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Notes/Bengali/বাঙালির সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন: music, television and cinema
Notes · BengaliUK · A-Levels

বাঙালির সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন: music, television and cinema

This topic is sub-theme 3.2.1.2 of AQA 7637, Bengali cultural life, inside theme 3.2.1, Artistic culture in the Bengali-speaking world past and present. The specification gives it exactly three bullet aspects - music, television and cinema - and this topic covers them in that order across five sections, two on music, one on television and two on cinema, because the cinema of Kolkata and the cinema of Dhaka are two industries with two histories and cannot honestly be treated as one. The platform's topic id is artistic-culture-2. Bengali cultural life is unusually well documented and unusually easy to name precisely, which is a gift to a candidate: there are dated works, dated institutions, named traditions and international recognitions that can be cited without a single invented figure. The danger is the opposite one - a list of names with nothing said about any of them. The exam technique this topic carries is earning the AO3 range mark: using the structures of section 3.3 deliberately rather than decoratively, because writing about the arts is where a candidate's Bengali most often becomes ambitious and inaccurate at the same time.

5 sections·~31 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Foundation 1 · Standard 3 · Advanced 1

T·0444 / 13
Exam profile
AO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of Bengali music, television and cinema and respond to them critically and analyticallyAO3 · Manipulate Bengali accurately when writing about the arts, deploying a range of lexis and structure from section 3.3AO2 · Understand written Bengali on cultural subjects, including criticism and review, and respond in writingAO1 · Understand spoken Bengali about the arts, including interviews and discussion between speakers
Operators:বর্ণনা করাবিশ্লেষণ করাতুলনা করামূল্যায়ন করাউদাহরণ দেওয়াব্যাখ্যা করাযুক্তি দেওয়া

basic level

In the first year, listen and watch. Learn the names of the main song traditions and be able to say in Bengali what distinguishes one from another. Watch one Bengali film with subtitles and then again without. Build the vocabulary of description - instrument, voice, scene, camera, actor - because you cannot analyse what you cannot name.

higher level

The full A-Level expects you to make a claim about a work or a tradition and support it. That means knowing dates, institutions and recognitions, and it means being able to write a sentence like this tradition changed in this decade for this reason. It also means keeping the two national industries apart: Kolkata and Dhaka have separate histories, separate institutions and separate arguments about themselves.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. বাঙালির সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন: music, television and cinema
    • 01গানের ধারা: the song traditions○
    • 02আধুনিক গান: modern song, bands and what music does socially◐
    • 03টেলিভিশন: state broadcasting, satellite channels and streaming◐
    • 04কলকাতার চলচ্চিত্র: the West Bengal cinema◐
    • 05ঢাকার চলচ্চিত্র: the Bangladeshi cinema●
§ 01

গানের ধারা: the song traditions#

●○○FoundationLPAQA 7637 - 3.2.1.2 Sub-theme: Bengali cultural life - Music

Bengali cultural life, as the specification divides it

Three aspects, two strands eachProbability tree, 6 paths, Data: music → named repertoires; music → folk traditions; television → state broadcasting; television → private and streaming; cinema → Kolkata; cinema → Dhakamusictelevisioncinemacultural lifenamed repertoiresfolk traditionsstate broadcastingprivate and streamingKolkataDhaka
Fig. 1The sub-theme has exactly three bullet aspects, and each divides cleanly into two strands that have to be kept apart: two song repertoires against the folk traditions, a state broadcaster against private and streaming television, and two national cinemas. The music branch is set in heavier ink because it is the one that reaches furthest back and the one both other branches draw on.

Key points

Bengali song is organised into named traditions, and naming them correctly is the first thing an examiner can see. রবীন্দ্রসংগীত means the songs of Rabindranath Tagore, who lived from 1861 to 1941 and who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913; he wrote a very large body of songs, and their performance is governed by a distinct tradition with its own institutions in both Santiniketan and Dhaka. নজরুলগীতি means the songs of Kazi Nazrul Islam, who lived from 1899 to 1976, is known as the বিদ্রোহী কবি, the rebel poet, and is the national poet of Bangladesh; he moved from Kolkata to Dhaka in 1972 and died there. His songs range across ghazals, devotional songs of both the Hindu and the Muslim traditions, and explicitly political songs, which is why he is claimed by more than one constituency and why claims about him should be attributed.
One fact about Tagore is worth committing to memory because it is startling, entirely documented and useful in three different topics: he wrote the national anthems of two countries. আমার সোনার বাংলা is the national anthem of Bangladesh and জন গণ মন is the national anthem of India. No other writer has that distinction, and it lets you make a serious point in one sentence - that Bengali cultural production sits across a border that politics drew later, and that a shared cultural inheritance and a divided political history can coexist. That is the kind of observation an AO4 grid means by a critical and analytical response, and it takes eighteen words of Bengali.
বাউল is not a composer's repertoire but a tradition of wandering singer-practitioners of Bengal, associated above all with লালন, the nineteenth-century figure whose shrine at Cheuriya near Kushtia in Bangladesh remains the tradition's centre and the site of large annual gatherings. The Baul tradition was recognised by UNESCO as an element of intangible cultural heritage and appears on its Representative List, and it matters for the specification because it is a living oral tradition with a philosophy - unorthodox, syncretic, and historically at odds with religious authority - not merely a musical style. Beside it stand the regional folk traditions, each tied to a landscape and a trade: ভাটিয়ালি, the slow songs of boatmen on the great rivers; ভাওয়াইয়া, from north Bengal, associated with cart-drivers and buffalo-herders; জারি and সারি গান; গম্ভীরা from the Chapai Nawabganj and Malda region; কীর্তন in the devotional tradition.
The vocabulary of musical description is small and worth drilling, because a listening passage about music will move fast: গান, song; সুর, melody or tune; কথা and গীতিকার, the words and the lyricist; সুরকার, the composer; শিল্পী, the artist or performer; কণ্ঠ, voice; বাদ্যযন্ত্র, instrument; একতারা and দোতারা, the one-string and two-string instruments of the Baul and folk traditions; ঢোল and তবলা, drums; হারমোনিয়াম; বাঁশি, flute; পরিবেশন করা, to perform; সুর করা, to set to music; রেকর্ড করা, to record. Note that সংগীত and গান are not interchangeable in register: সংগীত is the formal word and belongs in a compound like রবীন্দ্রসংগীত, while গান is the everyday word.
Worked example

Writing one high-value sentence and then defending it

Build a Bengali sentence carrying the two-national-anthems fact, then add the analytical move that turns a fact into an argument.

  1. 01State the fact plainly and correctly

    রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের লেখা দুটি গান আজ দুটি দেশের জাতীয় সংগীত: বাংলাদেশের আমার সোনার বাংলা এবং ভারতের জন গণ মন। Note the colon construction, which Bengali uses as English does, and note that the two anthems are named with their countries so no reader has to guess.

  2. 02Say why it is remarkable, not that it is

    এই ঘটনা বিরল, কারণ দুই দেশের রাজনৈতিক ইতিহাস আলাদা হলেও সাংস্কৃতিক উত্তরাধিকার একই। This is rare, because although the two countries' political histories differ, the cultural inheritance is the same. হলেও is the concessive participle - although - and it is the structure doing the analytical work.

  3. 03Extend it to a claim about the whole sub-theme

    এ থেকে বোঝা যায় যে বাঙালি সংস্কৃতিকে কেবল একটি রাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতি হিসেবে দেখা যায় না। From this it can be understood that Bengali culture cannot be seen as the culture of one state alone. বোঝা যায় is the verbal noun plus যাওয়া construction named in 3.3.9, and দেখা যায় না is its negative - two uses of one prescribed structure in one sentence.

  4. 04Anticipate the objection

    তবে এর অর্থ এই নয় যে দুই দেশের সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন অভিন্ন; প্রতিষ্ঠান, বাজার ও রাষ্ট্রীয় পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা আলাদা। But that does not mean the two countries' cultural lives are identical; the institutions, markets and state patronage differ. Anticipating the objection is what distinguishes good evaluation from confident assertion.

  5. 05Check the AO3 count

    In four sentences you have used: a colon construction, the concessive participle হলেও, the verbal-noun-plus-যাওয়া construction twice including its negative, a যে clause, and a semicolon-joined contrast. That is range deployed deliberately, which is exactly what the AO3 descriptor means by manipulating complex language accurately.

Result: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের লেখা দুটি গান আজ দুটি দেশের জাতীয় সংগীত: বাংলাদেশের আমার সোনার বাংলা এবং ভারতের জন গণ মন। এই ঘটনা বিরল, কারণ দুই দেশের রাজনৈতিক ইতিহাস আলাদা হলেও সাংস্কৃতিক উত্তরাধিকার একই। এ থেকে বোঝা যায় যে বাঙালি সংস্কৃতিকে কেবল একটি রাষ্ট্রের সংস্কৃতি হিসেবে দেখা যায় না। তবে এর অর্থ এই নয় যে দুই দেশের সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন অভিন্ন; প্রতিষ্ঠান, বাজার ও রাষ্ট্রীয় পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা আলাদা। One fact, four sentences, and an argument.

Exam focus

  • The two-national-anthems fact is the highest-value single sentence in this sub-theme. Learn to write it in Bengali.
  • রবীন্দ্রসংগীত and নজরুলগীতি are the names of repertoires, not of genres. Use them precisely.
  • Name a folk tradition with its region: ভাটিয়ালি with the rivers, ভাওয়াইয়া with north Bengal.
  • Baul is a tradition of practice and philosophy, not only a musical style, and saying so is analysis.

Typical mistakes

  • Calling any Bengali folk song a Baul song.
  • Attributing নজরুলগীতি to a single religious tradition; the repertoire crosses them and that is part of its significance.
  • Giving a number for Tagore's songs from memory.
  • Using সংগীত and গান as though the register were the same.
  • Listing traditions without saying what distinguishes one from another, which is description at its thinnest.

Active revision

চারটি বাংলা গানের ধারা বেছে নিন এবং প্রতিটির জন্য দুই বাক্য লিখুন: প্রথম বাক্যে ধারাটি কী, দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে অন্য ধারাগুলো থেকে তা কীভাবে আলাদা। অন্তত একটি ধারার সঙ্গে একটি অঞ্চলের নাম এবং একটি বাদ্যযন্ত্রের নাম যুক্ত করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 02

আধুনিক গান: modern song, bands and what music does socially#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.2.1.2 Sub-theme: Bengali cultural life - Music

Key points

আধুনিক গান, the modern song, is a named category rather than a loose description: it refers to the twentieth-century tradition of composed Bengali songs, distinct from the named repertoires and from folk, that developed with recording, radio and film playback from the 1930s onward. Radio matters here as an institution: broadcasting in Bengali from Kolkata and Dhaka shaped what a national repertoire sounded like, and the state broadcasters of both countries - আকাশবাণী in India and বাংলাদেশ বেতার in Bangladesh - remained the dominant distribution channel for music until the arrival of cassette, satellite and then streaming. Playback singing for cinema created a second kind of star and a second kind of song, and the relationship between the film industry and the recording industry is one of the more concrete arguments a candidate can make about how a culture's music is financed.
The band movement is the change that most reshaped Bengali popular music, and it happened separately and roughly in parallel in Dhaka and in Kolkata from the 1970s and 1980s. বাংলা ব্যান্ড brought guitars, drums and a rock idiom to Bengali lyrics, and it created for the first time a youth music that was neither folk, nor a named classical repertoire, nor film playback. In West Bengal a related development from the 1990s went under the name জীবনমুখী গান, life-facing song, whose defining feature was lyrics about ordinary urban lives rather than about love or landscape. More recently, Bengali rap and hip-hop have emerged in both countries and among diaspora communities in Britain, often carrying explicit social content. These are datable movements with identifiable characteristics, and describing one properly is worth more than naming five.
What music DOES socially is where the analysis lives, and Bengali music offers unusually clear cases. It has repeatedly carried politics: the songs of the Language Movement and of 1971 are a documented part of the historical record, and the songs of Nazrul were treated as political by the colonial authorities of his own time. It carries religious and philosophical dissent, most obviously in the Baul tradition. It carries regional identity, since a folk form names its landscape. And it carries the diaspora: the maintenance of Bengali among second and third-generation families in Britain is bound up with music, with weddings and with cultural associations, which is why a candidate in Britain can write about this sub-theme from direct observation - a legitimate and often strong source for the individual research project.
The structures for writing about music are those of process and of change: the passive-like impersonal, since songs are performed and recorded rather than performing themselves - গানটি ১৯৭১ সালে রেকর্ড করা হয়েছিল, the song was recorded in 1971; the compound verb for a completed change - ধারাটি বদলে গেছে, the tradition has changed; and the temporal correlative pair - যখন রেডিও এল, তখন গানের বাজার বদলাল, when radio arrived, the market for song changed. Add the vocabulary of movement and influence: প্রভাব, influence; ধারা, current or tradition; প্রজন্ম, generation; জনপ্রিয়তা, popularity; পরিবেশনা, performance; শ্রোতা, listener; বাজার, market; পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা, patronage.
Worked example

Deploying the grammar list on purpose, not by accident

Take the flat sentence বাংলা ব্যান্ড খুব জনপ্রিয় হয়েছে and rebuild it so that it demonstrates the range the AO3 grid rewards, without becoming inaccurate.

  1. 01Diagnose what is missing

    The sentence is grammatically correct and says almost nothing: no time, no place, no cause, no structure. The AO3 descriptors ask for a secure grasp of grammar, the ability to manipulate complex language accurately, and a wide range of vocabulary appropriate to the context. This sentence demonstrates none of those, so it cannot reach the top bands however many times you write it.

  2. 02Add a temporal correlative

    সত্তর ও আশির দশকে যখন ঢাকা ও কলকাতায় ব্যান্ড সংগীত শুরু হলো, তখন … The যখন … তখন pair is named in 3.3.10 and immediately gives the sentence a shape.

  3. 03Add an impersonal passive

    … তখন প্রথমবারের মতো বাংলা গানে গিটার ও ড্রামের ব্যবহার শুরু করা হলো। Guitars and drums began to be used in Bengali song for the first time. করা হলো is the impersonal, which is the right register and is on the list.

  4. 04Add a relative clause carrying the consequence

    ফলে এমন একটি শ্রোতাশ্রেণি তৈরি হলো, যারা লোকগান বা চলচ্চিত্রের গানের সঙ্গে নিজেদের মেলাতে পারত না। As a result an audience was created who could not identify themselves with folk song or film song. যারা … is the relative pronoun, and পারত না is the past habitual negative.

  5. 05Add a concession

    যদিও অনেকে একে পশ্চিমা অনুকরণ বলে সমালোচনা করেছিলেন, তবু ধারাটি টিকে গেছে। Although many criticised it as Western imitation, the tradition has survived. যদিও … তবু is the concessive pair, বলে is the quotative participle, and টিকে গেছে is a compound verb.

  6. 06Count what you deployed

    Temporal correlative, impersonal passive, relative clause, past habitual negative, concessive pair, quotative participle, compound verb - seven items from section 3.3 in four clauses, and every one of them is doing a job the sentence needed. That is the difference between range and decoration.

Result: সত্তর ও আশির দশকে যখন ঢাকা ও কলকাতায় ব্যান্ড সংগীত শুরু হলো, তখন প্রথমবারের মতো বাংলা গানে গিটার ও ড্রামের ব্যবহার শুরু করা হলো। ফলে এমন একটি শ্রোতাশ্রেণি তৈরি হলো, যারা লোকগান বা চলচ্চিত্রের গানের সঙ্গে নিজেদের মেলাতে পারত না। যদিও অনেকে একে পশ্চিমা অনুকরণ বলে সমালোচনা করেছিলেন, তবু ধারাটি টিকে গেছে। The test of deliberate range is that removing any structure would remove meaning.

Exam focus

  • আধুনিক গান is a technical term for a specific twentieth-century category, not a synonym for contemporary music.
  • The band movement happened separately in Dhaka and Kolkata. Say which you mean.
  • The impersonal passive - করা হয়েছিল - is the natural register for writing about recording, broadcasting and performance.
  • Diaspora music-making is a legitimate and observable source for the research project.

Typical mistakes

  • Using আধুনিক গান to mean any recent song.
  • Treating the Kolkata and Dhaka band scenes as one movement.
  • Claiming that music caused a political change; it accompanied and carried movements, and the stronger claim needs attribution.
  • Writing in the active where Bengali would use the impersonal, so that গানটি রেকর্ড করল instead of রেকর্ড করা হয়েছিল.
  • Naming many artists and analysing none.

Active revision

১০০ শব্দে ব্যাখ্যা করুন কীভাবে বাংলা ব্যান্ড সংগীত বাংলা গানের ধারা বদলে দিয়েছে। অন্তত দুবার নৈর্ব্যক্তিক কর্মবাচ্য (করা হয়, করা হয়েছিল) ব্যবহার করুন এবং একবার যখন … তখন কাঠামো ব্যবহার করুন। কোন দেশের কথা বলছেন তা স্পষ্ট করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 03

টেলিভিশন: state broadcasting, satellite channels and streaming#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.2.1.2 Sub-theme: Bengali cultural life - Television

Key points

Television in Bangladesh has a datable institutional history that makes it easy to write about precisely. Broadcasting from Dhaka began in 1964, under the arrangements of the time, and the service became বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশন after independence; for most of the following three decades it was the only television available and was a state broadcaster. That changed in the late 1990s, when private satellite channels were licensed and began broadcasting, and the number of Bengali-language channels grew quickly through the 2000s. The consequence worth arguing about is not the count of channels but what competition did to content: a single state broadcaster commissions differently from twenty competing private ones, and the shift from a national schedule to a market is the analytical story here.
The single-play television drama, the নাটক, is Bangladesh's most distinctive television form and it is genuinely worth knowing about. Unlike a serial, a natok is a self-contained play, often about an hour, written and performed for broadcast; the tradition grew under the state broadcaster and became a prestige form for writers and actors. Its high season is the Eid holiday, when channels commission special dramas in quantity, and ঈদের নাটক is a recognised category. Over the last decade a large part of the form has migrated to YouTube, which changed its economics and, according to many practitioners and critics, its length, its content and its relationship with advertisers. That migration - a prestige broadcast form moving to a free video platform - is a clean, arguable case of what digitalisation does to a culture.
In West Bengal the pattern is different because the market is different. The Indian state broadcaster's Bengali service was joined from the 1990s by private Bengali-language satellite channels, and the dominant form there became the daily ধারাবাহিক or মেগা সিরিয়াল, the long-running serial broadcast several nights a week. These serials command very large audiences and are the subject of a continuous public argument in West Bengal about their portrayal of family life and of women - defended by producers as popular drama that reflects its audience, criticised by others as reinforcing conservative expectations. Attribute both positions. Streaming has entered both markets: Kolkata's Hoichoi launched in 2017 and Dhaka's Chorki in 2021, and both commission Bengali-language original series, which has begun to change what Bengali screen drama looks like.
News television is part of this bullet and needs the same discipline as the political topic. Both countries have numerous Bengali-language news channels; in both, the relationship between broadcasters, ownership and political power is a live and openly argued question; and in Bangladesh, licensing and regulation of broadcast media have been the subject of sustained criticism from press-freedom organisations, as well as of defence by governments. State the arrangement, name the criticism and the defence, and stop. The vocabulary you need: চ্যানেল; সম্প্রচার, broadcasting; অনুষ্ঠান, programme; ধারাবাহিক, serial; নাটক, drama or play; সংবাদ, news; দর্শক, viewer; বিজ্ঞাপন, advertisement; সম্প্রচারিত হওয়া, to be broadcast; জনপ্রিয়তা পাওয়া, to gain popularity.
Worked example

A reading question set on a television review

A Paper 1 stimulus text is a review that reads, in part: নতুন ধারাবাহিকটি দেখতে সুন্দর, অভিনয়ও ভালো, কিন্তু গল্পটি নতুন কিছু বলে না। যে দর্শক এই চ্যানেলের আগের ধারাবাহিকগুলো দেখেছেন, তাঁর কাছে সবই চেনা লাগবে। Questions: (a) সমালোচক ধারাবাহিকটির কোন কোন দিকের প্রশংসা করেছেন? (b) তাঁর প্রধান আপত্তি কী? (c) তিনি কোন দর্শকের কথা ভাবছেন?

  1. 01(a) Identify the praise, and only the praise

    Two things: দেখতে সুন্দর and অভিনয় ভালো - the look and the acting. Do not add the story, which is the objection. Answer: দেখতে সুন্দর এবং অভিনয় ভালো। Two items, both from the text, permitted here because there is no AO3 mark.

  2. 02(b) Find the objection, and note its scope

    গল্পটি নতুন কিছু বলে না - the story says nothing new. The objection is to originality, not to quality. A candidate who answers গল্পটি খারাপ has changed the claim and will not be credited, because the reviewer did not say the story was bad.

  3. 03(c) Read the relative clause carefully

    যে দর্শক এই চ্যানেলের আগের ধারাবাহিকগুলো দেখেছেন, তাঁর কাছে … - the relative and correlative pair identifies a specific viewer: one who has already watched this channel's previous serials. The answer is not দর্শকদের কথা but this particular viewer.

  4. 04Note the honorific in the relative clause

    দেখেছেন and তাঁর - the reviewer is using the honorific of the imagined viewer, and তাঁর carries the চন্দ্রবিন্দু. Missing that would not change your answer here, but it tells you the register of the piece, which an inference question might ask about.

  5. 05Write the three answers

    (a) দেখতে সুন্দর এবং অভিনয় ভালো। (b) গল্পে নতুন কিছু নেই। (c) যে দর্শক এই চ্যানেলের আগের ধারাবাহিকগুলো দেখেছেন। Short, exact, and in each case matched to the phrasing of the question rather than to the shape of the text.

Result: Three answers, three different reading skills: locating stated content, identifying the precise scope of a claim, and reading a relative clause for its referent. The mark is lost far more often by paraphrasing loosely - খারাপ for নতুন কিছু বলে না - than by not understanding the Bengali.

Exam focus

  • 1964 for the beginning of broadcasting from Dhaka, and the late 1990s for private satellite channels, are the two datable anchors for Bangladesh.
  • The নাটক is the form to know: what it is, why Eid matters to it, and what YouTube did to it.
  • The West Bengal serial and the argument about it is a two-sided question that must be attributed on both sides.
  • Hoichoi from 2017 and Chorki from 2021 are dated streaming facts you can cite.

Typical mistakes

  • Treating the নাটক and the ধারাবাহিক as the same form; one is a self-contained play and the other a continuing serial.
  • Assuming the two countries' television markets developed together.
  • Asserting that serials harm or do not harm their audiences without attribution.
  • Counting channels as though the number were the analysis.
  • Writing about broadcast regulation without giving the defence as well as the criticism.

Active revision

১২০ শব্দে বিশ্লেষণ করুন: ইউটিউবে চলে যাওয়ার ফলে বাংলাদেশের নাটক কীভাবে বদলেছে। অন্তত দুটি পরিবর্তন উল্লেখ করুন, প্রতিটির সঙ্গে একটি সম্ভাব্য কারণ দিন, এবং কোন দাবি কার - নির্মাতা, সমালোচক না দর্শক - তা স্পষ্ট করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 04

কলকাতার চলচ্চিত্র: the West Bengal cinema#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.2.1.2 Sub-theme: Bengali cultural life - Cinema

Key points

Bengali cinema in Kolkata has an unusually well documented history, which makes it the easiest cultural material in the specification to write about precisely. Studio production in Calcutta was established from the 1930s, and the star-led popular cinema of the 1950s and 1960s built a mass audience across the region. The internationally known chapter begins in 1955 with সত্যজিৎ রায়'s first film, পথের পাঁচালী, which with its two sequels forms the Apu trilogy; Ray, who lived from 1921 to 1992, received an Honorary Academy Award in 1992, shortly before his death. Two contemporaries matter as much within the tradition: ঋত্বিক ঘটক, 1925 to 1976, whose films return repeatedly to partition and displacement, and মৃণাল সেন, 1923 to 2018, whose work is more overtly political and formally restless. Naming the three together, with dates, is a compact demonstration of knowledge.
What makes this cinema examinable rather than merely admirable is that it carried arguments. Ray's early work is usually discussed in terms of realism, of restraint and of an attention to ordinary life that was new in Indian cinema; Ghatak's is discussed in terms of the wound of 1947 and the refugee experience of the East Bengali migrant in West Bengal, which links this sub-theme directly to the migration theme; Sen's in terms of political engagement and of a willingness to break narrative form. Those are the terms in which critics discuss them, and you should say so rather than presenting a judgement as a fact - সমালোচকদের মতে … does the work. What you may state flatly is the documented: dates of release, awards, and the fact that Bengali cinema of this period had an international critical reputation disproportionate to its industry's size.
The contemporary industry, sometimes called Tollywood after the Tollygunge district where its studios grew, is a different subject and worth its own paragraph. It operates in a market dominated by Hindi-language cinema and by streaming, it makes both commercial and festival-oriented films, and it has a live internal argument about whether it should compete with Hindi cinema on its terms or hold to a distinctively Bengali cinema. That argument is conducted publicly by directors, producers and critics and is a strong essay question precisely because it has no settled answer. Streaming has complicated it further: a Bengali series made for a platform reaches a diaspora audience that a Kolkata cinema release never could.
The vocabulary of film analysis is the same set you will need for the prescribed film in Paper 2, so learn it once here: চলচ্চিত্র, film - the formal word, with ছবি and সিনেমা as everyday alternatives; পরিচালক, director; চিত্রনাট্য, screenplay; সংলাপ, dialogue; অভিনয়, acting; অভিনেতা and অভিনেত্রী, actor and actress; দৃশ্য, scene; শট; ক্যামেরা; আলো, lighting; সম্পাদনা, editing; আবহসংগীত, background score; কাহিনি, story; চরিত্র, character; প্রেক্ষাপট, setting or background; মুক্তি পাওয়া, to be released; পুরস্কার পাওয়া, to win an award.
Worked example

Writing about a film without narrating it

You are asked, in a thematic answer, to explain why the cinema of a particular period mattered. Show the difference between narration and analysis, using the film vocabulary above.

  1. 01Recognise the trap

    Narration is what a candidate does when they are unsure what else to say: they retell what happens. It scores almost nothing on AO4, because AO4 asks for a critical and analytical response, not a summary. It is also the single commonest failure in Paper 2, which is why the habit must be broken in thematic work first.

  2. 02Replace event with technique

    Instead of saying what happens, say how it is made and what that does. পরিচালক দীর্ঘ শট ও স্বাভাবিক আলো ব্যবহার করেছেন, যার ফলে দৃশ্যগুলো নাটকীয় না হয়ে বাস্তব মনে হয়। The director used long takes and natural light, so that the scenes feel real rather than dramatic. The vocabulary is doing the analysis.

  3. 03Replace character with function

    Instead of describing a character, say what the character is for in the film's argument. চরিত্রটি দারিদ্র্যের প্রতীক নয়, বরং একটি নির্দিষ্ট পরিবারের নির্দিষ্ট অভিজ্ঞতা - the character is not a symbol of poverty but the specific experience of a specific family. Note that this is a claim about construction, which you can support, rather than a plot summary, which you cannot.

  4. 04Attribute the critical reception

    সমালোচকদের মতে এই ধরনের উপস্থাপনা ভারতীয় চলচ্চিত্রে তখন নতুন ছিল। According to critics this kind of presentation was new in Indian cinema at the time. The claim is now located and defensible.

  5. 05Connect to the theme, since this is a thematic answer

    ফলে চলচ্চিত্রটি কেবল বিনোদন নয়, সমাজ সম্পর্কে একটি বক্তব্যও হয়ে ওঠে। So the film becomes not merely entertainment but also a statement about society. হয়ে ওঠা is a compound verb meaning to become or turn into - precise and on the grammar list.

  6. 06Check for narration

    Read the paragraph back and delete every sentence that answers the question what happens next. If a whole paragraph disappears, it was narration. If nothing disappears, it was analysis.

Result: Four analytical moves - technique, function, attributed reception, thematic consequence - and a deletion test that catches narration. The same four moves are exactly what Paper 2's AO4 grid is looking for on a prescribed film, which is why this habit is worth building here, where the stakes are lower.

Exam focus

  • 1955 for পথের পাঁচালী and 1992 for the Honorary Academy Award are the two dates to have.
  • Ghatak's preoccupation with partition and displacement links cinema to the migration sub-theme - use the connection.
  • সমালোচকদের মতে before a critical judgement converts an opinion into an attributed one.
  • The film vocabulary here is the same vocabulary Paper 2 needs. Learn it once and reuse it.

Typical mistakes

  • Treating Ray as the whole of Bengali cinema.
  • Confusing Bengali-language cinema in Kolkata with Hindi-language cinema, or with Bangladeshi cinema.
  • Asserting critical judgements - the greatest, the most important - without attribution.
  • Getting the date of পথের পাঁচালী wrong; 1955 is the one date in this sub-theme worth being certain of.
  • Using ছবি in a formal essay where চলচ্চিত্র is the register.

Active revision

১৩০ শব্দে লিখুন: কলকাতার বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে পরিচিত হলো কীভাবে এবং কেন। অন্তত তিনটি নাম ও দুটি তারিখ ব্যবহার করুন, এবং অন্তত একটি সমালোচনামূলক মতকে কার বক্তব্য তা চিহ্নিত করে উপস্থাপন করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 05

ঢাকার চলচ্চিত্র: the Bangladeshi cinema#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.2.1.2 Sub-theme: Bengali cultural life - Cinema

Key points

Bangladesh's film industry has its own institutions and its own history and must not be folded into the Kolkata story. A state film development corporation was established in Dhaka in 1957 and provided the studio infrastructure on which the industry grew; the commercial Dhaka cinema that developed around it, sometimes called Dhallywood, built a mass domestic audience through the 1970s and 1980s. জহির রায়হান, who lived from 1935 to 1972, is the figure who links cinema to the political history: his film জীবন থেকে নেয়া, released in 1970, was widely understood at the time as an allegory of the political situation in what was then East Pakistan, and he disappeared in January 1972, shortly after independence. That is a documented sequence and it makes cinema part of the emergence-of-Bangladesh story rather than a decoration on it.
The independent and parallel movement is the part of Bangladeshi cinema with the largest international profile, and it too is datable. তারেক মাসুদ, 1956 to 2011, made মাটির ময়না, released in 2002, which was selected for the Directors' Fortnight at the Cannes Film Festival and won the FIPRESCI prize there - the first Bangladeshi film to reach that stage. With Catherine Masud he had earlier made the documentary মুক্তির গান, released in 1995, assembled substantially from archive footage of 1971. মোরশেদুল ইসলাম belongs to the same movement, and it is his 2011 film that appears on the specification's prescribed list. Naming the movement, its dates and its recognitions is knowledge; claiming what any of these films is about beyond what is documented is not, and the discipline of the works topics applies here too.
The commercial industry's decline and partial recovery is the argument worth making. Through the 2000s domestic production and cinema attendance fell substantially, for reasons that are argued about - competition from television and pirated video, the closure of single-screen halls, and, according to many critics, a decline in the quality and range of commercial production. Since the 2010s multiplexes, streaming platforms and a series of higher-profile productions have brought part of the audience back. Which of the causes mattered most is genuinely disputed among people in the industry, which makes it good essay material: you can set the producers' account against the critics' account and reach a conclusion of your own that acknowledges what it cannot settle.
For a comparative answer - and comparison is the strongest structure available in this sub-theme - the useful axes are four. Institutional: a state corporation in Dhaka against a studio-and-market history in Kolkata. Linguistic market: Bengali cinema in Bangladesh serves a national audience in its own language, while Bengali cinema in West Bengal is a regional cinema inside a country whose dominant film industry works in another language. Political history: Bangladeshi cinema carries 1971 as a continuing subject in a way Kolkata's does not, and Kolkata's carries partition and the refugee experience in a way Dhaka's does not. And distribution: streaming has changed both, but it has given Bangladeshi cinema access to a very large diaspora audience it did not previously reach.
Worked example

Earning the AO3 range mark on an arts answer

The AO3 grid at the top band asks for language that is mainly accurate with only occasional minor errors, a consistently secure grasp of grammar, the accurate manipulation of complex language, and a wide range of vocabulary appropriate to the context. Build one paragraph on Bangladeshi cinema that meets all four, and show the checks.

  1. 01Choose the structures before you choose the content

    Decide in advance which four or five items from section 3.3 the paragraph will use, so that range is planned rather than hoped for. Here: a temporal correlative, an impersonal passive, a relative clause, a concessive, and a compound verb.

  2. 02Write the frame sentence with the correlative

    যখন ১৯৫৭ সালে ঢাকায় চলচ্চিত্র উন্নয়ন সংস্থা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হলো, তখন দেশে নিয়মিত ছবি নির্মাণের অবকাঠামো তৈরি হলো। When the film development corporation was established in Dhaka in 1957, the infrastructure for regular film-making came into being.

  3. 03Add the impersonal and the relative clause

    এর পর যে ধারাটি গড়ে ওঠে, তাকে সাধারণত বাণিজ্যিক ঢাকাই চলচ্চিত্র বলা হয়। The current that grew up after this is usually called commercial Dhaka cinema. যে … তাকে is the relative-correlative, বলা হয় the impersonal passive.

  4. 04Add the concessive and the compound verb

    যদিও দুই হাজারের দশকে দর্শকসংখ্যা অনেক কমে গিয়েছিল, তবু মাল্টিপ্লেক্স ও স্ট্রিমিং আসার পর একাংশ দর্শক ফিরে এসেছে। Although audiences fell sharply in the 2000s, part of the audience has come back since multiplexes and streaming arrived. কমে গিয়েছিল and ফিরে এসেছে are both compound verbs.

  5. 05Check accuracy before range

    Range is worthless if it is inaccurate. Four passes: person and honorific consistent; tenses deliberate - simple past for the founding, past perfect for the decline, present perfect for the recovery; case and postposition correct; and the নুক্তা and চন্দ্রবিন্দু present where needed - গড়ে ওঠে, ফিরে এসেছে.

  6. 06Check vocabulary register

    চলচ্চিত্র rather than ছবি, প্রতিষ্ঠিত হওয়া rather than শুরু হওয়া, দর্শকসংখ্যা rather than কত লোক দেখে - the formal register throughout, which is what appropriate to the context means in the descriptor.

Result: যখন ১৯৫৭ সালে ঢাকায় চলচ্চিত্র উন্নয়ন সংস্থা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হলো, তখন দেশে নিয়মিত ছবি নির্মাণের অবকাঠামো তৈরি হলো। এর পর যে ধারাটি গড়ে ওঠে, তাকে সাধারণত বাণিজ্যিক ঢাকাই চলচ্চিত্র বলা হয়। যদিও দুই হাজারের দশকে দর্শকসংখ্যা অনেক কমে গিয়েছিল, তবু মাল্টিপ্লেক্স ও স্ট্রিমিং আসার পর একাংশ দর্শক ফিরে এসেছে। Three sentences, five planned structures, one date, and a register held throughout - which is what the top AO3 band describes.

Exam focus

  • 1957 for the film development corporation, 1970 for জীবন থেকে নেয়া, 1995 for মুক্তির গান and 2002 for মাটির ময়না are four dates that will carry a whole answer.
  • Bangladeshi cinema belongs to the political history of the country. Use that connection - it links two themes and a research topic.
  • The four comparative axes - institutions, market, political history, distribution - make a comparison essay almost write itself.
  • The works discipline applies here: name films and dates, do not invent plot or quotation.

Typical mistakes

  • Merging the Dhaka and Kolkata industries into one Bengali cinema.
  • Describing the plot of a film you have not seen, or attributing a theme to it on the strength of its title.
  • Presenting the decline of the commercial industry as having one agreed cause.
  • Confusing the state film development corporation with a regulator or a censor board.
  • Writing a comparison with no axis, so that the paragraph alternates between two subjects without ever comparing them.

Active revision

একটি তুলনামূলক প্রবন্ধের পরিকল্পনা করুন (২০০ শব্দ): ঢাকা ও কলকাতার বাংলা চলচ্চিত্রের মধ্যে চারটি পার্থক্য। প্রতিটি অনুচ্ছেদে একটি অক্ষ ধরে দুই দিকই আলোচনা করুন - এক অনুচ্ছেদে শুধু ঢাকা, পরেরটিতে শুধু কলকাতা লিখবেন না। অন্তত তিনটি তারিখ ব্যবহার করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01গানের ধারা: the song traditions○
    • 02আধুনিক গান: modern song, bands and what music does socially◐
    • 03টেলিভিশন: state broadcasting, satellite channels and streaming◐
    • 04কলকাতার চলচ্চিত্র: the West Bengal cinema◐
    • 05ঢাকার চলচ্চিত্র: the Bangladeshi cinema●

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From notes into training

বাঙালির সাংস্কৃতিক জীবন: music, television and cinema

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~31
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification

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বাঙালি রাজনীতি: parties, elections and protest in two polities

EuraStudy·Notes T·04·MMXXVI

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