part 2, when the examiner broadens the discussion beyond the card (AO1 and AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Reciting prepared content that ignores the statement, which the grid penalises as loss of focus.
  • Repeating an emotive metaphor from the stimulus as though it were a description of the facts.
  • Using all your evidence on the first question and having nothing for the broadening in Part 2.
  • Reading whole prepared sentences from the A4 notes. They are for reference; reading from them is explicitly not their purpose.

Active revision

Scegli due affermazioni opposte su un sotto-tema di Tema 3 e prepara, per ciascuna, un'apertura di 60 secondi che segua i cinque passaggi: presupposto, concessione, distinzione, posizione, prova concreta.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Il lessico esatto: the words, and why the wrong one costs more than a mark◐
    • 02L'impatto positivo: il contributo all'economia e alla cultura◐
    • 03Marginalizzazione, alienazione e integrazione●
    • 04L'impatto dell'emigrazione: the movement out, then and now●
    • 05Exam technique: handling a contested theme without caricature●

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From notes into training

Migration: l'impatto positivo dell'immigrazione e i problemi della migrazione

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~35
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification

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