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Notes/Arabic/Work, citizenship and the environment (المحور الثالث)
Notes · ArabicUK · A-Levels

Work, citizenship and the environment (المحور الثالث)

This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's third theme, المحور الثالث: العمل والمواطنة في العالم العربي, across both of its sub-themes and its research subject. الحياة والعمل covers social mobility, attitudes to equality of opportunity at work, and unemployment; المسئولية تجاه البيئة covers general attitudes to pollution and recycling, the government position on alternative energy, and environmentally friendly groups and organisations; and the theme's research subject, السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية, is folded in here because tourism is simultaneously a labour market, an environmental pressure and a heritage question, so it belongs beside both sub-themes rather than only in the research topic. Themes 1 and 3 are the specification's two society themes, and Theme 3 is the more economic of the pair. Like the rest of this subject it is set in the context of the Arabic-speaking world, which on this material is not one economy: oil exporters and oil importers, states with very large migrant workforces and states that export labour, water-rich and water-scarce countries all sit inside it. The notes therefore work by naming countries and named programmes rather than by generalising, describe magnitudes directionally rather than with invented figures, and teach the Arabic of economic argument alongside the content — verbal nouns, the passive, the cognate accusative, comparatives and the conditional ما لم.

5 sections·~40 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0222 / 12
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Arabic about work, unemployment and the environmentAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Arabic of economic and journalistic registerAO3 · Manipulate Arabic accurately, using a range of lexis and structure to explain causes, weigh costs and evaluate policyAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, work, citizenship, environment and tourism in the Arabic-speaking world
Operators:صفاشرححللقارنقيّمناقشاستنتجترجم

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a reason attached: what jobs young people look for, why unemployment is discussed so often, what people do or do not recycle, what a country's tourist sites are — expressed with secure tenses, correct agreement, and connectives that show cause rather than sequence.

higher level

The full A-Level expects an economic argument, named evidence and honest limits. Which mechanism produces the outcome? Which country are you describing, and would the same sentence be true of its neighbour? Which claims are documented and which are contested? Answers must use verbal nouns and the passive to compress, must rank causes rather than list them, and must name real programmes and places rather than reaching for a regional generalisation.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Work, citizenship and the environment (المحور الثالث)
    • 01الحياة والعمل: الحراك الاجتماعي and the road from education to work◐
    • 02تكافؤ الفرص في العمل والبطالة: opportunity, and who is out of work●
    • 03المسئولية تجاه البيئة: pollution, recycling, alternative energy and who organises it◐
    • 04السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية: the research subject that touches both sub-themes●
    • 05Exam technique: Paper 3 Section B, summarising two sources that disagree●
§ 01

الحياة والعمل: الحراك الاجتماعي and the road from education to work#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Theme 3 - الحياة والعمل: الحراك الاجتماعيLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

The chain that the life-and-work sub-theme describes

The chain that the life-and-work sub-theme describesGraph, School and university → Qualifications, Qualifications → Job search, Equal opportunity → Job search, Job search → Public sector, Job search → Private sector, Job search → Youth unemployment, Youth unemployment → Work abroad, Public sector → Social mobility, Private sector → Social mobility, Work abroad → Social mobilitySchool anduniversityQualificationsEqualopportunityJob searchPublic sectorPrivate sectorYouthunemploymentWork abroadSocial mobility
Fig. 1Three aspects of الحياة والعمل drawn as one route. Equality of opportunity enters as a dashed edge because it is a filter on the search rather than a stage in it — where it fails, the same qualifications produce different outcomes. Youth unemployment is emphasised because it is the point at which the route breaks and the one the specification names as an aspect in its own right. Labels are English because the figure engine has no bidi handling; the Arabic for every node is given in the prose.

Key points

This topic carries المحور الثالث: العمل والمواطنة في العالم العربي, the specification's second society theme, and it holds both of its sub-themes — الحياة والعمل, whose three aspects are الحراك الاجتماعي, الموقف من تكافؤ الفرص في العمل and البطالة, and المسئولية تجاه البيئة — together with the theme's research subject, السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية. Social mobility is the opening aspect and it is a question about a route: what has to happen for somebody to end up better off than the household they were born into, and what stands in the way. In most accounts of the region the classic route ran through education into a salaried post, very often a public-sector one, and that is the route whose reliability is now argued about. Describing the route as a route, rather than listing problems, is what turns this aspect into an argument.
The mechanism worth being able to explain in Arabic has three links. Education expanded very substantially across Arab states in the second half of the twentieth century, and enrolment at every level, including women's university enrolment, rose over that period; that is a documented direction of travel and can be stated without a figure. Public employment absorbed a large share of graduates in many states, which made the qualification itself the currency. Where public hiring has since slowed and private-sector growth has not matched the number of entrants to the labour market, the currency buys less than it did. Say that as a mechanism — الشهادة وحدها لم تعد كافية, the qualification alone is no longer enough — and you have said something an examiner can credit.
The Arabic here rewards a small set of precise words over a large set of vague ones. الحراك الاجتماعي social mobility; سوق العمل the labour market; القطاع العام and القطاع الخاص the public and private sectors; الخريجون graduates; التوظيف hiring; المهارات skills; التدريب المهني vocational training; ريادة الأعمال entrepreneurship; هجرة الأدمغة the brain drain. One word deserves separate attention because it names a live debate and no textbook list contains it: الواسطة, the use of personal connection to obtain a post. It is discussed openly in Arabic writing on employment, it is the natural counterpart of تكافؤ الفرص, and being able to use it accurately signals that you have read Arabic on the subject rather than about it.
Two disciplines protect this aspect from the two commonest failures. The first is variation: an oil-exporting Gulf state where nationals are concentrated in public employment and much of the private workforce is expatriate, a labour-exporting country whose economy depends on remittances, and a middle-income North African state with a large informal sector are three different labour markets, and a sentence true of one may be false of the others. Name your country. The second is attribution: whether the constraint is the education system, the structure of the economy, or the pace of job creation is a genuine disagreement among economists, and the strongest answers say so — يرى بعض الاقتصاديين أن المشكلة في نوع التعليم لا في كميته, بينما يرى آخرون أن الخلل في بنية الاقتصاد نفسه
Worked example

Paper 3 Section A: the three-pass method on a summary question

A Paper 3 Section A recording contains this material. You may stop, revisit and replay it as you wish, and one of the four questions asks you to summarise the speaker's explanation. يقول كثير من الشباب في المنطقة إن الطريق من الجامعة إلى الوظيفة صار أطول مما كان عليه في جيل آبائهم. ففي الماضي كان القطاع العام يوظف نسبة كبيرة من الخريجين، أما اليوم فقد تراجع دوره في بعض الدول، ولم يتوسع القطاع الخاص بالسرعة نفسها. ويشير باحثون إلى أن الشهادة وحدها لم تعد كافية، وأن المهارات العملية واللغات صارت شرطا للتوظيف. ومع ذلك تختلف الصورة اختلافا واضحا بين دولة وأخرى

  1. 01Pass one: shape only, pen down

    Play it through once without writing. You are listening for the shape, not the detail: is this description, argument or contrast? Here the shape is a then-and-now contrast — كان في الماضي against أما اليوم — followed by an expert view and then a qualification. If you can name the shape you already know what the summary has to contain, because a summary of a contrast must carry both sides and a summary of an argument must carry the claim. Individual control of the recording is what makes this affordable: you can spend a pass on structure because you are not going to lose the content.

  2. 02Pass two: capture the load-bearing words

    Second pass, writing only nouns and verbs, not sentences. القطاع العام, الخريجين, تراجع, القطاع الخاص, لم يتوسع, الشهادة, لم تعد كافية, المهارات, اللغات, تختلف بين دولة وأخرى. Notice how much of the meaning sits in the two negatives — لم يتوسع and لم تعد — and that both are لم plus the jussive, so the verb form you hear is shortened. Training yourself to hear لم as a past negative rather than as noise is one of the highest-value listening drills in this qualification.

  3. 03Pass three: verify the two things you are least sure of

    Third pass is targeted. Replay only the stretch you were unsure of. Here the natural doubts are whether the public sector تراجع in all countries or in some — the recording says في بعض الدول, in some countries, and a summary that drops بعض misreports the speaker — and whether the final sentence is a contrast or a conclusion. It is a qualification introduced by ومع ذلك, and it is doing real work, because it prevents the whole passage from being a claim about the region.

  4. 04Write the summary in your own Arabic, not the speaker's

    يرى المتحدث أن الوصول إلى الوظيفة صار أصعب مما كان في الجيل السابق، لأن القطاع العام قلل من التوظيف في بعض الدول ولم يعوض القطاع الخاص هذا النقص. ويضيف أن الشهادة لم تعد وحدها كافية وأن أصحاب العمل يطلبون مهارات ولغات، مع تأكيده أن الوضع يختلف من دولة إلى أخرى. Every content point is there and almost no phrase is the speaker's. أصعب مما كان replaces أطول مما كان; قلل من التوظيف replaces تراجع دوره; لم يعوض … هذا النقص replaces لم يتوسع بالسرعة نفسها.

  5. 05Check the two things a summary most often gets wrong

    First, quantifiers. بعض الدول must survive into the summary; a summary that says في الدول العربية has changed the claim and will lose the point. Second, attribution inside the source: the passage contains two voices, the young people and the researchers, and the summary keeps them apart with يرى المتحدث and ويضيف أن. Where a source reports somebody else's view, a summary that flattens the two into one is inaccurate even if every noun is right.

Result: يرى المتحدث أن الوصول إلى الوظيفة صار أصعب مما كان في الجيل السابق، لأن القطاع العام قلل من التوظيف في بعض الدول ولم يعوض القطاع الخاص هذا النقص. ويضيف أن الشهادة لم تعد وحدها كافية وأن أصحاب العمل يطلبون مهارات ولغات، مع تأكيده أن الوضع يختلف من دولة إلى أخرى

Exam focus

  • Explain mobility as a route with links, not as a list of complaints; the links are what the AO4 grid calls development of an argument (AO4).
  • Learn الواسطة and use it against تكافؤ الفرص. The pair names the debate the aspect is actually about (AO4).
  • Name the country and its labour-market type. Gulf, North African and labour-exporting economies behave differently and the difference is the analysis (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing نمت الوظائف الجديدة with a plural verb. وظائف is a non-human plural and takes feminine singular agreement: نمت is right, نموا is not.
  • Treating the public sector as if it were a single institution across the region. Its share of employment, its pay relative to the private sector and its recent trajectory all differ by country.
  • Describing unemployment as a personal failing or as a purely political one. Both are positions; state the mechanism first and attribute any judgement about responsibility.
  • Using شهادة and مؤهل interchangeably without care. الشهادة is the certificate; المؤهل is the qualification as a level, and a translation may turn on the difference.

Active revision

اكتب بالعربية نحو مئة وثمانين كلمة عن الحراك الاجتماعي في دولة عربية واحدة تختارها. اشرح الطريق من التعليم إلى الوظيفة في ثلاث خطوات، وسم عائقا واحدا بدقة، واستعمل «الواسطة» و«تكافؤ الفرص» في جملة واحدة، ثم انسب أي حكم تقييمي إلى أصحابه

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Arabic (9AA0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

تكافؤ الفرص في العمل والبطالة: opportunity, and who is out of work#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Theme 3 - الحياة والعمل: الموقف من تكافؤ الفرص في العمل؛ البطالةLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Paper 1 Section A - translation into English

Key points

The second and third aspects of this sub-theme belong together because each is the shadow of the other: تكافؤ الفرص في العمل asks who gets in, and البطالة asks who is left out. The documented backbone is stable enough to state plainly. International labour statistics have for many years placed youth unemployment in the Middle East and North Africa among the highest of any world region, and female labour-force participation among the lowest, and both of those are directional facts that hold across published sources without needing a number attached. The interesting question — and the one worth an argument — is why the second is so much lower than the first would predict, given that girls' school enrolment and women's university enrolment rose steeply across the same period.
Equality of opportunity in Arabic writing on work turns on a small number of named issues, and naming them accurately is what separates a strong answer from a vague one. الواسطة, appointment through personal connection, is discussed publicly and is the exact opposite of تكافؤ الفرص. In several Gulf states the composition of the workforce is a policy question in its own right, and the programmes of workforce nationalisation known generally as التوطين, and in Saudi Arabia as السعودة, are real, named and datable policies that a research answer can cite. The position of migrant workers, and the sponsorship arrangements known as نظام الكفالة, is a documented subject of both domestic reform announcements and external criticism; report what has been announced, attribute assessments of how far it has changed, and do not adjudicate.
The Arabic of unemployment is worth building as a set of collocations rather than single words, because the collocation is what sounds native. معدل البطالة the unemployment rate; ارتفاع معدلات البطالة a rise in unemployment rates; البحث عن عمل the search for work; فرص العمل job opportunities; خلق فرص عمل جديدة creating new jobs; استيعاب الخريجين absorbing graduates; العمل غير الرسمي informal work; العمل بعقود مؤقتة working on temporary contracts. Grammatically, this aspect is where verbal nouns earn their keep: Arabic will very often prefer ارتفاع معدلات البطالة where English says that unemployment has risen, and using the noun rather than the clause is precisely the compression the AO3 range grid describes as complex language.
Two honesty rules apply here with unusual force. First, unemployment figures are contested even among the bodies that publish them, because definitions of participation and of informal work differ; describe magnitudes comparatively — أعلى من, أقل من, من أعلى المعدلات في العالم — and never quote a percentage you cannot source. Second, this aspect touches on migrant labour, where conditions are the subject of active reporting, campaigning and government response. The safe and also the strongest way to handle it is the standard one: state what is legally documented, attribute every evaluation to whoever makes it, note that reform has been announced in several states, and note that assessments of implementation differ. That is not evasion; it is what the AO4 grid means by evaluating issues.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: translation into English, worked sentence by sentence

Translate into English. لا يمكن رد مشكلة البطالة في المنطقة العربية إلى سبب واحد. فمن جهة، يدخل سوق العمل كل عام عدد كبير من الشباب، ومن جهة أخرى، لا تنمو الوظائف الجديدة بالسرعة نفسها. وقد اعتمدت دول عدة على القطاع العام لاستيعاب الخريجين، غير أن هذا الحل لم يعد ممكنا في كل مكان. ويرى بعض الاقتصاديين أن المشكلة تكمن في نوع التعليم لا في كميته، بينما يرى آخرون أن الخلل في بنية الاقتصاد نفسه

  1. 01لا يمكن رد مشكلة البطالة في المنطقة العربية إلى سبب واحد

    لا يمكن plus a verbal noun is the impersonal it is not possible to. رد is the verbal noun of رد, whose sense with إلى is to trace back to or reduce to; the preposition is doing the semantic work and must be read. مشكلة البطالة is a construct chain, the problem of unemployment, with no article on مشكلة. سبب واحد is indefinite: a single cause. The unemployment problem in the Arab region cannot be traced back to a single cause.

  2. 02فمن جهة، يدخل سوق العمل كل عام عدد كبير من الشباب

    من جهة … ومن جهة أخرى is the standard on the one hand … on the other, and the ف opens the explanation. The word order is verb, object, adverbial, subject — يدخل سوق العمل كل عام عدد كبير — which is entirely normal in Arabic and disorienting for an English reader; identify the subject by asking which noun the verb agrees with, and here يدخل is masculine singular agreeing with عدد. كل عام is an adverbial accusative. On the one hand, a large number of young people enter the labour market every year.

  3. 03ومن جهة أخرى، لا تنمو الوظائف الجديدة بالسرعة نفسها

    لا with the imperfect is a plain present negative. تنمو is feminine singular because وظائف is a non-human plural, and الجديدة is feminine singular for exactly the same reason — one rule, two visible consequences in five words. بالسرعة نفسها, at the same speed, uses نفس in apposition after the noun to mean the same, a construction distinct from نفسه as a reflexive emphatic. On the other hand, new jobs are not growing at the same speed.

  4. 04وقد اعتمدت دول عدة على القطاع العام لاستيعاب الخريجين

    قد with a perfect verb marks completion and often licenses an English present perfect. اعتمد على is to rely on. دول عدة, several countries, has the numeral-like عدة following its noun, and اعتمدت is feminine singular because دول is a non-human plural. لاستيعاب is لـ plus a verbal noun in the genitive, expressing purpose where English uses an infinitive: in order to absorb. Several countries have relied on the public sector to absorb graduates.

  5. 05غير أن هذا الحل لم يعد ممكنا في كل مكان

    غير أن is a formal but or however and, like إن and أن, puts the following noun in the accusative. لم يعد is again the fixed no longer, with the jussive after لم and an accusative predicate, ممكنا, whose alif is visible. في كل مكان, everywhere, is literally in every place, and the English idiom is what you should write. But this solution is no longer possible everywhere.

  6. 06ويرى بعض الاقتصاديين أن المشكلة تكمن في نوع التعليم لا في كميته، بينما يرى آخرون أن الخلل في بنية الاقتصاد نفسه

    تكمن في is to lie in, and it is the natural verb where English says the problem lies in. لا between two prepositional phrases means not, and the parallelism نوع التعليم لا كميته — the kind of education, not its quantity — is the sentence's whole argument. The second clause is a nominal sentence with no verb: أن الخلل في بنية الاقتصاد, that the flaw is in the structure of the economy, where Arabic simply omits the copula. نفسه is the emphatic, the economy itself. Some economists hold that the problem lies in the kind of education rather than its quantity, while others hold that the flaw is in the structure of the economy itself.

Result: The unemployment problem in the Arab region cannot be traced back to a single cause. On the one hand, a large number of young people enter the labour market every year; on the other, new jobs are not growing at the same speed. Several countries have relied on the public sector to absorb graduates, but this solution is no longer possible everywhere. Some economists hold that the problem lies in the kind of education rather than in its quantity, while others hold that the flaw is in the structure of the economy itself.

Exam focus

  • Pair the two aspects deliberately: opportunity is who gets in, unemployment is who is left out, and one explains the other (AO4).
  • Cite named, datable policy — التوطين, السعودة, announced labour-law reforms — rather than a general claim about governments (AO4).
  • Use the verbal noun to compress: ارتفاع معدلات البطالة, استيعاب الخريجين, خلق فرص العمل (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Quoting an unemployment percentage. Definitions differ between publishing bodies; compare magnitudes instead and stay accurate.
  • Writing معدل البطالة العالي. The adjective attaches to the last term of the chain, so this says the high unemployment rather than the high rate; if you mean the rate is high, write معدل البطالة مرتفع as a sentence.
  • Treating female labour-force participation as a single regional fact. It differs widely between Arab countries and between urban and rural areas within them.
  • Describing migrant labour conditions without attribution. State the legal arrangements, then attribute every assessment of them.

Active revision

اكتب بالعربية نحو مئتي كلمة تجيب فيها عن السؤال: «لماذا ترتفع البطالة بين الشباب في بعض الدول العربية رغم ارتفاع نسبة التعليم؟» استعمل ثلاثة مصادر نحوية على الأقل، وقدم سببين مرتبين حسب الأهمية، وانسب كل تفسير إلى أصحابه، واختم بجملة تحد من تعميم استنتاجك

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

المسئولية تجاه البيئة: pollution, recycling, alternative energy and who organises it#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Theme 3 - المسئولية تجاه البيئة: الاتجاهات العامة نحو التلوث وإعادة التدوير؛ الموقف الحكومي من الطاقة البديلة؛ الجماعات والمنظمات الصديقة للبيئةLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Paper 2 Section A - translation into Arabic

Key points

The second sub-theme of Theme 3 is المسئولية تجاه البيئة, and its three aspects are unusually well chosen because they sit at three different levels: general public attitudes to التلوث and إعادة التدوير, the government position specifically on الطاقة البديلة, and the groups and organisations that work on the environment. Answering all three means moving between the household, the state and civil society, and an answer that stays at one level is answering a third of the sub-theme. The physical background is documented and safe to state: much of the Arab world is among the most water-scarce regions on earth, several countries face التصحر, desertification, and a majority of the region's population now lives in cities, which concentrates both waste and air pollution.
The government aspect is the easiest to answer well, because the evidence is named and datable. Morocco built the Noor Ouarzazate complex, one of the largest concentrated-solar installations in the world; Egypt built the Benban solar park near Aswan; the United Arab Emirates founded Masdar in Abu Dhabi as a renewable-energy company and planned city, and Jordan has expanded solar and wind generation substantially. The region has also hosted the international climate negotiations twice in successive years — COP27 at Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt in 2022 and COP28 in Dubai in 2023. Every one of those is checkable, none requires a statistic, and each gives an answer the concrete specificity that the AO4 grid asks for when it speaks of relevant information, examples and references.
Recycling and everyday attitudes are harder, and the honest framing is more interesting than the pious one. Published assessments generally find formal municipal recycling rates across the region low relative to Europe, while informal collection and reuse — the recovery of metal, cardboard and plastics by people who make a living from it — is significant in several large cities. That contrast is worth stating, because it complicates the easy sentence about a lack of environmental awareness: where collection infrastructure exists and is convenient, participation follows, and where it does not, awareness campaigns do comparatively little. In Arabic: لا تحقق حملات التوعية شيئا يذكر ما لم تتوفر البنية التحتية أولا, awareness campaigns achieve little unless the infrastructure is there first.
The vocabulary is regular and mostly built from familiar roots, which makes it quick to acquire. البيئة the environment, التلوث pollution, تلوث الهواء air pollution, النفايات waste, إعادة التدوير recycling, الطاقة المتجددة renewable energy, الطاقة الشمسية solar power, طاقة الرياح wind power, شح المياه water scarcity, التصحر desertification, تغير المناخ climate change, الوعي البيئي environmental awareness, الجمعيات البيئية environmental associations, الحفاظ على البيئة preserving the environment. Two structures do most of the work: ما لم plus the jussive for unless, which is the single most useful conditional on this sub-theme, and the internal passive — تجمع النفايات مرتين في الأسبوع, the waste is collected twice a week — which lets you describe a system without naming who runs it.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Arabic, with every decision justified

Translate into Arabic. Governments in the region have begun to invest in solar energy on a large scale, partly because sunlight is abundant and partly because the cost of the technology has fallen. Recycling, by contrast, is still organised locally rather than nationally in many countries, and household participation depends on whether collection is convenient. Environmental associations argue that awareness campaigns achieve little unless the infrastructure is there first.

  1. 01Governments in the region have begun to invest in solar energy on a large scale

    بدأت حكومات المنطقة تستثمر في الطاقة الشمسية على نطاق واسع. بدأ takes a following imperfect verb directly, with no أن, where English uses to invest; this is one of a small family of verbs — بدأ, أخذ, صار, كاد — that behave this way and it is worth learning as a set. بدأت is feminine singular because حكومات is a non-human plural. حكومات المنطقة is a construct chain and takes no article on حكومات. على نطاق واسع is the fixed phrase for on a large scale.

  2. 02partly because sunlight is abundant and partly because the cost of the technology has fallen

    لأن الشمس متوفرة من جهة، ولأن تكلفة التكنولوجيا انخفضت من جهة أخرى. Two causal clauses, both with لأن, which puts its subject in the accusative. Partly … partly is carried by من جهة … ومن جهة أخرى, placed at the ends of the clauses rather than the beginnings, which is the natural Arabic position here. الشمس متوفرة is a nominal sentence with no verb at all, which is how Arabic states a present state of affairs. تكلفة التكنولوجيا is a chain, and انخفضت is feminine singular agreeing with تكلفة.

  3. 03Recycling, by contrast, is still organised locally rather than nationally in many countries

    أما إعادة التدوير فما زالت تنظم محليا لا وطنيا في كثير من الدول. By contrast is carried by the أما … فـ … topic-fronting frame, which is more idiomatic here than any adverb. ما زالت plus an imperfect gives is still, and the verb is feminine singular because إعادة is feminine. تنظم is the internal passive, is organised; Arabic prefers it to any agentive construction when the agent is unimportant, and the specification's grammar list names the passive in all tenses and forms. محليا and وطنيا are adverbial accusatives, and لا between them is the ordinary Arabic for rather than.

  4. 04and household participation depends on whether collection is convenient

    وتتوقف مشاركة الأسر على سهولة جمع النفايات. توقف على is depends on. Rather than translating whether with a clause, Arabic reaches for a chain of verbal nouns — سهولة جمع النفايات, the ease of collecting the waste — which says the same thing in four words and displays exactly the compression the AO3 range grid describes. This is the single most transferable habit in English-to-Arabic translation: when English uses a subordinate clause, ask first whether Arabic would use a verbal noun.

  5. 05Environmental associations argue that awareness campaigns achieve little unless the infrastructure is there first

    وترى الجمعيات البيئية أن حملات التوعية لا تحقق شيئا يذكر ما لم تتوفر البنية التحتية أولا. Argue that is رأى أن here rather than جادل, which is closer to to dispute. البيئية agrees with الجمعيات as a feminine singular, the non-human plural rule again. لا تحقق شيئا يذكر is the idiom for achieve nothing worth mentioning, with يذكر a passive imperfect functioning as an adjective on the indefinite شيئا. ما لم is unless and takes the jussive: تتوفر, not تتوفرُ, and in a plural verb the difference would be a dropped ن.

Result: بدأت حكومات المنطقة تستثمر في الطاقة الشمسية على نطاق واسع، لأن الشمس متوفرة من جهة، ولأن تكلفة التكنولوجيا انخفضت من جهة أخرى. أما إعادة التدوير فما زالت تنظم محليا لا وطنيا في كثير من الدول، وتتوقف مشاركة الأسر على سهولة جمع النفايات. وترى الجمعيات البيئية أن حملات التوعية لا تحقق شيئا يذكر ما لم تتوفر البنية التحتية أولا

Exam focus

  • Answer at all three levels — household attitudes, government policy, organised groups — because the sub-theme is built from all three (AO4).
  • Name real projects: Noor Ouarzazate, Benban, Masdar, COP27 at Sharm el-Sheikh, COP28 in Dubai. Specificity is the cheapest AO4 mark available (AO4).
  • Drill ما لم plus the jussive; it expresses the conditional this sub-theme keeps needing (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Explaining low recycling rates solely by a lack of awareness. Where collection is inconvenient, participation falls regardless of awareness, and saying so is the better argument.
  • Writing ما لم تتوفر with the indicative. ما لم takes the jussive, and in verbs whose plural ends in ن the difference is visible.
  • Treating water scarcity as a future problem. It is a present constraint in much of the region and drives policy that is already documented.
  • Naming an environmental organisation you have not verified. Name organisations you have actually found in your own country research, or describe the type.

Active revision

اختر دولة عربية واحدة واكتب بالعربية نحو مئتي كلمة عن المسئولية تجاه البيئة فيها، على ثلاثة مستويات: سلوك الأسر، وموقف الحكومة من الطاقة البديلة، ودور الجمعيات. اذكر مشروعا واحدا حقيقيا بالاسم، واستعمل «ما لم» مرة واحدة والمبني للمجهول مرتين

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 04

السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية: the research subject that touches both sub-themes#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Theme 3 research subject - السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية: التأثير على الاقتصاد السياحي؛ تكاليف وفوائد السياحة على السكان المحليين؛ تأثير السياحة على التراث الوطني والبنية التحتيةLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Paper 1 Section C - writing (research question), 40 marks

Key points

Every theme carries a research subject as well as two sub-themes, and Theme 3's is السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية, tourism in one Arab country, with three aspects: its effect on the tourist economy, the costs and benefits for local people, and its effect on national heritage and infrastructure. If you choose this subject you will answer on it in Paper 1 Section C, for 40 marks and a recommended 85 minutes; if you do not, it still belongs here, because tourism is where this theme's two sub-themes meet. It is a labour market — seasonal, often low-wage, heavily gendered in some countries — and it is an environmental pressure on water, coastline and archaeological fabric. Studying it alongside الحياة والعمل and المسئولية تجاه البيئة is more efficient than studying it separately.
The economics are teachable as a mechanism rather than as a list of benefits. Tourism earns foreign currency, which matters most to countries that import more than they export; it employs many people relative to the capital invested, which is why governments like it; it is seasonal and highly sensitive to events outside the country's control, which makes the income unstable; and much of the spending in an all-inclusive resort may never leave the resort, which is the leakage argument. Set against that, tourism finances the conservation of sites that would otherwise decay, and it gives a domestic constituency an interest in preserving them. Every one of those is a general mechanism you can state safely; the country-specific evidence is what your own research must supply.
Heritage and infrastructure is where the specific, verifiable references live, and naming real places is exactly what lifts a Section C answer. Petra in Jordan, the medina of Fez in Morocco, the archaeological site of Carthage in Tunisia, the pyramids at Giza and the temples of Luxor in Egypt, and AlUla in Saudi Arabia are all real, all on the UNESCO World Heritage List or nominated for it, and all subject to documented management questions about visitor numbers, water, access roads and the balance between conservation and use. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 programme names tourism development explicitly, which makes it a datable policy reference rather than an impression. Choose one country and know three of its sites properly rather than ten superficially.
The Arabic for this subject is compact and highly reusable. السياحة tourism, السائح the tourist, القطاع السياحي the tourism sector, العائدات السياحية tourism revenues, العملة الصعبة hard currency, الموسمية seasonality, فرص العمل الموسمية seasonal jobs, التراث الوطني national heritage, المواقع الأثرية archaeological sites, البنية التحتية infrastructure, الحفاظ على التراث preserving heritage, السياحة المستدامة sustainable tourism, السكان المحليون the local population. The grammatical move this subject rewards more than any other is the weighing sentence, and it is worth memorising a frame: تفيد السياحة الاقتصاد الوطني فائدة واضحة، غير أن توزيع هذه الفائدة على السكان المحليين ليس متساويا — tourism benefits the national economy clearly, yet the distribution of that benefit among local people is not equal. The cognate accusative فائدة واضحة, the concessive غير أن and the negated nominal ليس متساويا are all named in Appendix 2.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: answering a research statement from research notes plus an unseen text

The statement is: «تفيد السياحة الاقتصاد الوطني أكثر مما تفيد السكان المحليين.» The unseen text is general, as Section C texts are — it describes how tourist income supports conservation at heritage sites, and reports that jobs in the sector are often seasonal. Your research is on one country. Build the answer.

  1. 01Read the statement for its load-bearing word, not its topic

    The topic is tourism; the argument is in أكثر مما, more than. The statement is a comparison, so an answer that lists benefits and then lists costs has not answered it. What it needs is a judgement about relative weight, and a judgement about relative weight needs a criterion. Announce the criterion in the first sentence: يعتمد الحكم على ما نقيس به الفائدة — the judgement depends on what we measure benefit by. That single move takes an answer out of the descriptive bands, and it costs one sentence.

  2. 02Take what the unseen text gives you, and label it as the text's

    The AO2 grid is worth 10 marks and rewards using relevant information from the text to contribute to your ideas, so the text must appear and must be recognisable as the text. يشير النص إلى أن عائدات السياحة تسهم في ترميم المواقع الأثرية, the text points out that tourism revenues contribute to the restoration of archaeological sites — and then immediately do something with it, rather than leaving it as a reported fact: وهذا في حد ذاته فائدة تصل إلى السكان المحليين بشكل غير مباشر, and this in itself is a benefit that reaches local people indirectly.

  3. 03Bring the country-specific evidence, which only your research can supply

    The unseen text is written to be equally relevant to any Arabic-speaking country, so every concrete detail must come from you. From research on Jordan, for instance: البتراء موقع مدرج على قائمة التراث العالمي، ويعتمد اقتصاد وادي موسى المجاور عليها اعتمادا كبيرا. Note the cognate accusative اعتمادا كبيرا, and note the shape of the point: a named site, a named neighbouring settlement, and a stated dependence. This is what the AO4 grid means by relevant information and examples from the one country researched.

  4. 04Give the other side properly, then decide

    غير أن كثيرا من فرص العمل في القطاع موسمية، والأجور فيها أقل من نظيراتها في القطاعات الأخرى، وهو ما يقلل من أثرها على دخل الأسرة على مدار السنة. غير أن concedes; أقل من نظيراتها, lower than their equivalents, is a comparative with a properly agreeing noun; وهو ما يقلل من is the relative frame for and this is what reduces. Then decide, with the criterion you announced: إذا قيست الفائدة بالعملة الصعبة فالميزان يميل إلى الاقتصاد الوطني، أما إذا قيست بالدخل الثابت للأسر فالصورة أقل وضوحا

  5. 05Check the four things Section C is marked on before you stop

    One country only, and no stray reference to a second — a second country earns nothing and costs time. All three aspects of the research subject touched: economy, local people, heritage and infrastructure. The unseen text used and visibly used, since AO2 is 10 of the 40 marks. And length: the guide is 270 to 320 words, so a 150-word answer has not given the AO3 range grid enough language to reward, while a 500-word answer will have spent the time you needed for accuracy. Count words in practice until you know what 300 looks like in your own handwriting.

Result: يعتمد الحكم على ما نقيس به الفائدة. يشير النص إلى أن عائدات السياحة تسهم في ترميم المواقع الأثرية، وهذا في حد ذاته فائدة تصل إلى السكان المحليين بشكل غير مباشر. والبتراء موقع مدرج على قائمة التراث العالمي، ويعتمد اقتصاد وادي موسى المجاور عليها اعتمادا كبيرا. غير أن كثيرا من فرص العمل في القطاع موسمية، والأجور فيها أقل من نظيراتها في القطاعات الأخرى، وهو ما يقلل من أثرها على دخل الأسرة على مدار السنة. وإذا قيست الفائدة بالعملة الصعبة فالميزان يميل إلى الاقتصاد الوطني، أما إذا قيست بالدخل الثابت للأسر فالصورة أقل وضوحا

Exam focus

  • Answer all three aspects. The economy, local people and heritage are three separate requirements, and Section C expects all of them to have been researched (AO4).
  • Name real sites and real policy in one country, and know them properly. Three well-known sites beat ten names (AO4).
  • Learn one weighing frame by heart. تفيد … فائدة واضحة، غير أن … ليس متساويا carries a whole paragraph of argument (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing about tourism in the Arab world in general. Section C is marked on one country, and material about a second earns nothing.
  • Presenting tourism as straightforwardly good or straightforwardly harmful. The aspect is called costs and benefits, and the grid rewards weighing them.
  • Confusing السائح with السياحي. السائح is the tourist; السياحي is the adjective touristic, and it must agree with its noun.
  • Assuming a site is on the World Heritage List because it is famous. Check the ones you name; a false attribution is a content error.

Active revision

اختر دولة عربية واحدة واكتب بالعربية نحو مئتين وسبعين كلمة عن السياحة فيها. غط الجوانب الثلاثة: الاقتصاد، والسكان المحليون، والتراث والبنية التحتية. اذكر ثلاثة مواقع حقيقية بالاسم، وقدم فائدة وتكلفة لكل جانب، واختم بحكم مسبب لا بشعار

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: Paper 3 Section B, summarising two sources that disagree#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Paper 3 Section B - listening, reading and writing question, 30 marks, recommended 1 hour 30 minutesLPPearson Edexcel 9AA0 Paper 3 - questions 5(a) and 5(b) points-based; 5(c) marked by AO1 /6, AO2 /6 and AO3 /10

Key points

Paper 3 Section B is the strangest task in the qualification and the one most worth rehearsing, because nothing else resembles it. You are given a recording and a written text on the same sub-theme, you summarise the different points of view in each — those are questions 5(a) and 5(b), marked by a points-based scheme — and then in 5(c) you write an evaluation of the viewpoints in both, saying which you agree with and why, in a recommended 180 to 230 words. 5(c) is marked by three levels-based grids: understand and respond to spoken language, AO1, out of 6; understand and respond to written language, AO2, out of 6; and accuracy and range of language, AO3, out of 10. The recommended time for the whole section is an hour and a half, which is generous, and the danger is spending it in the wrong place.
The structural insight that makes this section tractable is that the two sources are chosen because they disagree, and that your job in 5(a) and 5(b) is to make the disagreement visible rather than to describe two topics. Two sources on tourism will not both say tourism is important; one will emphasise the revenue and the other the seasonality, or one the conservation funding and the other the pressure on water. Before writing anything, put one sentence on your paper for each source in the form: يرى المصدر الأول أن …، بينما يرى المصدر الثاني أن …. If you cannot fill that frame, you have not yet found the disagreement, and no amount of detail will compensate.
The AO1 and AO2 grids in 5(c) are each worth only 6 marks, but they are worth them for a specific behaviour: using information from the spoken source and from the written source to evaluate and draw conclusions. That means your evaluation must visibly draw on both, and the cheapest way to make it visible is to label. يقول المتحدث في التسجيل إن … and يذكر النص المكتوب أن … cost four words each and tell the examiner exactly which grid to credit. An evaluation that reaches an excellent conclusion without ever showing which source supplied which fact can score well on AO3 and poorly on AO1 and AO2 at the same time, which is the characteristic pattern of a strong linguist losing marks on task compliance.
Divide the ninety minutes deliberately. Roughly: fifteen minutes on the recording, using the individual control you are given to hear it more than once; ten minutes reading the text; fifteen minutes writing 5(a) and 5(b) tightly, because they are points-based and length adds nothing once the points are made; forty minutes planning and writing 5(c); and ten minutes checking. The checking is not optional at this level, because AO3 is 10 of the 22 grid marks in 5(c) — nearly half — and it is marked for accuracy and range together. Spend the ten minutes on agreement, on the endings after لم and أن and ما لم, on the article in construct chains, and on whether you have used more than one sentence pattern.
Worked example

Two sources, one evaluation: the frame that earns AO1, AO2 and AO3 together

The recording is an interview in which a hotel manager on a coastal resort argues that tourism is the region's main employer and that criticism of it ignores where the jobs would otherwise come from. The written text is a newspaper column arguing that the water and electricity a resort consumes are paid for by everybody and that seasonal contracts do not build a career. Write 5(c).

  1. 01Open by naming the disagreement, not the topic

    يختلف المصدران لا في أهمية السياحة بل في من يتحمل تكلفتها. The frame لا … بل … , not … but rather … , is the most efficient way in Arabic to say that two people agree about one thing and disagree about another, and it demonstrates immediately that you have understood both sources rather than one. Opening with the disagreement rather than with a definition of tourism also saves you thirty words you will want later.

  2. 02Give the spoken source its own sentence, labelled

    يقول المتحدث في التسجيل إن القطاع السياحي هو المشغل الأكبر في المنطقة، ويسأل عن البديل الذي يوفر هذا العدد من الوظائف. يقول … إن with the accusative after إن is the standard reporting frame. The second clause reproduces the shape of his argument — a rhetorical question about the alternative — rather than just its content, which shows comprehension of how he argues, and that is what the AO1 grid rewards above simple retrieval.

  3. 03Give the written source its own sentence, labelled

    أما النص المكتوب فيركز على التكاليف غير المرئية: استهلاك الماء والكهرباء الذي يدفع ثمنه الجميع، والعقود الموسمية التي لا تبني مهنة. أما … فـ … marks the switch of source cleanly. التكاليف غير المرئية uses غير plus a genitive to negate an adjective, which Appendix 2 names. الذي and التي agree with their antecedents — masculine singular استهلاك, feminine plural عقود taking the feminine singular التي — and getting both right in one sentence is visible AO3 range.

  4. 04Evaluate by testing one claim against the other

    والحجتان لا تتناقضان بالضرورة: يمكن أن يكون القطاع أكبر مشغل وأن تكون تكلفته موزعة توزيعا غير عادل في الوقت نفسه. This is the sentence that turns a comparison into an evaluation, and it is available on almost any pair of sources: show that the two claims are about different things and therefore can both be true. يمكن أن يكون … وأن تكون … puts two subjunctive verbs under one modal, and توزيعا غير عادل is a cognate accusative with a negated adjective inside it.

  5. 05Take a position, with the reason and the limit

    وأميل إلى رأي النص المكتوب، لأنه يسأل عن توزيع الفائدة لا عن حجمها، وهو السؤال الأصعب. غير أن هذا الحكم يتغير بتغير البلد: ففي دولة يشكل فيها القطاع السياحي مصدر العملة الصعبة الرئيسي، يصبح كلام المتحدث أقوى. أميل إلى takes إلى. The reason is stated as a reason — because it asks about distribution rather than size — and the limit does the AO4-style work of naming the conditions under which the other side would win. Ending on a condition rather than a slogan is what a top-band evaluation looks like.

Result: يختلف المصدران لا في أهمية السياحة بل في من يتحمل تكلفتها. يقول المتحدث في التسجيل إن القطاع السياحي هو المشغل الأكبر في المنطقة، ويسأل عن البديل الذي يوفر هذا العدد من الوظائف. أما النص المكتوب فيركز على التكاليف غير المرئية: استهلاك الماء والكهرباء الذي يدفع ثمنه الجميع، والعقود الموسمية التي لا تبني مهنة. والحجتان لا تتناقضان بالضرورة: يمكن أن يكون القطاع أكبر مشغل وأن تكون تكلفته موزعة توزيعا غير عادل في الوقت نفسه. وأميل إلى رأي النص المكتوب، لأنه يسأل عن توزيع الفائدة لا عن حجمها، وهو السؤال الأصعب. غير أن هذا الحكم يتغير بتغير البلد: ففي دولة يشكل فيها القطاع السياحي مصدر العملة الصعبة الرئيسي، يصبح كلام المتحدث أقوى

Exam focus

  • Find the disagreement before writing anything: يرى المصدر الأول أن …، بينما يرى المصدر الثاني أن … (AO1 and AO2).
  • Label your sources inside 5(c). Four words per reference tell the examiner which of the two 6-mark grids to credit (AO1 and AO2).
  • Protect the last ten minutes for checking. AO3 is nearly half of 5(c)'s grid marks and is the only part still improvable at that point (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Summarising the topic of each source instead of its point of view. The question asks for وجهات النظر, and a topic summary answers a different question.
  • Writing 5(a) and 5(b) at essay length. They are points-based; once a point is made, further sentences earn nothing and cost time you need for 5(c).
  • Writing an evaluation that never mentions where a fact came from. AO1 and AO2 are each marked on using information from their own source.
  • Agreeing with a source without a reason. The question asks which views you agree with and why; the why is where the marks are.

Active revision

ابحث عن تسجيل عربي قصير ومقال قصير في الموضوع نفسه، ثم درب نفسك على هذا التسلسل: جملة واحدة لوجهة نظر كل مصدر، ثم فقرة من مئتي كلمة تقيم فيها الوجهتين. اذكر في كل فقرة أي معلومة جاءت من التسجيل وأيها جاءت من النص. خصص عشر دقائق أخيرة للمراجعة اللغوية وحدها

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Arabic (9AA0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01الحياة والعمل: الحراك الاجتماعي and the road from education to work◐
    • 02تكافؤ الفرص في العمل والبطالة: opportunity, and who is out of work●
    • 03المسئولية تجاه البيئة: pollution, recycling, alternative energy and who organises it◐
    • 04السياحة في إحدى الدول العربية: the research subject that touches both sub-themes●
    • 05Exam technique: Paper 3 Section B, summarising two sources that disagree●

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From notes into training

Work, citizenship and the environment (المحور الثالث)

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~40
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Arabic (9AA0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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