Notes · SpanishUK · A-Levels

Immigration

La inmigración opens AQA's Multiculturalism in Hispanic society theme, the second-year block, and carries three strands: los beneficios y los aspectos negativos, la inmigración en el mundo hispánico, and los indocumentados y sus problemas. The notes cover the real picture - Spain's transformation from a country of emigration into a country of immigration, the Mediterranean and Atlantic routes, the arraigo and empadronamiento mechanisms that shape life without papers, Venezuelan displacement, Central American transit and the weight of las remesas - together with the Spanish needed to discuss migration precisely and without slogans, and the argumentative structures the strand demands.

5 sections~26 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 1 · Advanced 4

T·0444 / 16

Exam profile

AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Spanish on migrationAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Spanish on migration policy and experienceAO3 · Manipulate the language accurately, using a range of lexis and structureAO4 · Show knowledge of, and respond critically to, migration in the Spanish-speaking world

Operators:explicarsopesartraducirresumircontrastarargumentar

basic level

This sub-theme belongs to the A-level-only Multiculturalism theme and is not part of the AS qualification; AS students meet migration only incidentally. Treat the basic level as secure description of why people migrate and of the advantages and drawbacks commonly cited.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the debate to be handled with evidence and balance: the economic contribution of migration, the pressures it can place on services and wages, the legal architecture that produces irregularity, and the difference between refugees, asylum seekers and economic migrants. Answers must argue, concede and conclude in Spanish.

Depth

Text

Contents · 5 sections

Immigration

The balance sheet: los beneficios y los aspectos negativos#

AdvancedAQA 7692 3.1.2 - La inmigración: los beneficios y los aspectos negativosDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Por qué se migra: factores de expulsión y de atracción

Fig. 1Push and pull are not alternatives but a pair: a migration decision is normally the meeting of a reason to leave and a reason to choose one destination rather than another.

Begin by separating the categories, because most weak answers confuse them. Un emigrante leaves a country and un inmigrante arrives in one - the same person, seen from two sides, which is why the neutral term un migrante or, better in careful Spanish, una persona migrante is increasingly used. Un refugiado has been recognised as needing international protection; un solicitante de asilo has applied and is awaiting a decision; un desplazado has been forced to move within their own country. Una persona en situación irregular, colloquially un sin papeles or un indocumentado, has no residence permit - a legal status, not a category of person. Getting these four distinctions right in the first sentence signals a serious answer.

The benefits are best argued through mechanisms rather than adjectives. Demography: societies with low birth rates and ageing populations - Spain is among the clearest European cases - depend on migration to sustain the working-age population and, through contributions, the pension system. Labour: migrant workers are concentrated in agriculture, construction, hospitality, domestic and care work, sectors with acute recruitment difficulties; la recogida de la fruta in Huelva or Lleida is a standard Spanish example. Public finances: workers with papers pay taxes and social-security contributions. Culture and language: la diversidad gastronómica, musical y lingüística, and, in the Spanish case, a shared language with much of Latin America that speeds integration.

The drawbacks must be reported honestly, because a one-sided answer cannot reach the top band. The most frequently voiced concerns are pressure on public services in specific neighbourhoods - la saturación de los servicios públicos - competition at the bottom of the labour market, la presión a la baja sobre los salarios in unregulated sectors, difficulties of coexistence where housing is segregated, and the political exploitation of all of these. The analytically honest move is to distinguish perception from measurement: much of the debate concerns lo que se percibe rather than what studies show, and a candidate who says la percepción del impacto suele ser mayor que el impacto medido, y esa distancia es en sí misma un dato político has made a genuinely critical point.

A second distinction rescues the argument from cliché: the effects of migration are unevenly distributed. Employers, consumers and the state may gain while a specific group of low-paid workers or a particular district bears the costs. In Spanish: los beneficios tienden a repartirse entre toda la sociedad, mientras que los costes se concentran en determinados barrios y sectores. That sentence concedes the substance of the critical position without endorsing its politics, which is exactly the tone this sub-theme rewards. Close on policy rather than sentiment: lo decisivo no es cuánta inmigración hay, sino cómo se gestionan la acogida, la vivienda y el acceso al empleo regular.

Worked example

Reading technique: separating fact from opinion in a press text

A Paper 1 reading text contains: «Los agricultores de la comarca reconocen que sin temporeros extranjeros la campaña sería inviable. Otra cosa es lo que se dice en el bar, donde algunos aseguran que vienen a quitarnos el trabajo, aunque nadie del pueblo se presente a las ofertas.» The question asks: ¿Qué contradicción señala el autor? Work out the answer.

Identify the two voices
The text sets two sources against each other: los agricultores, who speak from experience of hiring, and algunos en el bar, who speak from opinion. Otra cosa es lo que se dice en el bar is the hinge that marks the shift.
Read reconocer as a concession
Reconocen que means they acknowledge, which implies the admission runs against their interest or expectation. Sin temporeros la campaña sería inviable is a conditional: without seasonal workers the harvest would not be viable. Un temporero is a seasonal worker - a key word in this sub-theme.
Note the reported cliché
Vienen a quitarnos el trabajo is quoted, not asserted: the writer reports it as what some people say. Quitarle el trabajo a alguien is to take someone's job away, with the indirect object pronoun attached.
Locate the refutation
Aunque nadie del pueblo se presente a las ofertas uses the subjunctive after a concessive aunque, and it is the writer's evidence: nobody local applies for the vacancies. Presentarse a una oferta is to apply for a post.
Write the answer in Spanish, giving only what is asked
Señala que en el mismo pueblo se afirma que los inmigrantes quitan el trabajo mientras se reconoce que sin ellos no habría cosecha y nadie del lugar se presenta a esos puestos. One sentence, both halves of the contradiction, no lifting.

Result: Señala una contradicción interna del pueblo: se acusa a los inmigrantes de quitar puestos de trabajo, pero al mismo tiempo los agricultores admiten que sin temporeros extranjeros no habría campaña y ningún vecino se presenta a esas ofertas.

Typical mistakes

Using ilegal of a person; the standard Spanish in serious writing is una persona en situación irregular or sin papeles - a situation, not an identity.
Confusing emigrante and inmigrante; remember that the e is for exit - el que sale emigra, el que llega inmigra.

Active revision

Escribe en español un párrafo de 130 palabras que exponga dos beneficios y dos inconvenientes de la inmigración, distinguiendo en al menos una frase entre lo percibido y lo medido.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Migration across the Hispanic world: la inmigración en el mundo hispánico#

AdvancedAQA 7692 3.1.2 - La inmigración: la inmigración en el mundo hispánicoDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Spain's own story is the strongest single piece of evidence a candidate can hold, because it reverses the expected narrative. For most of the twentieth century Spain was a country of emigration: Spaniards went to Latin America, and from the 1960s hundreds of thousands went as guest workers to Germany, France and Switzerland. From the mid-1990s the flow reversed and Spain became, within little more than a decade, one of Europe's main destination countries, receiving large numbers from Ecuador, Colombia, Morocco and Romania. After the financial crisis of 2008 emigration resumed, this time of young Spanish graduates - la fuga de cerebros. The lesson is that a country can be both origin and destination within one lifetime, and saying so in Spanish - España pasó de ser un país de emigración a serlo de inmigración en apenas una generación - is a genuinely analytical opening.

The routes into Spain have their own vocabulary and should be described accurately and soberly. La ruta del Estrecho crosses from Morocco to the Andalusian coast; la ruta canaria runs from the West African coast to the Canary Islands in small boats, una patera or the larger cayuco; and Ceuta and Melilla, the two Spanish cities on the North African coast, have land borders with fences, la valla, where periodic attempts at mass entry occur. The European border agency co-ordinates surveillance. The human cost is real and is normally expressed with restraint in Spanish: naufragios, personas desaparecidas en el mar, rescates. Avoid dramatic language; the facts are strong enough.

Look beyond Spain, since the specification allows any Spanish-speaking country and the exam material must reference at least two other than Spain. Three Latin American situations are essential. First, Venezuelan displacement: since about 2015 millions of Venezuelans have left, chiefly to Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Chile - the largest displacement in the region's recent history, and a case where receiving countries in the Global South, not Europe, carried the burden. Second, Central American transit: migrants from Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador travel through Mexico towards the United States, sometimes in visible groups known as caravanas, facing extortion and violence en route. Third, historic European immigration into Argentina and Uruguay, whose Italian and Spanish inheritance still shapes speech and food.

Two economic concepts complete the picture and are worth naming in Spanish. Las remesas are the money migrants send home; in several Central American countries they represent a very large share of national income and are, in practice, the main social policy, sustaining households directly. Y la migración de retorno: the movement back, whether voluntary after a period abroad or forced by deportation - la deportación, el retorno forzoso - which creates its own difficulties of reinsertion. A candidate who can say las remesas superan en varios países centroamericanos a la inversión extranjera directa, y sostienen el consumo de miles de hogares has demonstrated exactly the kind of knowledge the top AO4 band describes.

Worked example

Translation into English: a passage on return migration

Translate into English: «Mi abuelo se marchó a Alemania en 1963 con una maleta de cartón y volvió doce años después con un coche y un acento raro. Cuando llegaron los primeros ecuatorianos al pueblo, fue él quien salió a defenderlos: decía que a él también lo habían mirado por encima del hombro.»

Map the tenses
Se marchó and volvió are preterites: completed actions with a date. Llegaron is preterite. Fue él quien salió is a cleft in the preterite. Decía is imperfect - he used to say, habitual. Habían mirado is pluperfect: they had looked.
Render the period expression
Volvió doce años después is came back twelve years later. Spanish uses después after the period; English puts later at the end. Do not write after twelve years unless the context demands it.
Handle the cleft sentence
Fue él quien salió a defenderlos is a cleft that puts the emphasis on the grandfather: it was he who went out to defend them. Keep the cleft in English; flattening it to he defended them loses the point of the sentence.
Translate the idiom
Mirar a alguien por encima del hombro is to look down on someone. Lo habían mirado por encima del hombro is he too had been looked down on - note that Spanish keeps the active with an unstated subject where English naturally uses the passive.
Keep the concrete details
Una maleta de cartón is a cardboard suitcase - a period detail that carries the poverty of the departure, so do not generalise it to an old suitcase. Un acento raro is an odd accent.

Result: My grandfather left for Germany in 1963 with a cardboard suitcase and came back twelve years later with a car and an odd accent. When the first Ecuadorians arrived in the village, it was he who went out to defend them: he used to say that he too had been looked down on.

Typical mistakes

Treating migration as a movement from the Global South to Europe only; the largest recent Hispanic displacement has been within South America.
Writing una patera when you mean the crossing; la patera is the boat, la travesía is the crossing.

Active revision

Redacta en español unas 140 palabras que comparen la emigración española de los años sesenta con la inmigración recibida por España desde los años noventa, usando al menos tres tiempos verbales distintos.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA)

Life without papers: los indocumentados y sus problemas#

AdvancedAQA 7692 3.1.2 - La inmigración: los indocumentados, problemasDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Irregularity is produced by law, not by character, and explaining how is the analytical heart of this strand. A person may enter legally and become irregular when a visa expires; may arrive irregularly; or may lose a residence permit when a work contract ends, since in Spain residence and work authorisation have historically been linked. The consequences cascade: without papers there is no legal contract, so work is in la economía sumergida, without rights, without contributions, and open to abuse; without a contract it is harder to obtain the papers that would allow one; and so la irregularidad se retroalimenta. Being able to describe that loop in Spanish - un círculo vicioso en el que la falta de papeles impide el contrato y la falta de contrato impide los papeles - is worth more than a list of hardships.

Spain has two mechanisms that any well-prepared candidate should know by name. El empadronamiento is registration with the local council: anyone living in a municipality may register, including people without papers, and registration gives access to healthcare and to school places for children, and evidences residence. El arraigo is the route out of irregularity: a person who can prove a sufficient period of residence together with social ties, a work offer or family links may obtain authorisation. Spain also carried out an extraordinary regularisation in 2005, a policy debated ever since. These are precise, nameable instruments, and they let you explain that the situation is not one of pure exclusion but of partial, conditional access.

The daily problems can then be described concretely rather than sentimentally. La vivienda: difficulty renting without a contract, overcrowding, abusive sublets. El trabajo: long hours, no sick pay, dismissal without recourse, especially in agriculture, domestic work and hospitality; the settlements of temporary agricultural workers in southern Spain, los asentamientos, are a documented case. La salud: although registration opens access, fear can deter people from seeking care. La educación: children have the right to schooling regardless of status. El miedo: the fear of identification, detention in un centro de internamiento de extranjeros, and expulsion. Add the emotional dimension in the right register: el desarraigo, la incertidumbre, la vida en suspenso.

The debate is genuinely two-sided and should be presented as such. Arguments for regularisation: it brings workers into the tax and contribution system, removes the leverage employers hold over the undocumented, and reflects a situation that already exists in fact. Arguments against: it may create an expectation of future amnesties, and it raises questions of fairness towards those who waited for a visa. The mature conclusion notes that the policy question is not whether these people are present - they are - but under what conditions, and Spanish gives you a clean way to say it: la cuestión no es si están, sino en qué condiciones viven y trabajan quienes ya están aquí.

Worked example

Translation into Spanish: describing an irregular situation

Translate into Spanish: When his visa expired, he lost the right to work legally, although he had been living in the country for six years. He registered with the town hall so that his children could go to school. Now he is waiting for a residence permit that would allow him to sign a contract.

Choose the past tenses
Cuando caducó su visado is a preterite: a point event. Perdió el derecho a trabajar legalmente is also preterite. Had been living for six years is a period running up to that point, so Spanish uses llevaba plus gerund in the imperfect: llevaba seis años viviendo en el país. Note that llevar replaces the pluperfect here.
Handle the concession
Although presents an accepted fact: aunque llevaba seis años viviendo en el país, indicative. Placing the aunque clause after the main clause, as in the English, is perfectly natural in Spanish.
Use the subjunctive after para que
So that his children could go to school introduces purpose with a change of subject, so para que plus the past subjunctive: para que sus hijos pudieran ir a la escuela. AQA lists the subjunctive after para que explicitly in the grammar annex, and this is the classic test of it.
Choose the right verb for register
He registered with the town hall is se empadronó, the exact Spanish term, or se inscribió en el padrón municipal. Using the technical verb rather than se registró demonstrates knowledge of the system as well as of the language.
Use the subjunctive in the relative clause
A residence permit that would allow him refers to something not yet obtained, so the relative clause takes the subjunctive: un permiso de residencia que le permita firmar un contrato. AQA lists the subjunctive in relative clauses as A-level content, and this is exactly the trigger: an antecedent that is indefinite or unrealised.

Result: Cuando caducó su visado, perdió el derecho a trabajar legalmente, aunque llevaba seis años viviendo en el país. Se empadronó en el ayuntamiento para que sus hijos pudieran ir a la escuela. Ahora espera un permiso de residencia que le permita firmar un contrato.

Typical mistakes

Assuming that people without papers have no access to any service in Spain; registration on el padrón opens healthcare and schooling.
Confusing un centro de internamiento de extranjeros with a prison; it is an administrative detention centre, and the distinction matters in Spanish debate.

Active revision

Explica en español, en unas 120 palabras, el círculo vicioso de la irregularidad y cómo el arraigo pretende romperlo, usando al menos dos oraciones de relativo.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - subject content (AQA)

El léxico y los giros: writing about migration without slogans#

StandardAQA 7692 3.1.2 - La inmigraciónAQA 7692 3.3 Grammar

The lexical field, in blocks. Las personas: el migrante, el inmigrante, el emigrante, el refugiado, el solicitante de asilo, el desplazado, el temporero, el sin papeles, la persona en situación irregular. Los trámites: el visado, el permiso de residencia y trabajo, la tarjeta de residencia, la nacionalidad, la reagrupación familiar, el arraigo, el empadronamiento, la solicitud, el expediente. El viaje: la travesía, la patera, el cayuco, la valla, la frontera, el paso fronterizo, el rescate, el naufragio, la ruta. La acogida: la acogida, el centro de acogida, las ONG, el voluntariado, la ayuda humanitaria, la integración, la inserción laboral. Los debates: el cupo, la cuota, la regularización, la expulsión, la deportación, el retorno voluntario.

Three grammatical structures do most of the work in this sub-theme. First, the conditional and the imperfect subjunctive for hypothesis, since so much of the debate is counterfactual: si no llegaran temporeros, muchas cosechas se perderían; si se regularizara a quienes ya trabajan, aumentaría la recaudación. AQA lists conditional sentences explicitly. Second, relative clauses with the subjunctive for the unrealised: buscan un país que les ofrezca seguridad, as against buscan el país que les ofrece mejores salarios, where the antecedent is definite. Third, the impersonal se for policy statements: en España se regularizó a cientos de miles de personas en 2005 - and note the personal a with se plus a human object.

The connectors this strand needs are those of cause, consequence and concession, and they should be varied. Cause: debido a, a causa de, por culpa de (negative), gracias a (positive), ya que, puesto que, dado que. Consequence: por lo tanto, en consecuencia, de ahí que plus subjunctive - de ahí que muchos opten por la economía sumergida - así que, de modo que. Concession: aunque, a pesar de que, pese a, si bien, por más que plus subjunctive. Learning de ahí que with its obligatory subjunctive is a cheap way to demonstrate control of a structure most candidates never attempt.

Finally, the register. This is a sub-theme where vocabulary choice is itself an argument, so choose deliberately and consistently. Prefer una persona en situación irregular to ilegal; prefer llegada or entrada to invasión or avalancha, terms belonging to one side of the political debate; prefer datos to opinions when you can; attribute contested claims - se ha argumentado que, según algunos sectores, para sus críticos. And use the safe quantifiers rather than inventing figures: cientos de miles, millones, una parte significativa, la mayoría, una minoría. A restrained register is not neutrality for its own sake; it is what makes a judgement credible when you finally give it.

Worked example

Building a two-sided paragraph on regularisation

Turn the bare claim Hay que regularizar a los inmigrantes into an A-level paragraph that argues, concedes and concludes.

Make the claim specific
Regularise whom, and on what ground? Convendría regularizar a quienes ya trabajan en España y pueden acreditar años de residencia. Note the subjunctive-free relative here, because the antecedent is real, and the personal a before quienes.
Give the economic argument
De este modo, esos trabajadores cotizarían a la Seguridad Social y dejarían de estar a merced de empleadores que aprovechan su vulnerabilidad. Cotizar is the exact verb for paying social-security contributions.
Concede the counter-argument honestly
Es cierto que una regularización puede generar la expectativa de futuras amnistías y plantear un problema de equidad respecto a quienes esperaron un visado. A conceded objection that is actually made is worth two invented ones.
Answer the objection rather than ignoring it
Ahora bien, la alternativa no es la ausencia de inmigración, sino su permanencia en la economía sumergida. This is the strongest single move available in this debate: reframing the choice.
Close with a conditional judgement
Por eso, si se acompañara de vías legales estables, la regularización dejaría de ser una excepción para convertirse en parte de una política ordinaria. One si clause with the imperfect subjunctive plus conditional, and the paragraph ends on a structure rather than an assertion.

Result: Convendría regularizar a quienes ya trabajan en España y pueden acreditar años de residencia. De este modo, esos trabajadores cotizarían a la Seguridad Social y dejarían de estar a merced de empleadores que aprovechan su vulnerabilidad. Es cierto que una medida así puede generar la expectativa de futuras amnistías y plantear un problema de equidad respecto a quienes esperaron un visado. Ahora bien, la alternativa no es la ausencia de inmigración, sino su permanencia en la economía sumergida. Por eso, si se acompañara de vías legales estables, la regularización dejaría de ser una excepción para convertirse en parte de una política ordinaria.

Typical mistakes

Writing si llegarían más migrantes; the conditional never follows si in Spanish - it is si llegaran más migrantes, aumentaría...
Omitting the personal a with a human object: se ayudó a los recién llegados, never se ayudó los recién llegados.

Active revision

Escribe seis frases condicionales en español sobre política migratoria, tres con «si» + imperfecto de subjuntivo + condicional y tres con «si» + presente de indicativo + futuro.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - grammar (AQA)

En el examen: migration material in Papers 1 and 3#

AdvancedAQA 7692 4.4 Paper 1 - Listening, reading and writingAQA 7692 4.6 Paper 3 - Speaking, part one

Migration material in Paper 1 comes in three recognisable shapes, and each rewards a different reading strategy. Testimony - a first-person account of a journey or of life without papers - is read for chronology and emotion, so track the tenses and the connectors of time. Reportage - a description of a route, a settlement, a policy - is read for figures, places and causes, so track the numbers and the causal connectors. Argument - a column for or against a policy - is read for structure, so find the thesis, the concession and the conclusion. Identifying which of the three you are facing in the first fifteen seconds is worth several marks.

Expect the accents and the vocabulary of the wider Spanish-speaking world, since AQA guarantees reference to at least two Spanish-speaking countries other than Spain. Practically, that means preparing for Latin American usage: el celular for el móvil, la computadora for el ordenador, ustedes rather than vosotros with its third-person plural verb forms, the voseo of Argentina and parts of Central America (vos tenés, vos podés), and regional lexis such as la migra for the immigration authorities in Mexican and Central American speech. None of this need appear in your own production; all of it must be understood at speed.

For the stimulus card, prepare a spine of five facts that can be redeployed on any migration prompt: Spain's reversal from emigration to immigration; the Canary and Strait routes; el empadronamiento and el arraigo; Venezuelan displacement within South America since about 2015; and las remesas as a pillar of several Central American economies. Combine them with the two analytical moves from this topic - diffuse benefits against concentrated costs, and perception against measurement - and you have material for six minutes without a memorised script.

Two questions to ask the examiner work on any migration card, and both meet the criteria of seeking information or an opinion and containing a conjugated verb: ¿Cree usted que su país ha gestionado bien la acogida de los recién llegados? and ¿Qué opinión le merece la propuesta de regularizar a quienes ya trabajan sin papeles? Prepare a polite disagreement too, because this is a sub-theme where the examiner may push: entiendo su punto de vista, pero habría que distinguir entre la percepción social y los datos disponibles.

Worked example

The summary question on a reportage text

A reading text of about 300 words describes a settlement of seasonal agricultural workers in southern Spain: makeshift housing, dependence on the harvest, and a local council programme to rehouse residents. Write the 95-word summary in Spanish.

Identify three content points
The living conditions; the economic dependence of the local harvest on this labour; and the rehousing programme with its limits. Note them in Spanish before writing a sentence: chabolas sin agua; la campaña depende de ellos; plan municipal de realojo insuficiente.
Reformulate the vocabulary
If the text says viven en chabolas construidas con palés y plásticos, write se alojan en infraviviendas levantadas con materiales de desecho. Changing lexis and structure is what earns the AO3 mark; lifting earns nothing.
Keep the reporting frame
Use el reportaje describe, el texto señala, según el autor. Reporting keeps you inside the passage and prevents the commonest error on emotive material, which is to substitute your own commentary for the content points.
Watch the word budget
About 30 words per point brings you to roughly 95. Do not add a conclusion of your own; a summary that ends with es una situación terrible has spent words on nothing the mark scheme credits.
Re-read once for language
Check the agreement of participles used adjectivally (levantadas, construidas), ser and estar, and the accents on preterite forms. AO3 is marked independently of content, so the language check is worth its own pass.

Result: Model summary (94 words): «El reportaje describe un asentamiento de temporeros en el sur de España, donde varias familias se alojan en infraviviendas levantadas con materiales de desecho y sin acceso regular al agua. El texto subraya que la campaña agrícola de la zona depende en gran medida de esa mano de obra, pese a la precariedad de sus condiciones. Menciona asimismo un plan municipal de realojo, que ha permitido trasladar a algunas familias, aunque el autor advierte de que las plazas disponibles resultan muy inferiores a las necesidades detectadas.»

Typical mistakes

Preparing only Spanish material; the specification guarantees reference to at least two Spanish-speaking countries other than Spain in both listening and reading.
Answering a card on migration with a moral position and no example; AO4 credits knowledge of the societies concerned.

Active revision

Escucha un reportaje en español sobre la ruta canaria o sobre la migración venezolana. Clasifícalo (testimonio, reportaje o artículo de opinión), anota cinco datos verificables y prepara con ellos una intervención oral de un minuto.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Spanish (7692) specification - scheme of assessment (AQA)

References & sources

Sources

AQA

Department for Education

GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Immigration

5 sections~26 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Standard 1 · Advanced 4

Immigration

Key points

Reading technique: separating fact from opinion in a press text

Key points

Translation into English: a passage on return migration

Key points

Translation into Spanish: describing an irregular situation

Key points

Building a two-sided paragraph on regularisation

Key points

The summary question on a reportage text

Sources

Immigration

Key points

Reading technique: separating fact from opinion in a press text

Key points

Translation into English: a passage on return migration

Key points

Translation into Spanish: describing an irregular situation

Key points

Building a two-sided paragraph on regularisation

Key points

The summary question on a reportage text

Sources