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Notes/Russian/Young Russians and education: Жизнь российской молодёжи и Образование
Notes · RussianUK · A-Levels

Young Russians and education: Жизнь российской молодёжи и Образование

This topic carries the first two sub-themes of Edexcel's Тема 1, Развитие российского общества: Жизнь российской молодёжи, which the specification exemplifies as здоровье, отдых and новые технологии, and Образование, exemplified as система образования and жизнь российских школьников. Тема 1 is set in the context of Russia only, so every example must be Russian; an argument built on Ukrainian, Kazakh or Belarusian evidence is off-scope here however well expressed, and belongs instead to Тема 2, the one theme whose scope is the whole Russian-speaking world. The notes give the real social ground — the healthy-lifestyle turn that Russians abbreviate to ЗОЖ, the anti-tobacco legislation of 2013, the дача and the summer camp as the two poles of Russian leisure, the domestic digital ecosystem of Яндекс, ВКонтакте, Telegram and Госуслуги, the ladder of Russian schooling from детский сад through the ОГЭ at the end of the ninth class to the ЕГЭ, and the private-tutor economy that grew around it — together with the Russian needed to describe change without caricature: the imperfective past for how things were, the present for how they are, the perfective past for what has changed, всё больше and всё меньше for a trend, стать plus the instrumental for a new state, and the impersonal constructions that let you generalise without saying люди.

5 sections·~41 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0111 / 13
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Russian about young people, health, leisure and schoolAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Russian about the Russian education system and the lives of young RussiansAO3 · Manipulate Russian accurately, using a range of lexis and structure to describe and explain social changeAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, the lives of young Russians and Russian education
Operators:описатьсравнитьобъяснитьпроанализироватьобобщитьобосноватьперевести

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description: naming the stages of Russian schooling in Russian, describing how young Russians spend their free time, saying what has changed and giving a clear personal opinion, with a secure present tense, a secure imperfective past, correct case endings after the commonest prepositions, and agreement between adjective and noun.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the change to be explained rather than listed, and the explanation to be defended. Why did a healthy-lifestyle culture take hold among young Russians when it did? Why does a country with very high rates of higher education still argue that its school system trains pupils to pass an examination rather than to think? Why is a national examination designed to widen access still described by its critics as narrowing what is taught? Answers must concede, weigh and conclude in Russian, using subordination, verbal aspect chosen for meaning rather than by habit, participles and gerunds where they earn their place, and vocabulary precise enough to separate a cause from a symptom.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Young Russians and education: Жизнь российской молодёжи и Образование
    • 01Здоровье и отдых: the healthy-lifestyle turn, and what Russians do with free time◐
    • 02Новые технологии: the domestic internet, and the argument it lets you make●
    • 03Система образования: the ladder, and the Russian word for every rung◐
    • 04Жизнь российских школьников: marks out of five, tutors, and the eleventh class●
    • 05Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Russian without leaning on the text●
§ 01

Здоровье и отдых: the healthy-lifestyle turn, and what Russians do with free time#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 1 - Развитие российского общества: Жизнь российской молодёжи (здоровье; отдых)LPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Грамматика социальных изменений

Грамматика социальных измененийTable with 3 columns and 6 rows, Data: Структура · Функция · Модельная фраза; Прошедшее НСВ · как было раньше · Раньше молодёжь больше читала.; Настоящее время · как обстоит дело сейчас · Сегодня почти все сидят в сети.; Прошедшее СВ · что именно изменилось · Образ жизни заметно изменился.; Всё больше / меньше · направление тенденции · Всё больше россиян занимается спортом.; Стать + твор. падеж · новое состояние · Здоровый образ жизни стал модным.; Считается, что… · обобщение без слова «люди» · Считается, что молодёжь стала прагматичнее., highlighted cell: Всё больше / меньшеСТРУКТУРАФУНКЦИЯМОДЕЛЬНАЯ ФРАЗАПРОШЕДШЕЕ НСВкак было раньшеРаньше молодёжь большечитала.НАСТОЯЩЕЕ ВРЕМЯкак обстоит дело сейчасСегодня почти все сидят всети.ПРОШЕДШЕЕ СВчто именно изменилосьОбраз жизни заметноизменился.ВСЁ БОЛЬШЕ /МЕНЬШЕнаправление тенденцииВсё больше россиянзанимается спортом.СТАТЬ + ТВОР.ПАДЕЖновое состояниеЗдоровый образ жизни сталмодным.СЧИТАЕТСЯ, ЧТО…обобщение без слова «люди»Считается, что молодёжьстала прагматичнее.
Fig. 1Every thematic essay and every stimulus card asks you to describe change. These six structures do almost all of that work in Russian; learn them as a set with their model sentences rather than as isolated grammar points.

Key points

Begin with the words, because the sub-theme is built on them and because an examiner hears lexical precision before anything else. Молодёжь is the collective noun for young people and it is feminine singular: молодёжь стала прагматичнее, never молодёжь стали. Alongside it stand молодые люди, подростки, сверстники and ровесники, both of the last two meaning contemporaries of the same age, and поколение for a generation. The central phrase of the whole sub-theme is здоровый образ жизни, so ubiquitous in Russian that it is normally spoken as the acronym ЗОЖ. Around it cluster заниматься спортом, which takes the instrumental and never the accusative, ходить в спортзал, бегать по утрам, правильное питание and закаляться. Against it stand вредные привычки, курение, злоупотребление алкоголем and малоподвижный образ жизни. Learn бросить курить for giving up smoking, and note the aspect: бросать курить is the attempt, бросить курить is the achievement.
The direction of travel can be described confidently without inventing a single number. Alcohol and tobacco consumption in Russia has fallen substantially since the middle of the 2000s, a change large enough that the World Health Organization has repeatedly cited Russia as an example of a country where policy shifted a national drinking pattern. Two pieces of legislation date the argument for you. In 2013 the антитабачный закон banned smoking in most enclosed public places, on public transport and near stations, and restricted tobacco advertising and display; alongside it came restrictions on the hours during which alcohol may be sold. In 2014 the Soviet-era fitness-badge scheme ГТО, Готов к труду и обороне, was revived nationally, and it now sits alongside a large commercial fitness market in the big cities. Say the two together and you have a cause and a context rather than a list: государство ужесточило законодательство, а мода на ЗОЖ пришла снизу, и эти два процесса совпали по времени.
Then complicate your own claim, because that single move is what separates the top AO4 band from the one below it. The healthy-lifestyle turn is strongly urban and strongly generational. A fitness club membership, a running club and a nutritionist are ordinary in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and the larger regional capitals, and much less available in a small town where the sports hall may be the school's. Russian journalism has a ready phrase for this kind of gap, две России, and the specification's Тема 3 will ask you to look at exactly one big city, so the contrast is not a digression but a connection between themes. The honest sentence is therefore: мода на здоровый образ жизни действительно изменила поведение молодых горожан, но говорить о переломе по всей стране пока рано.
Отдых, free time, has its own vocabulary and one word that carries more cultural weight than any other: дача. A дача is the plot outside the city with a house on it, historically issued as a small standard allotment that Russians still call шесть соток, and it structures the Russian summer — на даче, поехать на дачу, работать в огороде, топить баню, жарить шашлыки. Beside it stand поход with a палатка, летний лагерь for children, and the everyday гулять, which in Russian covers going out and spending time outdoors far more broadly than the English walk. Guard two traps. Каникулы are the holidays of pupils and students and the word is plural-only; the paid leave of an adult worker is отпуск, and using one for the other is an immediate marker of a learner. And тусоваться, to hang out, is genuine colloquial Russian but belongs in speech, not in a Paper 2 essay. For the grammar of change, hold six structures as a set: imperfective past for how things were, present for how they are, perfective past for what has changed, всё больше and всё меньше plus the genitive for a trend, стать plus the instrumental for a new state, and an impersonal construction such as считается, что for a generalisation that does not need a subject.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: translation into English, worked sentence by sentence

Translate into English. За последние двадцать лет отношение российской молодёжи к здоровью заметно изменилось. Если раньше спортом занимались главным образом те, кто выступал на соревнованиях, то сегодня бег по утрам и абонемент в фитнес-клуб стали частью обычной городской жизни. Однако было бы ошибкой считать, что мода на здоровый образ жизни охватила всю страну: в небольших городах возможностей по-прежнему меньше, и то, что в Москве кажется нормой, там остаётся привилегией.

  1. 01Read for the shape before touching a word

    The passage is three sentences: a claim about change, a then-and-now contrast, and a correction of the obvious inference. Section C is marked section by section for accurate rendering of meaning, so the safe order of work is to find the main verb of each sentence first, then the subordination, and only then to choose English words. Do not begin translating at the first word. Twenty minutes are recommended for twenty marks, which is enough to draft, reread and fix, and not enough to rewrite from scratch.

  2. 02За последние двадцать лет … заметно изменилось

    За plus the accusative expresses the period over which something happened: over the last twenty years. Отношение к чему-либо takes the dative, so отношение к здоровью is attitude to health; отношение российской молодёжи is the genitive of the possessor, the attitude of young Russians. Изменилось is a perfective past reflexive: has changed, with a completed result still in force. Заметно is noticeably, and English prefers it after the verb.

  3. 03Если раньше … занимались … , то сегодня …

    Если … то here is not a conditional at all but the standard Russian frame for a then-and-now contrast, best rendered in English by whereas or while. Спортом занимались is the instrumental after заниматься, in the imperfective past for a habitual state: sport used to be played, or people used to do sport. Главным образом is mainly. Те, кто выступал is those who competed: кто takes a singular verb in Russian even when те is plural, which is exactly the sort of thing to notice and then not reproduce in English.

  4. 04бег по утрам и абонемент в фитнес-клуб стали частью обычной городской жизни

    По утрам is the distributive по plus the dative plural: in the mornings, habitually. Абонемент в фитнес-клуб is a gym membership, not a subscription to a fitness club, which is the literalism that costs the mark. Стали takes the instrumental, частью, so have become part of; the plural verb agrees with the two subjects joined by и. Обычной городской жизни is the genitive after частью.

  5. 05Однако было бы ошибкой считать, что … охватила всю страну

    Было бы ошибкой is the conditional of быть plus a predicate instrumental: it would be a mistake. English prefers to place however inside the sentence: it would be a mistake, however, to think. Мода на что-либо takes на plus the accusative: the fashion for a healthy lifestyle. Охватила is a perfective past, has swept or has taken hold across; всю страну is the accusative of весь plus страна.

  6. 06в небольших городах возможностей … меньше, и то, что … кажется нормой, там остаётся привилегией

    Возможностей меньше is the genitive plural required after a comparative of quantity: there are fewer opportunities. По-прежнему is still, as before. То, что is the correlative what, and both кажется and остаётся take a predicate instrumental — нормой, привилегией — which English renders with plain nouns: what seems normal in Moscow remains a privilege there. Note that the final там cannot be dropped: it is what makes the contrast between Moscow and elsewhere explicit.

Result: Over the last twenty years the attitude of young Russians to health has changed noticeably. Whereas sport used to be done mainly by those who competed in events, today a morning run and a gym membership have become part of ordinary city life. It would be a mistake, however, to think that the fashion for a healthy lifestyle has swept the whole country: in smaller towns there are still fewer opportunities, and what seems normal in Moscow remains a privilege there.

Exam focus

  • Explain why the healthy-lifestyle turn happened when it did — legislation from above meeting a cultural shift from below — rather than listing symptoms of it (AO4).
  • Contrast past and present with the imperfective past against the present, and mark a trend with всё больше or всё меньше plus the genitive (AO3).
  • Use dates as evidence: 2013 for the anti-tobacco law, 2014 for the revival of ГТО. A dated measure is the cheapest convincing support a point of view can have (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing молодёжь with a plural verb. Молодёжь is feminine singular: молодёжь стала, молодёжь проводит, молодёжь считает.
  • Saying заниматься спорт. Заниматься governs the instrumental: заниматься спортом, заниматься музыкой, заниматься наукой.
  • Using каникулы of an adult's holiday from work. Pupils and students have каникулы; workers have отпуск.
  • Translating leisure as свобода. Free time is свободное время or досуг; свобода is freedom in the political sense and belongs to Тема 2.

Active revision

Напишите по-русски абзац в 130 слов о том, как изменилось отношение российской молодёжи к здоровью за последние двадцать лет. Используйте не менее трёх глаголов в прошедшем времени несовершенного вида, один глагол совершенного вида, конструкцию со словами «всё больше» и один оборот со «стать» плюс творительный падеж.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Russian (9RU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Новые технологии: the domestic internet, and the argument it lets you make#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 1 - Жизнь российской молодёжи: новые технологииLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

One structural fact about Russia is worth more in this sub-theme than any amount of general talk about screens, and most candidates never mention it: Russia is one of very few European countries whose everyday internet is largely domestic. The dominant search engine, maps, taxi and delivery services belong to Яндекс; the dominant social network is ВКонтакте; the messenger of choice is Telegram, founded by Павел Дуров, who had earlier founded ВКонтакте; a great deal of ordinary administration — passports, appointments, school places, benefits — passes through the state portal Госуслуги. Being able to say сравнительно немногие европейские страны имеют собственную интернет-экосистему, а Россия имеет is a fact-shaped AO4 point that a well-prepared examiner will recognise immediately. Beside it, keep the everyday register: соцсети, мессенджер, подписчик, блогер, лента, пост, лайк, стрим, and the two verbs a learner most needs, скачать and загрузить.
Aspect does real work in this vocabulary and repays five minutes of attention. Скачивать is to be downloading or to download habitually; скачать is to get it downloaded. Подписываться на канал is the ongoing practice, подписаться на канал the single act, and both take на plus the accusative. Заходить в интернет is what one does regularly, зайти в интернет what one did once. Сидеть в сети, to sit online, is the ordinary Russian idiom for spending time on the internet and has no perfective partner because it describes a state. The commonest learner error here is not choosing the wrong aspect but never choosing at all — using whichever form was learned first. In an examination, the examiner reads aspect as evidence of control, because the specification's own definition of complex language names use of verbal aspects explicitly.
The argument the exam wants is not that technology is good or bad. It is that access is unevenly distributed and that the uses differ. Цифровое неравенство, the digital divide, separates the big cities from small towns and rural districts, and it interacts with education: online courses and дистанционное обучение genuinely widen access for a student who lives a long way from a good university, and they are least available exactly where they would help most. The word for online learning is онлайн-образование or дистанционное обучение; the school-level equivalent is дистанционка in speech. On the other side of the ledger, Russian public debate uses the same vocabulary as everyone else's — экранное время, зависимость от гаджетов, травля в сети for online bullying, фейки for disinformation — and the regulation of online content is itself a live and contested political question in Russia, which the specification examines under Средства массовой информации in Тема 2. Say that it is contested and attribute the positions; do not assert one of them as fact.
For speech, prepare three concrete anchors so that you never have to speak in generalities: Госуслуги, because it lets you describe how a Russian teenager actually meets the state; ВКонтакте, because it lets you talk about a platform your examiner knows and yours does not resemble; and дистанционное обучение, because it gives you an argument with two sides. Then arm the connectives that turn facts into argument: с одной стороны … с другой стороны, дело не столько в X, сколько в Y, речь идёт не о том, чтобы …, а о том, чтобы …, and the useful hedge принято считать, что, which reports a common view without endorsing it. Each of these is one clause long and each earns AO3 range because it forces subordination.
Worked example

From a bare fact to a paragraph of argued Russian

You have one fact: young Russians spend a great deal of their day on social networks. Build it into the kind of paragraph the AO4 grid calls developed and justified, and the AO3 grid calls articulate.

  1. 01State the fact precisely, and comparatively

    A fact with a comparison in it is already worth more than a bare fact, and a comparison cannot be wrong in the way an invented percentage can. Молодые россияне проводят в социальных сетях значительную часть дня — примерно столько же, сколько их европейские сверстники. Note проводить время, the standard collocation, and столько же, сколько for as much as. Never write a number you cannot source.

  2. 02Refuse the easy moral framing, explicitly

    Однако сводить это к зависимости было бы упрощением. Сводить что-либо к чему-либо takes к plus the dative: to reduce something to something. Было бы упрощением is again the conditional of быть with a predicate instrumental. You have now told the examiner that you are analysing rather than repeating a commonplace, and you have obliged yourself to say what the better framing is.

  3. 03Give the real function, with a parallel structure

    Для многих сеть — это не развлечение, а рабочий инструмент: через мессенджеры идёт учёба, через «Госуслуги» — общение с государством, через маркетплейсы — покупки. The не … , а … frame is the cleanest Russian contrast there is. The three parallel clauses share one verb, идёт, which Russian is happy to leave out of the second and third — the dash does the work. This is exactly what the AO3 grid means by extended sentences that convey a justified argument.

  4. 04Add the complication that turns description into analysis

    Важнее другое: доступ распределён неравномерно, и цифровое неравенство между столицей и малыми городами сохраняется. Распределён is a short-form past passive participle, named explicitly in the specification's list of complex language, and it is the natural Russian for is distributed. Важнее другое is a compact way of saying that the real point lies elsewhere; it costs three words and reads as native.

  5. 05Conclude by relocating the question, not by summarising

    Поэтому вопрос, на мой взгляд, не в том, сколько времени подростки проводят онлайн, а в том, что именно они там делают и у кого есть такая возможность. The не в том … , а в том … construction is the highest-value single structure in this whole sub-theme, because it lets you reject a question and substitute a better one in one sentence. На мой взгляд is a more educated hedge than я думаю. Ending on у кого есть такая возможность hands the examiner an obvious follow-up, which is what you want.

Result: Молодые россияне проводят в социальных сетях значительную часть дня — примерно столько же, сколько их европейские сверстники. Однако сводить это к зависимости было бы упрощением. Для многих сеть — это не развлечение, а рабочий инструмент: через мессенджеры идёт учёба, через «Госуслуги» — общение с государством, через маркетплейсы — покупки. Важнее другое: доступ распределён неравномерно, и цифровое неравенство между столицей и малыми городами сохраняется. Поэтому вопрос, на мой взгляд, не в том, сколько времени подростки проводят онлайн, а в том, что именно они там делают и у кого есть такая возможность.

Exam focus

  • Name the Russian platforms rather than the American ones. Яндекс, ВКонтакте, Telegram and Госуслуги are the fastest route to the AO4 knowledge marks in this sub-theme (AO4).
  • Choose aspect deliberately in the digital vocabulary: скачивать against скачать, подписываться на against подписаться на (AO3).
  • Frame the issue as unequal access rather than as good-or-bad technology, and connect it forward to education (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing подписаться канал. Подписаться governs на plus the accusative: подписаться на канал, подписаться на блогера.
  • Using в интернете and на сайте interchangeably. Russian says в интернете but на сайте, на странице, на канале — the preposition belongs to the noun and has to be learned with it.
  • Saying социальные медиа. The ordinary Russian is социальные сети, usually shortened to соцсети.
  • Asserting a position on internet regulation as though it were an agreed fact. Report it: одни считают, что …, другие возражают, что … The AO4 grid rewards evaluation, not advocacy.

Active revision

Подготовьте по-русски устный ответ длиной примерно в 90 секунд на утверждение «Интернет отдаляет молодых людей друг от друга». Согласитесь с одним фактом, оспорьте объяснение и завершите обоснованным выводом, использовав обороты «с одной стороны … с другой стороны» и «дело не столько в … , сколько в …».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

Система образования: the ladder, and the Russian word for every rung#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 1 - Образование: система образованияLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Российская система образования

Российская система образованияProbability tree, 10 paths, Data: детский сад → не обязателен; начальная школа → 1–4 классы; основная школа → 5–9 классы; основная школа → ОГЭ; средняя школа → 10–11 классы; средняя школа → ЕГЭ и аттестат; колледж (СПО) → после 9 класса; вуз → бакалавриат; вуз → магистратура; вуз → аспирантурадетский садначальная школаосновная школасредняя школаколледж (СПО)вузобразованиене обязателен1–4 классы5–9 классыОГЭ10–11 классыЕГЭ и аттестатпосле 9 классабакалавриатмагистратурааспирантура
Fig. 2The ladder in the words Russians actually use. The branching after the ninth class is the point of the diagram: a pupil either stays for the two senior classes and the ЕГЭ or leaves for a колледж, and the two routes lead to different places.

Key points

You cannot discuss Russian education in Russian without the ladder, and the ladder is not the English one, so translating sixth form or comprehensive school will not do. Детский сад runs to about seven and is not compulsory. Школа itself is one institution with three stages inside it: начальная школа, classes one to four; основная школа, classes five to nine, which ends with the ОГЭ, the Основной государственный экзамен; and средняя школа, classes ten and eleven, which ends with the ЕГЭ, the Единый государственный экзамен, and with the аттестат. A pupil is школьник or ученик, one in the eleventh class is одиннадцатиклассник, and a leaver is выпускник. After the ninth class a pupil may leave school for a колледж or техникум and take среднее профессиональное образование, usually shortened to СПО. Higher education is вуз, высшее учебное заведение, and inside it бакалавриат, магистратура, the longer специалитет and then аспирантура. A person applying to a university is абитуриент — a false friend that means applicant, not the English school-leaver.
Three structural facts about the system make good evidence. First, school is free and general education is compulsory: a pupil cannot simply stop after the ninth class without entering some form of further education or training. Second, the branching point is the end of the ninth class, at about fifteen, and it matters: leaving for a колледж is a real and respected route rather than a failure, and it has been growing, but it changes what a student can study later. Third, Russia has one of the highest rates of tertiary participation in Europe — say it comparatively, never with an invented figure — and yet Russian public debate constantly returns to the gap between a diploma and a job, which is the bridge into Мир труда, the third sub-theme of the same Тема 1.
The ЕГЭ deserves a paragraph of its own because it is the single most argued-about institution in Russian education and because every stimulus card on this sub-theme will touch it. It was piloted from the start of the 2000s and became compulsory nationally in 2009. It does two jobs at once: it certifies the end of school and it is the admission mechanism for universities, so a candidate in Vladivostok and a candidate in Moscow apply on the same score. Its defenders say exactly that: ЕГЭ сделал поступление в вуз более прозрачным и дал шанс абитуриентам из регионов. Its critics say that a single high-stakes examination narrows teaching to what is tested, and Russian has a precise word for that, натаскивание, drilling or coaching to the test. Both positions are held by serious people; the exam rewards a candidate who can state both and then choose, not one who has only heard of one.
For the exam, hold the system as a sequence you can narrate, because a narrated system is a fluent minute of speech. Сначала дети ходят в детский сад, потом идут в школу — в семь лет, в первый класс. После девятого класса можно остаться в школе или поступить в колледж. Одиннадцатый класс заканчивается ЕГЭ, и по его результатам выпускники поступают в вуз. Notice ходить, the multidirectional verb of motion, for the repeated journey to nursery, against идти, the unidirectional, for the one-off start of school — a distinction Russian marks and English does not. Notice поступить в plus the accusative for entering an institution, and по результатам, по plus the dative, for on the basis of. Then keep one evaluative sentence ready: российская школа даёт широкую общую подготовку, но чем ближе к одиннадцатому классу, тем сильнее она подчиняется логике одного экзамена. That sentence turns description into analysis in one clause, and its чем … тем … structure is worth having in the muscle memory.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Russian, with every decision justified

Translate into Russian. In Russia children start school at the age of seven. After the ninth class they have to choose between staying at school for two more years and going to a college, and that choice is difficult to change later. Many teachers believe that the Unified State Examination is taken too seriously, although thanks to it applicants from the regions have found it easier to get into the best universities.

  1. 01In Russia children start school at the age of seven

    В России дети идут в школу в семь лет. Три решения. Идут, not ходят: this is the one-off first journey, so the unidirectional verb of motion is required — ходят в школу would mean they attend school regularly, which is a different statement. В школу takes the accusative because it expresses direction. And age in this construction is в plus the accusative, в семь лет, never с семи лет, which would mean from the age of seven onwards. Do not write в возрасте семи лет unless the English stresses the age itself; it is correct but heavy.

  2. 02After the ninth class they have to choose between staying at school and going to a college

    После девятого класса им нужно выбрать: остаться в школе ещё на два года или поступить в колледж. Here a literal между plus two instrumental gerund-nouns would be possible but clumsy, and Section A rewards natural Russian rather than word-for-word tracking. Russian prefers a colon and two infinitives. Им нужно is the dative plus нужно impersonal construction, which is the ordinary Russian for they have to; они должны is also correct and slightly stronger. Ещё на два года uses на plus the accusative for a period of intended duration, and поступить в колледж takes the accusative of direction again.

  3. 03and that choice is difficult to change later

    — и этот выбор потом трудно изменить. Two things to notice. First, the impersonal трудно plus infinitive: Russian has no need for a subject here, and inventing one (этот выбор является трудным для изменения) is the sort of construction no Russian would write. Second, изменить is perfective, because the sentence is about the single act of changing, not about a process of changing; изменять would be wrong. Потом is later in the ordinary sense; позже is the comparative and is also acceptable.

  4. 04Many teachers believe that the Unified State Examination is taken too seriously

    Многие учителя считают, что к ЕГЭ относятся слишком серьёзно. Считать, что is the standard verb of opinion and takes the indicative; Russian has no subjunctive obligation here of the kind Romance languages impose. Относиться к чему-либо governs the dative, and ЕГЭ is indeclinable, so the form does not change. The English passive is taken is best rendered by the third-person-plural impersonal относятся — Russian avoids the analytical passive in ordinary prose, and the specification's grammar list explicitly names avoidance of passive constructions as something to know.

  5. 05although thanks to it applicants from the regions have found it easier to get into the best universities

    хотя благодаря ему абитуриентам из регионов стало легче поступать в лучшие вузы. Благодаря governs the DATIVE — благодаря ему, never благодаря его; this is one of the most reliable single marks in a translation. Абитуриентам is dative because стало легче plus an infinitive takes a dative experiencer. Поступать is imperfective here on purpose: the sentence describes a general, repeated possibility rather than one act of admission. Лучшие вузы is the accusative plural of the irregular superlative лучший, and вуз is the ordinary word — университеты would be narrower and slightly less accurate.

Result: В России дети идут в школу в семь лет. После девятого класса им нужно выбрать: остаться в школе ещё на два года или поступить в колледж, — и этот выбор потом трудно изменить. Многие учителя считают, что к ЕГЭ относятся слишком серьёзно, хотя благодаря ему абитуриентам из регионов стало легче поступать в лучшие вузы.

Exam focus

  • Name the Russian institutions in Russian — ОГЭ, ЕГЭ, аттестат, колледж, вуз, аспирантура — rather than translating English ones. Accurate institutional vocabulary is the fastest route to the AO4 knowledge marks.
  • Narrate the ladder with verbs of motion chosen for meaning: ходить in детский сад, идти в первый класс, поступить в вуз (AO3).
  • Keep one critical sentence about the ЕГЭ that names both positions before choosing between them (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Translating абитуриент as school leaver. It means an applicant to a university; a leaver is выпускник.
  • Writing поступить в университете. The verb of entering takes the accusative of direction: поступить в университет, поступить в вуз.
  • Saying высшая школа for secondary school. Высшая школа is higher education; the school stage is средняя школа, and the whole institution is just школа.
  • Declining ЕГЭ. It is an indeclinable abbreviation: сдать ЕГЭ, готовиться к ЕГЭ, по результатам ЕГЭ.

Active revision

Опишите по-русски в 120 словах и без списков путь российского школьника от детского сада до университета. Используйте не менее четырёх глаголов движения (ходить, идти, поступить, перейти) и не менее двух безличных конструкций.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

Жизнь российских школьников: marks out of five, tutors, and the eleventh class#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 1 - Образование: жизнь российских школьниковLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The everyday texture of a Russian school is what a listening passage will actually contain, and it is worth over-learning because it is cheap to learn and expensive to lack. Marks are out of five and are spoken as feminine nouns: пятёрка is excellent, четвёрка good, тройка satisfactory, двойка a fail, and a pupil who collects the first is an отличник or отличница while one who collects the last is a двоечник. The class has a классный руководитель, a form tutor who follows the same group for years, and the school a директор. Lessons are уроки with перемены between them; the timetable is расписание; homework is домашнее задание, colloquially домашка. Marks and absences were once written in a paper дневник and are now kept in an электронный журнал. A pupil who is kept back repeats a year — остаться на второй год — and one who is doing well may перейти в следующий класс. Учитель and учительница are the ordinary words for a schoolteacher; преподаватель belongs to a college or university.
The school year has a shape and the shape has names, which is exactly the sort of concrete cultural detail the AO4 grid calls specific. It opens on the first of September with День знаний and первый звонок, the first bell, at which the youngest pupil is traditionally carried round the courtyard by an eleventh-year to ring it. It closes with последний звонок in late May and then, after the examinations, with выпускной, the leavers' ball, which in Saint Petersburg is bound up with the Алые паруса celebration on the White Nights. Uniform is a live domestic argument: the federal education law that came into force in 2013 gave schools and regions the power to set requirements for pupils' clothing, and the result is that школьная форма is common but not nationally uniform. Naming one of these is worth more in a speaking test than a paragraph of general observation about school life.
The eleventh class is dominated by the ЕГЭ, and the honest account of it has two halves. On one side, the examination is genuinely high-stakes: a place at a good вуз depends on the score, and this has produced an enormous private tutoring economy. Репетитор is the word, and занятия с репетитором are so normal that they are budgeted for rather than hidden; курсы подготовки к ЕГЭ are the group version. The word for the resulting style of teaching is натаскивание. On the other side, the ЕГЭ is not the only route: the Всероссийская олимпиада школьников and the other recognised olympiads offer winners and prize-winners privileged admission, so a strong pupil in a provincial school has a second door. Mentioning олимпиады is a small thing that signals you know the system rather than a stereotype of it.
Two habits will raise any answer on this sub-theme. The first is to speak about a pupil rather than about pupils: Russian, like English, gets sharper when it particularises, and одиннадцатиклассник из небольшого города, который занимается с репетитором два раза в неделю is a sentence with a person in it. The second is to keep the register straight. Домашка, физра and русичка are what pupils say; домашнее задание, физкультура and учительница русского языка are what you write. A Paper 2 essay written in playground Russian loses AO3 marks for register even when every ending is right, and conversely a speaking test conducted entirely in written register sounds recited. The examiner is listening for a candidate who can move between the two on purpose.
Worked example

Paper 3 Task 1: a spoken answer built from a stimulus statement

The stimulus card for the sub-theme Образование carries this statement: «ЕГЭ мешает школьникам учиться по-настоящему». The teacher-examiner asks the two printed questions and then invites your view. Build the answer you would give in the six to seven minutes of Task 1.

  1. 01Announce the statement, then reframe rather than agree or disagree

    You must tell the teacher-examiner which of the two statements you have chosen before the discussion begins; do it in one clean sentence and move on. Then open with a reframe: Я бы не стал ставить вопрос так резко — дело не в самом экзамене, а в том, как школа к нему готовит. Я бы не стал is the conditional of a polite refusal and sounds educated; дело не в X, а в Y is the reframing structure from the previous section, reused deliberately. Opening with a reframe puts you above the descriptive band immediately, and it obliges you to supply the better framing, which is the rest of your answer.

  2. 02Concede the real concern behind the statement

    Я понимаю, о чём идёт речь: чем ближе одиннадцатый класс, тем больше времени уходит на натаскивание, и предметы, которых нет в ЕГЭ, отходят на второй план. О чём идёт речь is the idiomatic what is meant; чем … тем … is the correlative comparative, a structure the AO3 grid reads as complex language; уходит на plus the accusative is the natural Russian for time being spent on something; отходить на второй план is a genuine collocation meaning to become secondary. Conceding in concrete terms is what the grid calls justified with appropriately selected evidence.

  3. 03Give the counter-argument with a dated anchor

    Но у ЕГЭ была ясная цель. До того как он стал обязательным в 2009 году, каждый вуз проводил свои экзамены, и поступить в московский университет из далёкого региона было гораздо труднее. До того как is a compound conjunction, named in the specification's grammar list; было труднее is the impersonal comparative. A date is the cheapest evidence there is, and 2009 is the one that matters here.

  4. 04Locate the real problem, and hedge the contested part

    Проблема, на мой взгляд, не в экзамене, а в его весе: когда от одного результата зависит вся дальнейшая жизнь, любая система начнёт производить репетиторов. Многие учителя с этим согласны, хотя единого мнения нет. Зависеть от takes the genitive. Единого мнения нет is a compact, precise way of reporting that a question is disputed — far better than asserting what all Russian teachers think, which you cannot know and which the examiner will hear as overclaiming.

  5. 05Close, and hand the conversation back

    Поэтому я бы сказал, что ЕГЭ не мешает учиться — мешает то, что от него слишком многое зависит. А вы как думаете, можно ли это изменить, не отменяя экзамен? The Interaction grid is worth six of the thirty marks in Task 1 and explicitly requires you to elicit the examiner's point of view and check that your own has been understood. Ask two or three such questions across the discussion, naturally placed, never all at the end. Note не отменяя, a present gerund, doing in two words what a subordinate clause would need six for.

Result: Я выбрал утверждение А. Я бы не стал ставить вопрос так резко — дело не в самом экзамене, а в том, как школа к нему готовит. Я понимаю, о чём идёт речь: чем ближе одиннадцатый класс, тем больше времени уходит на натаскивание, и предметы, которых нет в ЕГЭ, отходят на второй план. Но у ЕГЭ была ясная цель: до того как он стал обязательным в 2009 году, каждый вуз проводил свои экзамены, и поступить в московский университет из далёкого региона было гораздо труднее. Проблема, на мой взгляд, не в экзамене, а в его весе: когда от одного результата зависит вся дальнейшая жизнь, любая система начнёт производить репетиторов. Поэтому я бы сказал, что ЕГЭ не мешает учиться — мешает то, что от него слишком многое зависит. А вы как думаете, можно ли это изменить, не отменяя экзамен?

Exam focus

  • Particularise: describe one named pupil in one named situation rather than школьники in general. Concrete examples are what the AO4 grid means by supporting a point of view (AO4).
  • Control register deliberately — домашка in speech, домашнее задание in writing — and say which you are choosing if the topic invites it (AO3).
  • Name a second route into higher education, the олимпиады, whenever a stimulus statement assumes the ЕГЭ is the only one (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Saying хорошая оценка пять. The mark is a noun in its own right: пятёрка, четвёрка, тройка, двойка — получить пятёрку, поставить двойку.
  • Using форма for school uniform without an adjective. School uniform is школьная форма; форма alone can mean shape, form or a sports kit.
  • Confusing класс and урок. Класс is the year group or the room; the lesson itself is урок.
  • Writing готовиться ЕГЭ. Готовиться takes к plus the dative: готовиться к ЕГЭ, готовиться к экзаменам.

Active revision

Напишите по-русски 150 слов от лица одиннадцатиклассника, который готовится к ЕГЭ. Опишите один обычный день, назовите не менее пяти реалий российской школы (оценки, классный руководитель, репетитор, олимпиада, последний звонок) и закончите одним оценочным суждением о системе.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Russian without leaning on the text#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Paper 1 Section B - reading, 30 marks, questions set and answered in RussianLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Paper 1 Section A - listening, 30 marks, including questions testing summary skills

Key points

The structural fact that governs every thematic topic in this qualification is easy to state and easy to forget: in Paper 1 the questions are set in Russian and must be answered in Russian, everywhere except Section C, the translation into English. Knowing about young Russians in English is therefore worth nothing. Reading, Section B, carries 30 marks over five questions in a recommended fifty minutes and mixes multiple-choice with open response; listening, Section A, carries 30 marks over four questions in a recommended fifty minutes and includes questions that test summary skills. The consequence for revision is direct: a thematic topic is only learned when you can produce it — narrate the school ladder, explain the healthy-lifestyle turn, describe the digital divide — out loud, in Russian, without notes.
In an open-response question the temptation is to copy the sentence of the text that seems to contain the answer. Resist it, for a reason that has nothing to do with rules. Open-response questions rarely ask what the text says; they ask why, how, what the writer implies, or what separates two positions in it. A copied sentence answers a question that was not asked and demonstrates nothing about your Russian. Train reformulation instead, with a small set of moves that take a second each. Change the part of speech: цены выросли becomes рост цен. Negate the opposite: молодёжь остаётся в городе becomes молодёжь не уезжает. Move up a level of generality: временный контракт becomes нестабильная работа. Turn an active into an impersonal: правительство приняло закон becomes был принят закон or закон приняли. Each move produces language that is visibly yours.
Russian gives you one reformulation tool that most European languages do not, and it is worth naming: word order. Russian marks new information by position, putting it at the end of the sentence, so the same words in a different order answer a different question. В 2009 году ЕГЭ стал обязательным answers when; обязательным ЕГЭ стал в 2009 году answers what happened in 2009. Using this deliberately in an open-response answer signals control, and the specification's grammar list names position at the end of the sentence for new information as something you are expected to know. It also protects you from the commonest structural error in learner Russian, which is to keep English subject-verb-object order in every sentence regardless of what is being emphasised.
Summary questions have their own discipline. What is being tested is the ability to report key points and subject matter, which means selecting rather than compressing: identify the two or three claims the passage actually makes, discard the examples that illustrate them, and rebuild in your own structures. A summary that keeps the passage's order and its connectives has not selected. Build yours on a small set of reporting frames — по мнению автора, в тексте говорится о том, что, автор подчёркивает, что, из этого следует, что — and let the frames carry the organisation. And because the listening in this paper is under your own control, use the control: the specification lets you stop, revisit and replay as you wish, so a summary question should be heard at least twice, once for structure and once to fill it in.
Worked example

Reformulating an answer instead of lifting it

A reading passage contains this sentence: «За последние годы число выпускников, которые после девятого класса уходят в колледжи, заметно выросло, особенно в небольших городах.» The question is: «Почему этот процесс сильнее выражен в небольших городах?» Show how to answer it.

  1. 01Notice that the sentence does not contain the answer

    The sentence states that the trend is stronger in small towns. The question asks WHY. Copying it would restate the premise of the question — the single commonest wasted answer on a reading paper. The answer has to come from elsewhere in the passage or from the inference the passage supports, and your first job is to go and find it rather than to start writing.

  2. 02Locate the causal material and convert it before using it

    Suppose the passage elsewhere mentions далеко до университета and семьи не могут содержать студента. Do not reuse those phrases whole. Convert them: далеко до университета becomes высшее образование территориально менее доступно; семьи не могут содержать студента becomes переезд требует расходов, которые семья не всегда может себе позволить. Two conversions, five seconds, and the language is now demonstrably yours.

  3. 03Build the answer as a because-clause with a real subject

    Потому что в небольших городах вузов меньше, а переезд в другой город требует денег, которых у многих семей нет. Note вузов меньше, the genitive plural after a comparative of quantity; требует денег, the genitive after требовать; and которых у многих семей нет, a relative clause in the genitive governed by the negated нет. That last clause is the kind of structure the AO3 grid reads as complex language, and it is required by the meaning rather than decorative.

  4. 04Add the contrast that proves you understood the selectivity

    В крупных городах такой проблемы нет: университет находится рядом, и после одиннадцатого класса выпускник чаще остаётся в школе. This sentence does the analytical work, explaining why the phenomenon is concentrated rather than general. Такой проблемы нет puts the negated noun in the genitive; чаще is the comparative adverb doing the work of a whole clause about frequency.

  5. 05Check the three things that leak marks

    Case after each preposition (в небольших городах prepositional, после одиннадцатого класса genitive, в другой город accusative of direction); the aspect of every verb (требует and находится are imperfective because they describe standing states, остаётся likewise); and completeness (the answer is two full clauses, not a noun phrase). Three checks, ten seconds, and they are the difference between a correct answer and a correct answer that scores.

Result: Потому что в небольших городах вузов меньше, а переезд в другой город требует денег, которых у многих семей нет. В крупных городах такой проблемы нет: университет находится рядом, и после одиннадцатого класса выпускник чаще остаётся в школе.

Exam focus

  • Every answer in Paper 1 except Section C is written in Russian. Revise thematic content by producing it aloud in Russian, not by reading about Russia in English (AO2 and AO3).
  • Reformulate rather than copy: change the part of speech, negate the opposite, generalise the noun, switch to an impersonal (AO2).
  • Use Russian word order deliberately — new information last — so that the shape of the sentence answers the question that was asked (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Answering a Russian question in English. It scores nothing outside Section C, and under time pressure it happens more often than candidates expect.
  • Reproducing whole sentences from the passage in answer to a why or how question, which answers a different question from the one asked.
  • Writing a summary that follows the passage's own order and connectives, which shows that no selection has taken place.
  • Neglecting case after a preposition in a hurried answer: о том, что requires the prepositional, из этого the genitive, к выводу the dative.

Active revision

Возьмите русскую статью примерно в 400 слов о школе или о здоровье молодёжи. Составьте три открытых вопроса, начинающихся со слов «Почему», «Каким образом» и «В чём разница», и ответьте на них, не использовав ни одного целого предложения из текста.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Здоровье и отдых: the healthy-lifestyle turn, and what Russians do with free time◐
    • 02Новые технологии: the domestic internet, and the argument it lets you make●
    • 03Система образования: the ladder, and the Russian word for every rung◐
    • 04Жизнь российских школьников: marks out of five, tutors, and the eleventh class●
    • 05Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Russian without leaning on the text●

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From notes into training

Young Russians and education: Жизнь российской молодёжи и Образование

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~41
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Russian (9RU0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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The world of work: Мир труда, возможности и равноправие

EuraStudy·Notes T·01·MMXXVI

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