Notes · SpanishUK · A-Levels

Racism

El racismo is the second sub-theme of Multiculturalism in Hispanic society and carries three strands: las actitudes racistas y xenófobas, las medidas contra el racismo, and la legislación anti-racista. The notes cover the concepts a strong answer needs - prejudice against structure, direct against indirect discrimination, antigitanismo in Spain, racism against indigenous and Afro-descendant people in Latin America and the debate about mestizaje - together with the Spanish legal framework that can be cited precisely (Article 14 of the Constitution, the hate-crime provisions of the Criminal Code, the European racial-equality directive) and the careful register that discussing racism in a foreign language demands.

5 sections~24 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0555 / 16

Exam profile

AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Spanish on prejudice and discriminationAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Spanish on racism and anti-racist policyAO3 · Manipulate the language accurately, using a range of lexis and structureAO4 · Show knowledge of, and respond critically to, racism in Hispanic society

Operators:definirexplicartraducirevaluarmatizarargumentar

basic level

This sub-theme belongs to the A-level-only Multiculturalism theme and does not appear in the AS qualification. At the basic level, secure description of racist and xenophobic attitudes and of measures against them is the expectation.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the difference between individual prejudice and structural discrimination to be handled explicitly, with named Hispanic examples and named legal instruments, and with an argued assessment of which measures actually work.

Depth

Text

Contents · 5 sections

Racism

Attitudes: las actitudes racistas y xenófobas#

AdvancedAQA 7692 3.1.2 - El racismo: las actitudes racistas y xenófobasDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Define the terms before using them, because the distinctions carry the marks. El prejuicio is a preconceived judgement about a group; el estereotipo is the simplified image on which it rests; la discriminación is the act of treating someone worse on that basis. El racismo attributes inferiority on grounds of origin, skin colour or ethnicity; la xenofobia is hostility to foreigners as such, which is not identical - a person may be xenophobic towards migrants of any origin without a theory of race. La discriminación directa treats someone worse openly; la discriminación indirecta is a neutral-looking rule with an unequal effect, such as a job requirement that has nothing to do with the work. And el racismo institucional describes patterns produced by the ordinary working of institutions rather than by individual intent.

The forms racism takes in Spain are specific and should be named. Antigitanismo is the established Spanish term for hostility towards the Roma population, the country's oldest and largest ethnic minority, present in Spain since the fifteenth century and historically subject to persecution; discrimination in housing and employment is well documented. Hostility towards migrants from North Africa and Latin America appears in housing refusals, in policing, and in what Spaniards call las identificaciones por perfil étnico, stops based on appearance. Racist abuse in football stadiums has produced complaints, sanctions and, in some cases, prosecutions. And there is the everyday layer - jokes, comments, the assumption that a Spanish-born person of visible minority origin must be foreign, which is exactly the point of the question ¿de dónde eres de verdad?

In Latin America the pattern differs and the vocabulary differs with it. The principal targets historically have been los pueblos indígenas and las poblaciones afrodescendientes; the words to use are indígena rather than indio, which is offensive in most contexts, and afrodescendiente or afro. Two concepts are analytically essential. El colorismo describes discrimination by skin tone within a population that shares an origin, and it operates across the region. And the idea of el mestizaje - the notion that the mixing of populations produced societies without racial hierarchy - has been widely criticised by scholars precisely because it can conceal continuing inequality behind a story of harmony. A candidate who writes el discurso del mestizaje ha servido a menudo para negar la existencia del racismo has made a genuinely critical point.

Explain causes rather than condemning, because the explanation is what AO4 credits. Four are standard: la ignorancia y la falta de contacto, since prejudice thrives where groups do not meet; la competencia por recursos escasos, particularly housing and low-paid work in times of crisis; la instrumentalización política, the use of migration as an electoral weapon; and la herencia histórica, including the colonial hierarchies that shaped Latin American societies and the persecution of minorities in Spanish history. Frame them with the language of cause: el racismo se alimenta de, hunde sus raíces en, se agudiza en épocas de crisis, se transmite a través de. This is analysis; adjectives are not.

Worked example

Listening technique: hearing prejudice that presents itself as reasonable

In a Paper 1 listening passage a speaker says: «Yo no soy racista, ¿eh? Tengo compañeros de Marruecos y son majísimos. Lo que pasa es que en mi barrio ya no te entiendes con nadie, y claro, uno acaba yéndose.» The question asks: ¿Qué actitud revela el hablante? Work out the answer.

Recognise the denial-plus-but structure
Yo no soy racista, followed by an exception, is the classic frame of what Spanish sociologists call el racismo sutil. The denial is the signal, not the content. Note the tag ¿eh? - a bid for agreement, not a question.
Read the individual exception
Tengo compañeros de Marruecos y son majísimos. Majo is a colloquial Spanish adjective meaning nice or pleasant, and the superlative -ísimo intensifies it. Praising individuals while criticising the group is characteristic of the attitude the question targets.
Locate the pivot
Lo que pasa es que is the hinge: the thing is that. Everything before it is preamble; everything after it is the speaker's actual position, exactly as pero es que functions in other extracts.
Read the impersonal tú and uno
Ya no te entiendes con nadie uses the impersonal second person: you can't make yourself understood with anyone. Uno acaba yéndose uses the impersonal uno with acabar plus gerund, ends up leaving. Both generalise a personal grievance into a supposed universal experience.
Write the answer in Spanish, giving only what is asked
Revela una actitud xenófoba matizada: rechaza la etiqueta de racista y elogia a individuos concretos, pero atribuye a la presencia de inmigrantes el deterioro de su barrio y justifica así su marcha. Note the answer describes the attitude; it does not moralise about it.

Result: Revela un rechazo que evita reconocerse como tal: niega ser racista y elogia a compañeros marroquíes concretos, pero responsabiliza a la población inmigrante del cambio de su barrio y presenta su propia marcha como una consecuencia inevitable.

Typical mistakes

Using indio for an indigenous person; the accepted term is indígena, or the name of the specific people.
Treating racism and xenophobia as synonyms; a precise answer separates hostility to foreigners from hierarchy based on origin or colour.

Active revision

Define en español, en unas 120 palabras, la diferencia entre discriminación directa e indirecta, con un ejemplo concreto de cada una en el ámbito de la vivienda o el empleo.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

What is being done: las medidas contra el racismo#

StandardAQA 7692 3.1.2 - El racismo: las medidas contra el racismoDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Sort the measures into four levels, because an answer that distinguishes them can then argue about which work. Educación: intercultural education in schools, teacher training, textbooks that include the history of minorities, programmes against bullying with a racist motive. Sociedad civil: Spanish organisations such as SOS Racismo, and bodies working specifically with the Roma population, run reporting services, legal support and awareness campaigns. Instituciones: Spain has a council for the elimination of racial or ethnic discrimination and an office within the Interior Ministry dedicated to hate crime, which publishes an annual report on recorded offences. Empresa y deporte: anti-discrimination protocols, sanctions for racist abuse in stadiums, diversity policies in recruitment.

Reporting matters enough to be treated as a measure in its own right. Spanish distinguishes una denuncia, the formal report to police or a court, from una queja, a complaint to an institution. The recognised difficulty is la infradenuncia - under-reporting - because victims may fear reprisal, doubt they will be believed, lack papers, or not know the procedure. Any serious discussion of measures therefore has to address whether victims can and do report: las cifras oficiales reflejan los delitos denunciados, no los cometidos, y la infradenuncia es especialmente alta entre las personas en situación irregular. That single distinction between recorded and committed offences is a mark-winning observation.

Evaluate rather than list, because the specification demands a critical response. Awareness campaigns are cheap and visible but their effects are hard to measure; education is slow but has the best evidence behind it; legal sanction punishes conduct but does not change belief; contact between groups - what the research calls contact under conditions of equality - has strong support but is difficult to organise where housing and schooling are segregated. In Spanish: las campañas sensibilizan, las leyes disuaden, pero sólo el contacto cotidiano en condiciones de igualdad modifica los prejuicios de fondo. Concede the limits of each and your judgement becomes credible.

Add the language of policy, which is where accuracy is most often lost. Verbs: sensibilizar, concienciar, prevenir, sancionar, denunciar, perseguir un delito, promover la igualdad, garantizar, financiar, formar. Nouns: una campaña de sensibilización, un protocolo de actuación, un plan de acción, una subvención, la formación del profesorado, un observatorio, un informe anual, un servicio de atención a las víctimas. Note two false friends: sensibilizar means to raise awareness, not to make sensitive; and un informe is a report, while una información is a piece of information.

Worked example

Translation into Spanish: writing about anti-racist policy

Translate into Spanish: The council has launched a campaign so that young people report racist incidents. Experts warn, however, that many victims do not report them because they do not trust the authorities. If more cases were reported, the official figures would rise, even though the situation had not worsened.

Choose the verb for launch
Ha puesto en marcha una campaña is the idiomatic Spanish; ha lanzado is also possible. El ayuntamiento is the town or city council. Note that Spanish uses the perfect here naturally because the campaign is current.
Use the subjunctive after para que
So that young people report introduces purpose with a change of subject, so para que plus present subjunctive: para que los jóvenes denuncien los incidentes racistas. Denunciar is the correct verb; reportar is an anglicism in this sense.
Handle the reported warning
Experts warn that plus a fact takes the indicative: los expertos advierten, sin embargo, de que muchas víctimas no los denuncian. Place sin embargo between commas after the subject, which is the natural Spanish position for however.
Build the counterfactual conditional
If more cases were reported, the figures would rise = si se denunciaran más casos, las cifras oficiales aumentarían. Si plus imperfect subjunctive plus conditional, with the impersonal se denunciaran rather than a passive. Never si aumentarían.
Handle even though with a hypothetical past
Even though the situation had not worsened concedes something unreal in the past, so Spanish needs aunque plus pluperfect subjunctive: aunque la situación no hubiera empeorado. This is precisely the A-level use of the subjunctive after a concessive conjunction.

Result: El ayuntamiento ha puesto en marcha una campaña para que los jóvenes denuncien los incidentes racistas. Los expertos advierten, sin embargo, de que muchas víctimas no los denuncian porque desconfían de las autoridades. Si se denunciaran más casos, las cifras oficiales aumentarían, aunque la situación no hubiera empeorado.

Typical mistakes

Confusing una denuncia (formal report) with una queja (complaint) or with the English denunciation.
Presenting official hate-crime figures as the amount of racism in a society; they record only what was reported and classified.

Active revision

Evalúa en español, en unas 130 palabras, tres medidas contra el racismo (educación, ley y contacto cotidiano), indicando para cada una una ventaja y una limitación.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA)

The law: la legislación anti-racista#

AdvancedAQA 7692 3.1.2 - El racismo: la legislación anti-racistaDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Build the answer from the constitution upwards, because that structure is both accurate and easy to hold under pressure. Article 14 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 establishes that Spaniards are equal before the law and that no discrimination may prevail on grounds of birth, race, sex, religion, opinion or any other personal or social circumstance. That is the foundation on which everything else rests, and quoting its substance - los españoles son iguales ante la ley, sin que pueda prevalecer discriminación alguna - is far more impressive than a general claim that racism is illegal in Spain.

Above the constitution sit European obligations, and below it the criminal law. The European Union adopted a directive on equal treatment irrespective of racial or ethnic origin in 2000, which member states transposed into national law; that is why comparable protections exist across the Union. In the Spanish Criminal Code, incitement to hatred, hostility, discrimination or violence against a group on grounds including racism or antisemitism is an offence, and racist motivation is an aggravating circumstance that increases the penalty for any other crime. Spain also adopted, in 2022, a comprehensive law on equal treatment and non-discrimination. Naming a level - constitutional, European, criminal, administrative - for each instrument is what makes the answer look like law rather than opinion.

The genuinely difficult question, and the one that produces the best essays, is the boundary between el discurso de odio and la libertad de expresión. Both are protected values: Article 20 of the Spanish Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, and Article 14 guarantees equality. Courts therefore have to weigh them, and Spanish public debate contains real disagreements about where the line falls, particularly for humour, for football chants and for online speech. Present this as a tension to be managed rather than a problem with an obvious answer: no se trata de elegir entre libertad e igualdad, sino de determinar en qué punto la expresión deja de ser opinión y se convierte en incitación.

Finally, the honest caveat that lifts an answer into the top band: law is necessary but not sufficient. Prohibition does not create trust; a court case does not rehouse a family; and the effectiveness of any of it depends on reporting, on prosecution, and on whether victims believe the system will protect them. Say it in Spanish with the right structure: por muy completa que sea la legislación, su eficacia depende de que las víctimas denuncien y de que los tribunales actúen. Note the concessive por muy plus adjective plus que plus subjunctive - a construction AQA lists in the A-level grammar annex and that very few candidates ever attempt.

Worked example

Translation into English: a passage on the limits of the law

Translate into English: «La ley castiga al que incita al odio, no al que piensa mal en voz baja. De ahí que muchos casos ni siquiera lleguen al juzgado: no por falta de norma, sino porque nadie denuncia. Y quien no denuncia, en muchas ocasiones, es quien más tendría que perder.»

Render the relative with an unnamed antecedent
Al que incita al odio is the one who incites hatred, or anyone who incites hatred. Note the personal a before the relative, required because the object is human. Piensa mal en voz baja is thinks badly under their breath or quietly.
Handle de ahí que plus subjunctive
De ahí que muchos casos ni siquiera lleguen al juzgado always takes the subjunctive; the English is hence many cases never even reach court. Ni siquiera is not even. El juzgado is the court, distinct from el juicio, the trial.
Preserve the no por... sino porque contrast
No por falta de norma, sino porque nadie denuncia: not for want of a law, but because nobody reports it. Sino, not pero, is required after a negative when the second element replaces the first.
Unpack the final cleft
Quien no denuncia... es quien más tendría que perder is a cleft with quien twice: the person who does not report is the one who would have most to lose. Tendría que perder is a conditional of hypothesis.
Keep the rhetorical shape
The passage is built on three contrasts, and a translation that flattens them loses the argument. Keep the parallel structures and the colon; English tolerates both perfectly well in journalistic register.

Result: The law punishes those who incite hatred, not those who think ill of others under their breath. Hence many cases never even reach court: not for want of a law, but because nobody reports them. And the person who does not report is very often the one who would have most to lose.

Typical mistakes

Assuming the law is self-executing; under-reporting and evidential difficulty are precisely why prosecutions are fewer than incidents.
Writing la ley prohíbe el racismo full stop; the law prohibits specified conduct - incitement, discrimination, aggravated offences - not private belief.

Active revision

Escribe en español un párrafo de 130 palabras que explique la tensión entre el discurso de odio y la libertad de expresión, usando al menos una construcción concesiva con «por muy... que» + subjuntivo.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA)

El léxico y los giros: writing about racism with precision#

StandardAQA 7692 3.1.2 - El racismoAQA 7692 3.3 Grammar

The lexical field, in blocks. Los conceptos: el prejuicio, el estereotipo, la discriminación, la segregación, la exclusión, la marginación, el racismo estructural, la xenofobia, la intolerancia. Las personas: la víctima, el agresor, el testigo, el colectivo, la minoría, la comunidad, la población afrodescendiente, los pueblos indígenas. Los hechos: un insulto, una agresión, una pintada, un ataque, un delito de odio, una humillación, un trato desigual. Las respuestas: la denuncia, la condena, la sanción, la reparación, la sensibilización, la formación, la mediación. Beware two traps: una minoría is a group, but la minoría de edad is being under age; and racial is used far less in Spanish than in English - prefer étnico, de origen, or the specific community's name.

The strand needs the grammar of impersonality, because most claims are about societies rather than named individuals. Three tools. The impersonal se: se discrimina a quien tiene acento extranjero - note the personal a. The third person plural with no subject: le negaron el piso por su apellido. And the passive with ser for formal or legal register: los responsables fueron condenados. Choose deliberately: the reflexive is neutral and journalistic; the plural is colloquial and vivid; the ser-passive is formal and best reserved for legal outcomes.

For argument, this sub-theme demands cautious attribution, since almost everything is contested. Learn a ladder of certainty and use it consciously. Strong: está documentado que, los datos muestran que, la sentencia estableció que. Medium: se estima que, todo indica que, según los informes disponibles. Weak or attributed: hay quien sostiene que, algunos sectores consideran que, se ha llegado a afirmar que. Never assert as fact something you cannot source, and never invent a statistic: una afirmación matizada vale más que una cifra inventada, and examiners recognise the difference instantly.

Finally, a register warning that applies to the whole sub-theme. Discussing racism in a foreign language exposes you to two opposite errors: euphemism, which empties the topic - hay algunos problemillas - and melodrama, which replaces analysis with adjectives - es una vergüenza espantosa. Aim between them, with the vocabulary of documented harm: un trato degradante, una práctica discriminatoria, un patrón sistemático, una situación de desventaja estructural. And if you report offensive speech from a text, mark it as reported: el hablante llega a afirmar que..., which distances you from the words while showing you understood them.

Worked example

From indignation to analysis: repairing a candidate paragraph

A candidate writes: El racismo en España es horrible y todo el mundo sabe que la policía es racista. Es muy triste y hay que hacer algo ya. Rewrite it to A-level standard and justify each change.

Diagnose the failures
An unsupported generalisation about an institution, an appeal to common knowledge (todo el mundo sabe), an emotional evaluation in place of analysis, and a vague call to action. None of it can earn AO4 credit, and the register is weak.
Replace the generalisation with a documented practice
Se han documentado identificaciones policiales basadas en el perfil étnico, una práctica que organizaciones de derechos humanos vienen denunciando desde hace años. This names a practice, attributes the claim and avoids condemning an entire institution.
Add the legal frame
El artículo 14 de la Constitución prohíbe la discriminación por razón de origen, y el Código Penal agrava las penas cuando el delito tiene motivación racista. Two instruments, correctly levelled.
Introduce the reporting problem
Ahora bien, las cifras oficiales reflejan sólo los casos denunciados, y la infradenuncia es elevada entre quienes carecen de papeles. This converts the vague hay que hacer algo into an identified obstacle.
Close with a specific, argued proposal
Por eso, más que nuevas leyes, lo que parece necesario es garantizar que denunciar no tenga consecuencias para la víctima. Más que X, lo que parece necesario es Y is a controlled way to make a recommendation without moralising, and it ends on a subjunctive.

Result: Se han documentado identificaciones policiales basadas en el perfil étnico, una práctica que diversas organizaciones de derechos humanos vienen denunciando desde hace años. El artículo 14 de la Constitución prohíbe la discriminación por razón de origen, y el Código Penal agrava las penas cuando el delito tiene motivación racista. Ahora bien, las cifras oficiales reflejan sólo los casos denunciados, y la infradenuncia resulta especialmente elevada entre quienes carecen de papeles. Por eso, más que nuevas leyes, lo que parece necesario es garantizar que denunciar no tenga consecuencias para la víctima.

Typical mistakes

Writing se discrimina los inmigrantes; a human object requires the personal a - se discrimina a los inmigrantes.
Translating race directly as raza in every context; Spanish usage often prefers origen étnico, and raza can sound dated or biological.

Active revision

Reescribe seis afirmaciones categóricas sobre el racismo convirtiéndolas en afirmaciones matizadas, usando en cada una un recurso distinto de la escala de certeza.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - grammar (AQA)

En el examen: handling difficult material in Papers 1 and 3#

AdvancedAQA 7692 4.4 Paper 1 - Listening, reading and writingAQA 7692 4.6 Paper 3 - Speaking, part one

Texts on racism are chosen because they require inference, so expect the attitude to be implied rather than stated. Train three recognitions. First, the disclaimer that precedes a prejudiced statement: yo no soy racista, pero; no lo digo por nadie, pero; con todos mis respetos. Second, the euphemism: cierto tipo de gente, esa gente, los de siempre, ya sabes a quién me refiero. Third, the shift from person to group, where a single anecdote is generalised with siempre, todos, nunca. A question asking ¿qué actitud revela? is almost always testing whether you noticed one of these three.

In your written answers, describe attitudes without adopting them. Use verbs of stance: el hablante sostiene, da a entender, insinúa, matiza, se desdice, generaliza a partir de un caso. Use reporting distance where the language is offensive: el texto recoge expresiones despectivas. And answer the question asked: if it asks for the speaker's attitude, a moral judgement of your own scores nothing, however justified. This is a place where candidates lose marks not through weak Spanish but through answering a different question.

For the speaking test, prepare a factual spine so that you are never reduced to opinion: the constitutional and criminal-law provisions; the concept of la infradenuncia; antigitanismo as Spain's oldest domestic case; the situation of indigenous and Afro-descendant populations in Latin America; and the critical reading of el mestizaje. Rehearse a one-sentence definition of racismo estructural, since examiners frequently ask for it: no se trata sólo de actitudes individuales, sino de prácticas y normas que producen desigualdad aunque nadie tenga esa intención - note the subjunctive after aunque used hypothetically.

Finally, prepare for disagreement. The examiner may take a contrary position deliberately in order to test whether you can sustain an argument, and sustaining it is credited under AO1 and AO3. Have three moves ready. Concede and redirect: es cierto que ha habido avances; ahora bien, conviene distinguir entre la ley y su aplicación. Ask for a distinction: depende de a qué tipo de discriminación nos refiramos. And offer counter-evidence politely: no estoy del todo de acuerdo, porque los informes oficiales registran cientos de delitos de odio cada año, y se estima que muchos más no se denuncian.

Worked example

Defining structural racism under examination conditions

The examiner asks: ¿Qué entiende usted por racismo estructural? Build an answer of about forty-five seconds that defines, illustrates and qualifies.

Define by contrast
Begin with what it is not: No se trata únicamente de insultos ni de actitudes individuales. Defining against the obvious misconception shows the examiner immediately that you know the distinction.
Give the positive definition
El racismo estructural designa el conjunto de normas, prácticas y desigualdades acumuladas que sitúan en desventaja a determinados grupos, aunque ninguna persona concreta actúe con intención discriminatoria. Note the subjunctive actúe after aunque.
Illustrate with a concrete mechanism
Por ejemplo, si un barrio concentra viviendas más baratas y peores colegios, sus vecinos partirán con desventaja, independientemente de las intenciones de nadie. A mechanism is worth more than an emotive example.
Add a Hispanic instance
En América Latina, la desigualdad entre poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en el acceso a la educación superior ilustra ese mismo patrón. This meets the requirement to know the wider Spanish-speaking world.
Qualify to show critical judgement
Ahora bien, el concepto tiene críticos, que consideran que diluye la responsabilidad individual. Naming an objection to your own concept is the clearest evidence of critical response there is.

Result: No se trata únicamente de insultos ni de actitudes individuales. El racismo estructural designa el conjunto de normas, prácticas y desigualdades acumuladas que sitúan en desventaja a determinados grupos, aunque ninguna persona concreta actúe con intención discriminatoria. Por ejemplo, si un barrio concentra viviendas más baratas y peores colegios, sus vecinos partirán con desventaja. En América Latina, la brecha entre poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas en el acceso a la universidad ilustra ese mismo patrón. Ahora bien, el concepto tiene críticos, que consideran que diluye la responsabilidad individual.

Typical mistakes

Answering ¿qué actitud revela el hablante? with your own condemnation instead of a description of the attitude.
Reproducing offensive vocabulary from the stimulus in your own answer without a reporting frame.

Active revision

Escucha o lee un testimonio en español sobre discriminación. Anota tres marcadores de actitud (matización, eufemismo, generalización) y redacta en 60 palabras la actitud del hablante sin emitir juicio propio.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - scheme of assessment (AQA)

References & sources

Sources

AQA

Department for Education

GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Racism

5 sections~24 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 2 · Advanced 3

Racism

Key points

Listening technique: hearing prejudice that presents itself as reasonable

Key points

Translation into Spanish: writing about anti-racist policy

Key points

Translation into English: a passage on the limits of the law

Key points

From indignation to analysis: repairing a candidate paragraph

Key points

Defining structural racism under examination conditions

Sources

Racism

Key points

Listening technique: hearing prejudice that presents itself as reasonable

Key points

Translation into Spanish: writing about anti-racist policy

Key points

Translation into English: a passage on the limits of the law

Key points

From indignation to analysis: repairing a candidate paragraph

Key points

Defining structural racism under examination conditions

Sources