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Notes/Russian/Popular culture and the festive year: Массовая культура, праздники, фестивали и традиции
Notes · RussianUK · A-Levels

Popular culture and the festive year: Массовая культура, праздники, фестивали и традиции

This topic carries two of the three sub-themes of Edexcel's Тема 2, Политическая и художественная культура в русскоязычном мире: Массовая культура, which the specification exemplifies as музыка, цирк and танец, and Праздники, фестивали и традиции, exemplified as фестивали, праздники, обычаи and традиции. Тема 2 is the only one of the four whose scope is not Russia alone: the specification requires students to broaden their knowledge across any Russian-speaking country, countries, community or communities, so material from Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan or the large Russian-speaking diasporas is in scope here and only here. The notes give the real cultural ground — the layered history of Russian-language popular music from the classical inheritance through советская эстрада, авторская песня and русский рок to the rap that now dominates among the young; the circus as a trained profession with its own schools and its own animal-welfare argument; ballet, folk dance and contemporary dance; and the festive year from Новый год through Рождество on 7 January, Масленица, 8 Марта and 9 Мая to Наурыз in Central Asia — together with the Russian needed to analyse rather than list.

5 sections·~38 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0333 / 13
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Russian about music, performance and celebrationAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Russian about popular culture across the Russian-speaking worldAO3 · Manipulate Russian accurately, using a range of lexis and structure to describe and evaluate cultural practiceAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, popular culture and tradition in the Russian-speaking world
Operators:описатьсравнитьобъяснитьпроанализироватьоценитьобосноватьперевести

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description with a personal response: naming genres, institutions and holidays in Russian, saying what happens and when, explaining what a tradition means to those who keep it, and giving a clear opinion, with secure present and past tenses, correct case after prepositions of time and place, and correct agreement in dates.

higher level

The full A-Level expects analysis and comparison. Why does a country with a world-famous classical inheritance have a popular music culture built on the guitar rather than the orchestra? Why is the circus a respected profession in Russian-speaking countries and a marginal one elsewhere? What does it tell you that the most important holiday in Russia is a secular one? And what changes when the same holiday is celebrated in Almaty, Minsk or Tel Aviv? Answers must compare across the Russian-speaking world, attribute contested judgements, and use subordination, participles and gerunds where the meaning requires them.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Popular culture and the festive year: Массовая культура, праздники, фестивали и традиции
    • 01Русскоязычный мир: the scope rule that makes this theme different◐
    • 02Музыка: the guitar, the campfire and the layers of Russian-language popular music●
    • 03Цирк и танец: two trained professions and one shared argument●
    • 04Праздники, фестивали и традиции: the festive year and what it is evidence for◐
    • 05Exam technique: climbing the AO4 ladder in Task 1●
§ 01

Русскоязычный мир: the scope rule that makes this theme different#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 2 - Политическая и художественная культура в русскоязычном мире: scope statementLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The specification states the scope rule twice, and it is the most easily missed sentence in the whole document: Темы 1, 3 and 4 are set in the context of Russia only, while Тема 2 requires students to broaden their knowledge across any Russian-speaking country or countries and community or communities. That single asymmetry has a practical consequence for revision and for the examination. In the other three themes an example from Kazakhstan is off-scope however well expressed. In this one it is a positive advantage, because it demonstrates exactly the breadth the theme asks for, and because every other candidate will be talking about Moscow. Say so explicitly in an essay or a discussion and you convert a piece of knowledge about the specification into a mark.
The Russian-speaking world is genuinely large and genuinely varied. Russian is a state language in Беларусь alongside Belarusian, and an official language in Кыргызстан; in Казахстан it is used officially on a par with Kazakh in state institutions. Older Russian texts, and many current ones, use the traditional forms Белоруссия and Киргизия, so recognise both. Beyond the post-Soviet states, large Russian-speaking communities live in Israel, Germany, the United States, Canada and the Baltic states, and they sustain their own newspapers, theatres, bookshops, schools and music. The vocabulary you need is small and precise: русскоязычный, Russian-speaking, as against русский, ethnically or nationally Russian; носитель языка, a native speaker; диаспора; постсоветское пространство, the post-Soviet space, which is the ordinary Russian way of naming the region without naming a politics.
The analytical move this theme rewards is comparison, and comparison needs a structure. Three work reliably. The first is a straight contrast: в России … , тогда как в Казахстане … — тогда как is the neutral whereas and takes the indicative. The second is a shared-object comparison: и в Минске, и в Алматы … , но по-разному, using the paired и … , и … for both. The third is the concession-and-turn: казалось бы, речь идёт об одной и той же традиции, однако … , where казалось бы is a two-word way of setting up an expectation in order to correct it. Any of the three turns two facts into an argument, which is the difference between the middle bands of the AO4 grid and the top one.
One caution, and it matters. Do not present the Russian-speaking world as a single culture with a single centre; that is a claim, not a description, and it is contested by many of the people it describes. Nor should you present the communities as unrelated. The accurate and defensible position is the one the specification itself implies: a shared language carries shared reference points — the same films at New Year, the same songs round a campfire, the same school curriculum for a generation — while the societies around it differ. Say that, and attribute anything stronger: некоторые исследователи говорят о едином культурном пространстве, другие настаивают на том, что общий язык не означает общей культуры.
Worked example

From a bare fact to a paragraph of argued Russian

You have one fact: Russian is spoken well beyond the borders of Russia. Build it into a paragraph that both demonstrates the knowledge and makes the analytical point the theme is built on.

  1. 01State the fact with an emphatic negation

    По-русски говорят далеко не только в России. Далеко не only negates emphatically — far from only — and it is a genuinely idiomatic opening that no textbook sentence would produce. Говорят with no subject is the ordinary impersonal. Note по-русски, the adverb, rather than на русском языке: both are correct, but the adverb is lighter and more natural in this position.

  2. 02Give the institutional facts precisely

    Русский язык имеет официальный статус в Беларуси и Кыргызстане, широко используется в Казахстане и остаётся языком общения в больших диаспорах — в Израиле, Германии, США и странах Балтии. Three verbs of different kinds — имеет, используется, остаётся — prevent the sentence from becoming a list. Используется is a reflexive doing passive duty; остаётся takes a predicate instrumental, языком общения. The dash before the list of countries is standard Russian punctuation and saves a то есть.

  3. 03Refuse the easy generalisation

    Однако было бы ошибкой считать русскоязычный мир однородным. Считать takes an accusative object and an instrumental complement: считать мир однородным. Было бы ошибкой is the conditional with a predicate instrumental you have already met. This sentence is the pivot of the paragraph: it tells the examiner that what follows is analysis and not enumeration.

  4. 04Prove the refusal with three concrete images

    Белорусский рэпер, алматинский театр и берлинский книжный магазин работают в разных обществах и для разной публики. Three noun phrases with three different adjectives of place do more work than any abstract sentence about diversity could. Note the adjectives themselves — белорусский, алматинский, берлинский — because forming an adjective from a city name is a small Russian skill that reads as fluency.

  5. 05Land the point on the specification's own logic

    Именно поэтому вторая тема программы, в отличие от остальных трёх, не ограничена Россией: она предлагает сравнивать. И сравнение почти всегда даёт более интересный ответ, чем описание одной страны. Именно поэтому is emphatic therefore; в отличие от takes the genitive; ограничена is a short-form past passive participle agreeing with тема. Ending on a general claim about method, rather than on another fact, is what the AO4 grid means by drawing a conclusion.

Result: По-русски говорят далеко не только в России. Русский язык имеет официальный статус в Беларуси и Кыргызстане, широко используется в Казахстане и остаётся языком общения в больших диаспорах — в Израиле, Германии, США и странах Балтии. Однако было бы ошибкой считать русскоязычный мир однородным: белорусский рэпер, алматинский театр и берлинский книжный магазин работают в разных обществах и для разной публики. Именно поэтому вторая тема программы, в отличие от остальных трёх, не ограничена Россией: она предлагает сравнивать. И сравнение почти всегда даёт более интересный ответ, чем описание одной страны.

Exam focus

  • Say aloud, in an answer, that Тема 2 is the theme whose scope is the whole Russian-speaking world; then use a non-Russian example on purpose (AO4).
  • Distinguish русскоязычный from русский in every sentence where it matters; the distinction is the theme in one adjective (AO3).
  • Build every comparison on one of three frames: тогда как, и … , и … , or казалось бы … однако (AO3 and AO4 together).

Typical mistakes

  • Using русский to mean Russian-speaking. Русскоязычный писатель is a writer who writes in Russian; русский писатель makes a claim about nationality.
  • Bringing a Kazakh or Belarusian example into Темы 1, 3 or 4, where the scope is Russia only. It is right here and wrong there.
  • Writing в Украине or на Украине without noticing that the choice of preposition is itself politically contested in Russian; if the sentence does not need it, choose a different example.
  • Saying страны СНГ as though it covered the whole Russian-speaking world. The Baltic states and the diasporas are not in the CIS, and постсоветское пространство is the broader term.

Active revision

Напишите по-русски 130 слов на тему «Что такое русскоязычный мир?». Назовите не менее трёх стран или сообществ, используйте прилагательное «русскоязычный» не менее двух раз в разных падежах и закончите оговоркой о том, что общий язык не означает общей культуры.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Russian (9RU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

Музыка: the guitar, the campfire and the layers of Russian-language popular music#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 2 - Массовая культура: музыкаLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

Russian-language popular music is best held as four layers laid down in order, because the layers explain each other and a list of names does not. The base is the classical inheritance — Чайковский, Рахманинов, Шостакович, Стравинский — which matters here not as concert music but as the reason musical training was widespread and prestigious. On top of it sits советская эстрада, the state-produced variety song of the mid-century, professional, orchestral and broadcast. Against that grew авторская песня, also called бардовская песня: one voice, one acoustic guitar, words that mattered more than the arrangement, circulated on home-made tape recordings that Russians call магнитиздат. Булат Окуджава and Владимир Высоцкий are its two indispensable names, and the Грушинский фестиваль on the Volga, running since the late 1960s, is its institution.
The fourth layer is русский рок, and it is the one a stimulus card is most likely to reach for. It emerged at the end of the 1970s, was formalised when the Ленинградский рок-клуб opened in 1981 — a venue that gave musicians a stage and simultaneously placed them under official observation — and produced bands whose songs are still common property: Кино, whose singer Виктор Цой died in 1990 and whose lyrics are still sung by people born after his death; Аквариум; ДДТ; Наутилус Помпилиус. The analytically interesting fact, and the one worth saying, is that Russian rock is a literary form: the words carry the weight, the music is often deliberately plain, and the guitar is portable enough to work у костра, round a campfire, or в подъезде, in a stairwell. That is a claim you can defend, and defending a claim is what the AO4 grid measures.
Today the dominant genre among young listeners is русский рэп, and it repeats the pattern: verbal, competitive, dense with wordplay, and dependent on the language rather than on production values. Rap battles moved from the internet into the mainstream in the middle of the 2010s and made a genre that had been marginal into the default youth music. This is also the layer where the theme's scope rule pays off, because a great deal of Russian-language music is now made outside Russia — in Belarus, in Kazakhstan and in the diaspora — and naming that fact demonstrates the breadth Тема 2 asks for. Keep the vocabulary exact: исполнитель for a performer, певец and певица, группа for a band, текст песни for lyrics, припев for the chorus, куплет for the verse, клип for a music video, and выступать for to perform.
For the exam, prepare one comparison and one judgement. The comparison: в советское время музыку распространяли на магнитофонных плёнках, сегодня — в стримингах, но принцип остался прежним: слушают того, кто говорит своими словами. That sentence contrasts two periods, uses an impersonal third-person plural twice, and ends on a generalisation — three separate AO3 features in one sentence. The judgement, which must be yours and must be defended: русская популярная музыка держится не на мелодии, а на тексте, и именно поэтому её так трудно перевести. Both sentences are worth learning as units, because in a discussion you will not have time to build them from scratch.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: translation into English, worked sentence by sentence

Translate into English. Русский рок родился в конце семидесятых, когда играть на гитаре и петь по-русски было проще, чем записать пластинку. Ленинградский рок-клуб, открывшийся в 1981 году, дал музыкантам площадку и одновременно поставил их под наблюдение; из этого противоречия и выросла целая культура. Песни Виктора Цоя до сих пор поют у костра люди, которые родились через десять лет после его смерти, и это, пожалуй, лучшее доказательство того, что дело было не в моде.

  1. 01Русский рок родился в конце семидесятых

    Родился, from родиться, is used metaphorically of movements and genres exactly as English uses was born. В конце plus the genitive is at the end of; семидесятых is the genitive plural of the ordinal used as a noun for the decade, so at the end of the seventies. Note that Russian says в семидесятые годы or в семидесятых without needing the word decade at all.

  2. 02когда играть на гитаре и петь по-русски было проще, чем записать пластинку

    An impersonal comparative with two infinitive subjects: было проще, it was easier. Играть на гитаре takes на plus the prepositional — Russian plays on an instrument. Петь по-русски uses the adverb. Записать пластинку is perfective, to get a record made, and пластинка is specifically a vinyl record, which dates the sentence usefully. English needs a gerund or an infinitive: playing the guitar and singing in Russian was easier than making a record.

  3. 03Ленинградский рок-клуб, открывшийся в 1981 году, дал музыкантам площадку

    Открывшийся is a past active participle — a form the specification's grammar list marks as receptive only, which is exactly why it appears in a Russian-to-English translation: you must recognise it, not produce it. It agrees with рок-клуб and means which opened or having opened. Дал takes a dative of the recipient, музыкантам, and an accusative of the thing given, площадку, which here means a venue or a platform rather than a square.

  4. 04и одновременно поставил их под наблюдение; из этого противоречия и выросла целая культура

    Поставить под наблюдение is to place under observation or supervision; the semicolon in Russian works as it does in English. Из этого противоречия takes the genitive after из. The и before выросла is not the conjunction and but the emphatic particle, best rendered in English by a cleft: and it was out of that contradiction that a whole culture grew. Recognising an emphatic и is one of the reliable markers of a strong translation.

  5. 05Песни Виктора Цоя до сих пор поют у костра люди, которые родились через десять лет после его смерти

    Note the word order: object first, verb second, subject last — люди arrives at the end because it is the new information, and English must reorganise, usually with a passive: Viktor Tsoi's songs are still sung round the campfire by people who were born ten years after his death. До сих пор is still, to this day. У костра takes the genitive after у. Через десять лет после plus the genitive is ten years after.

  6. 06и это, пожалуй, лучшее доказательство того, что дело было не в моде

    Пожалуй is a hedge, perhaps or arguably, and belongs between commas. Лучшее is the irregular superlative of хороший. Доказательство того, что takes the genitive того introducing the clause — the same том and того construction met in the summary technique. Дело было не в моде is idiomatic: it was not a matter of fashion; дело в plus the prepositional means the point is, the matter is.

Result: Russian rock was born at the end of the seventies, when playing the guitar and singing in Russian was easier than making a record. The Leningrad Rock Club, which opened in 1981, gave musicians a venue and at the same time placed them under observation; and it was out of that contradiction that a whole culture grew. Viktor Tsoi's songs are still sung round the campfire by people who were born ten years after his death, and that is arguably the best proof that it was never a matter of fashion.

Exam focus

  • Hold the four layers in order — классика, эстрада, авторская песня, рок and рэп — and use the order as the argument rather than reciting names (AO4).
  • Defend the claim that Russian popular music is word-led, with an example: the campfire song, the rap battle (AO4).
  • Use the theme's scope: name Russian-language music made outside Russia, which no other theme allows you to do (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing группа Кино is a singer. Кино is the band; Виктор Цой was its singer — исполнитель, певец, солист.
  • Translating lyrics as лирика. The lyrics of a song are текст песни or слова; лирика is lyric poetry as a genre.
  • Saying играть музыку. Russian says играть на гитаре, играть на пианино — play on an instrument — and исполнять песню for perform a song.
  • Presenting the Ленинградский рок-клуб as purely oppositional or purely official. It was both a stage and a means of supervision, and saying so is more accurate and more interesting than either simplification.

Active revision

Подготовьте по-русски устный ответ примерно на 90 секунд на вопрос «Почему в русской популярной музыке так важен текст?». Назовите два слоя традиции, приведите один конкретный пример и завершите обобщением, которое можно оспорить.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

Цирк и танец: two trained professions and one shared argument#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 2 - Массовая культура: цирк; танецLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Массовая культура: три ветви

Массовая культураProbability tree, 11 paths, Data: музыка → классическая музыка; музыка → эстрада; музыка → бардовская песня; музыка → русский рок; музыка → рэп; цирк → династии артистов; цирк → цирковое училище; цирк → спор о животных; танец → балет; танец → народный танец; танец → современный танецмузыкацирктанецмассовая культураклассическая музыкаэстрадабардовская песнярусский рокрэпдинастии артистовцирковое училищеспор о животныхбалетнародный танецсовременный танец
Fig. 1The three strands the specification names, each with the traditions a candidate can actually cite. The marked leaf is rap, because it is the layer that now dominates among young listeners and the one most likely to appear on a stimulus card.

Key points

The circus is a serious profession in Russian-speaking countries in a way that surprises British students, and that surprise is itself the best entry into the sub-theme. It has permanent buildings rather than tents: the Московский цирк на Цветном бульваре, founded in 1880 and since 1996 carrying the name of the clown Юрий Никулин, and the Большой Московский государственный цирк on проспект Вернадского, opened in 1971 and among the largest permanent circus buildings anywhere. It has formal training — a state circus school in Moscow — and it has династии, families in which the profession passes from parents to children. The vocabulary is worth having exactly: артист цирка rather than циркач in careful speech, акробат, гимнаст, жонглёр, клоун, дрессировщик for an animal trainer, манеж for the ring, купол for the dome, номер for an individual act and представление for the whole show.
The circus also carries the sub-theme's live argument, and a live argument is worth far more in an examination than a description. Дрессировка животных, the training and display of animals, is defended as a tradition and a craft and criticised on welfare grounds, and the debate runs inside the Russian-speaking world exactly as it does outside it, with цирк без животных offered as the alternative. Report it, do not settle it: одни считают, что цирк без животных теряет свою природу, другие возражают, что традиция не может быть оправданием. That pair of clauses is a complete balanced treatment in twenty words, and it uses возражать, to object, which is a more precise verb than говорить and reads as controlled.
Dance divides into three strands and each has its own institutions. Балет is the internationally famous one: the Большой театр in Moscow, the Мариинский театр in Saint Petersburg, the Ваганова academy that formalised the teaching method, and Сергей Дягилев, whose Русские сезоны took the company to Paris from 1909 and made Russian ballet a world reference. Народный танец, folk dance, was turned into a stage art in the twentieth century, above all by the ансамбль под руководством Игоря Моисеева, founded in 1937, and it remains a living amateur practice across the post-Soviet space. Современный танец, contemporary dance, is the youngest and least institutional. Note the vocabulary: балерина and танцовщик, хореограф, постановка for a production, репетиция, труппа for a company, and выступать for to perform.
The argument that connects the two arts, and the one to build an answer on, is the same in both: how do you keep a tradition alive without turning it into a museum? Both the circus and the ballet in the Russian-speaking world inherited a highly developed technique and a highly developed audience expectation, and both now face a public that has seen everything on a screen. State the problem, give one instance from each art, and take a position: традиция — это не музей, а способ работы; она живёт, пока её нарушают со знанием дела. That last clause uses a пока-clause with an imperfective, which is exactly right for a condition that holds only while something continues.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Russian, with every decision justified

Translate into Russian. Russian ballet has been famous abroad for more than a hundred years, ever since Diaghilev brought his company to Paris in 1909. The circus, on the other hand, is known mainly inside the country, although its schools are among the oldest in the world. Today both arts are arguing about the same question: how to preserve a tradition without turning it into a museum.

  1. 01Russian ballet has been famous abroad for more than a hundred years

    Русский балет известен за границей больше ста лет. Известен is a short-form adjective used predicatively — the ordinary Russian for is famous or is known — and short forms are named in the grammar list as something to control. Russian has no perfect tense, so the English present perfect becomes a present: известен, with the duration expressed by a bare accusative of time, больше ста лет. Больше governs the genitive, ста, which is the genitive of сто. За границей is the fixed adverbial for abroad in the sense of being there; за границу with the accusative would mean going there.

  2. 02ever since Diaghilev brought his company to Paris in 1909

    с тех пор как в 1909 году Дягилев привёз свою труппу в Париж. С тех пор как is a compound conjunction, a category the grammar list names explicitly. Привёз is the perfective of привозить, to bring by transport — Russian distinguishes bringing on foot (принести) from bringing by vehicle, and a company travelling to Paris is transported. Свою, not его: the possessor is the subject of the same clause, so the reflexive possessive свой is obligatory, and его would imply somebody else's company. В Париж is the accusative of direction; в 1909 году is the prepositional for a year.

  3. 03The circus, on the other hand, is known mainly inside the country

    Цирк, наоборот, известен главным образом внутри страны. Наоборот is one of the discourse markers the specification lists by name, and it sits between commas. Известен again, agreeing this time with the masculine цирк. Внутри takes the genitive: внутри страны. Главным образом is mainly and is more idiomatic here than в основном, though both are correct.

  4. 04although its schools are among the oldest in the world

    хотя его школы — одни из самых старых в мире. Хотя takes the indicative. Одни из plus the genitive plural is the standard among the construction. Prefer самых старых to старейших: the suffixal superlative in -ейший is marked receptive only in the grammar list, so the productive form is самый plus the adjective. Note the dash standing in for the missing verb являются, which is normal written Russian and much better than inserting the verb.

  5. 05Today both arts are arguing about the same question

    Сегодня оба искусства спорят об одном и том же. Оба is the masculine and neuter form of both and takes a noun in the genitive singular after it — оба искусства — while обе would be needed for two feminine nouns. Спорить о takes the prepositional. Об одном и том же is the fixed phrase for about the same thing, with об rather than о before a vowel.

  6. 06how to preserve a tradition without turning it into a museum

    как сохранить традицию, не превратив её в музей. Сохранить is perfective because the question is about achieving preservation. Не превратив is a negated perfective gerund, formed from превратить, and it renders the English without plus a gerund exactly; gerunds are in the productive part of the grammar list and using one correctly is visible evidence for the range grid. Превратить что-либо во что-либо takes в plus the accusative. Её agrees with традицию.

Result: Русский балет известен за границей больше ста лет — с тех пор как в 1909 году Дягилев привёз свою труппу в Париж. Цирк, наоборот, известен главным образом внутри страны, хотя его школы — одни из самых старых в мире. Сегодня оба искусства спорят об одном и том же: как сохранить традицию, не превратив её в музей.

Exam focus

  • Use the circus, not the ballet, as your first example: it is the one your examiner will not have heard from the previous four candidates (AO4).
  • Report the animal-welfare argument with одни считают … , другие возражают … rather than deciding it in your own voice (AO4).
  • Connect the two arts through one shared question — tradition against museum — instead of describing them one after the other (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Calling a circus performer циркач in a written essay. It is colloquial and can be dismissive; write артист цирка.
  • Writing танцор балета. A male ballet dancer is танцовщик; танцор is the general word and танцовщица and балерина are the female forms.
  • Saying Большой театр находится в Санкт-Петербурге. The Большой is in Moscow; the Мариинский is in Saint Petersburg.
  • Treating Дягилев as a dancer. He was an impresario — импресарио, организатор — and the distinction is the point of his importance.

Active revision

Напишите по-русски 150 слов, сравнив цирк и балет как две традиции русскоязычной культуры. Назовите по одному учреждению для каждого, приведите один спор, который идёт внутри каждого искусства, и закончите собственным ответом на вопрос, как сохранить традицию, не превратив её в музей.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

Праздники, фестивали и традиции: the festive year and what it is evidence for#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Тема 2 - Праздники, фестивали и традицииLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Календарь русскоязычных праздников

Календарь праздниковTable with 3 columns and 8 rows, Data: Праздник · Когда · Что происходит; Новый год · 31 декабря · Ёлка, куранты, оливье, подарки; Рождество · 7 января · По юлианскому календарю; Старый Новый год · 14 января · Неофициальный, но любимый; Масленица · перед постом · Блины и проводы зимы; Наурыз · 21–22 марта · Весна в Казахстане и Кыргызстане; 8 Марта · 8 марта · Женский день, выходной; День Победы · 9 мая · Память о Второй мировой войне; День России · 12 июня · Государственный праздник, highlighted cell: Новый годПРАЗДНИККОГДАЧТО ПРОИСХОДИТНОВЫЙ ГОД31 декабряЁлка, куранты, оливье,подаркиРОЖДЕСТВО7 январяПо юлианскому календарюСТАРЫЙ НОВЫЙ ГОД14 январяНеофициальный, но любимыйМАСЛЕНИЦАперед постомБлины и проводы зимыНАУРЫЗ21–22 мартаВесна в Казахстане иКыргызстане8 МАРТА8 мартаЖенский день, выходнойДЕНЬ ПОБЕДЫ9 маяПамять о Второй мировойвойнеДЕНЬ РОССИИ12 июняГосударственный праздник
Fig. 2The festive year as a table you can narrate. The marked row is the New Year, because in Russia it is the largest family holiday and because its secular character is the analytical point of the whole sub-theme.

Key points

The single most important fact about the Russian festive year is structural rather than decorative: the largest holiday is a secular one. Новый год, not Christmas, is the family festival — the tree, which is a ёлка and not a рождественская ёлка, the presents from Дед Мороз and his granddaughter Снегурочка, the chimes of the Kremlin clock at midnight which Russians simply call куранты, the salads оливье and селёдка под шубой, and the annual television showing of the 1975 film «Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!», which is watched so reliably that it functions as part of the ritual. Дед Мороз has an official residence in Великий Устюг. This arrangement is a legacy of the Soviet period, when religious celebration was displaced and the New Year tree took the place of the Christmas one, and saying that explains the fact rather than merely reporting it.
Around it the year has a shape worth learning as a shape. Рождество falls on 7 January because the Russian Orthodox Church keeps the Julian calendar, and Старый Новый год on 14 January for the same reason — an unofficial holiday that people nonetheless mark. Масленица, the week before the Great Fast, is the pancake festival, ending on Прощёное воскресенье, Forgiveness Sunday, when people ask forgiveness of one another. 23 февраля is День защитника Отечества and 8 марта Международный женский день, and the two have come to work as a paired exchange of gifts. 9 мая is День Победы, the commemoration of the Second World War, marked by parades, by the orange-and-black георгиевская ленточка, and by processions in which people carry photographs of relatives who fought. 12 июня is День России and 4 ноября День народного единства.
The theme's scope rule pays off again here, because the Russian-speaking world does not keep one calendar. In Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan the major spring festival is Наурыз on 21 and 22 March, a new-year celebration of Persian and Turkic origin that is a public holiday and is written about extensively in Russian. In Israel and in Germany, Russian-speaking communities keep Новый год alongside the local holidays, which is why New Year's Eve in some Israeli towns looks unexpectedly Russian. Bringing in one such example is the cheapest way to demonstrate the breadth Тема 2 asks for, and it is the difference between an answer about Russia and an answer about the Russian-speaking world.
Beyond dated holidays sit обычаи and традиции, which the specification lists separately and which are richer material than the calendar. Баня with its ритуал; чаепитие and the tradition that a guest is fed whatever the household has; and a genuinely useful set of суеверия that every Russian knows and that make excellent speaking material — присесть на дорожку, sitting down for a moment before a journey; не свистеть в доме, because whistling indoors is said to cost you money; not shaking hands or passing anything across a threshold. Festivals proper — фестивали — include the бардовский Грушинский festival, city days such as День города, and the film and music festivals of the big cities. Note the vocabulary: отмечать праздник, to mark a holiday; праздновать, to celebrate; поздравлять кого-либо с чем-либо, with the instrumental — поздравляю вас с Новым годом; and выходной for a day off, as against праздник for the holiday itself.
Worked example

Paper 3 Task 1: a spoken answer built from a stimulus statement

The stimulus card for the sub-theme Праздники, фестивали и традиции carries this statement: «Российские праздники сегодня — это прежде всего выходные дни, а не традиции.» Build the answer.

  1. 01Announce the choice and concede something real

    Say which statement you have chosen, then concede: Отчасти согласен: многие действительно ждут майских праздников как длинных выходных, а не как памятных дат. Отчасти согласен is a hedged agreement in two words. Ждать governs the genitive, праздников. The как … , а не как … frame contrasts two ways of regarding the same thing and is the sentence pattern this whole answer is built on. Conceding first buys you the right to disagree afterwards.

  2. 02Refuse the reduction, then prove it with one holiday

    Но свести всё к выходным нельзя. Возьмём Новый год: это не просто ночь с 31 декабря на 1 января — это ёлка, куранты, оливье, «Ирония судьбы» по телевизору и подарки от Деда Мороза. Свести к takes the dative. Ночь с … на … is the fixed Russian for the night of the thirty-first, and getting the two prepositions right is a small, visible marker. The list of five concrete things is the evidence; without it the sentence would be an assertion.

  3. 03Explain the mechanism rather than adding more detail

    Такой набор привычек передаётся из поколения в поколение, и его не объяснишь одним выходным днём. Передаваться is a reflexive doing passive duty. Из поколения в поколение is a fixed adverbial. Не объяснишь is the generalising second-person singular with a negated perfective — you cannot explain it — which is a genuinely idiomatic Russian construction that no learner produces by accident, and therefore one an examiner notices.

  4. 04Use the theme's scope rule on purpose

    Кроме того, праздники русскоязычного мира не сводятся к российским: в Казахстане и Кыргызстане главный весенний праздник — Наурыз, о котором в русскоязычной прессе пишут не меньше, чем о Новом годе. Не сводиться к takes the dative. О котором is a relative pronoun in the prepositional. This sentence exists to satisfy the theme's breadth requirement explicitly, and it does so with a real example rather than a claim.

  5. 05Conclude by relocating, then hand back

    Поэтому я бы сказал, что традиция никуда не исчезла — изменился способ её праздновать. А вам какой праздник кажется самым живым? Никуда не исчезла is an emphatic negation. Изменился способ её праздновать puts the subject last, where the new information belongs, and uses an infinitive dependent on способ. The closing question is required by the Interaction grid, which is worth six of Task 1's thirty marks; ask two or three across the discussion.

Result: Я выбрал утверждение А. Отчасти согласен: многие действительно ждут майских праздников как длинных выходных, а не как памятных дат. Но свести всё к выходным нельзя. Возьмём Новый год: это не просто ночь с 31 декабря на 1 января — это ёлка, куранты, оливье, «Ирония судьбы» по телевизору и подарки от Деда Мороза, который, между прочим, официально живёт в Великом Устюге. Такой набор привычек передаётся из поколения в поколение, и его не объяснишь одним выходным днём. Кроме того, праздники русскоязычного мира не сводятся к российским: в Казахстане и Кыргызстане главный весенний праздник — Наурыз, о котором в русскоязычной прессе пишут не меньше, чем о Новом годе. Поэтому я бы сказал, что традиция никуда не исчезла — изменился способ её праздновать. А вам какой праздник кажется самым живым?

Exam focus

  • Lead with the structural fact — the biggest Russian holiday is secular — and explain it historically instead of describing the tree (AO4).
  • Use поздравлять кого-либо с чем-либо with the instrumental correctly; it is the single most-used festive construction in the language (AO3).
  • Bring in one non-Russian example, such as Наурыз, to satisfy the theme's scope rule explicitly (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Calling the New Year tree a рождественская ёлка. In Russia it is a новогодняя ёлка, and the difference carries the whole history.
  • Writing поздравлять с Новый год. Поздравлять governs с plus the instrumental: с Новым годом, с днём рождения, с праздником.
  • Assuming Рождество is the main winter holiday. It is 7 January and is far smaller than Новый год.
  • Confusing праздник and выходной. A праздник is the holiday; a выходной is a non-working day, and not every праздник gives one.

Active revision

Опишите по-русски в 140 словах один русскоязычный праздник, который вы считаете самым показательным. Объясните, что происходит, откуда обычай взялся и что он говорит об обществе, и используйте не менее двух конструкций с «поздравлять кого-либо с чем-либо» или «отмечать что-либо».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: climbing the AO4 ladder in Task 1#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Paper 3 Task 1 - knowledge and understanding of society and culture (AO4), 12 of 30 marksLPPearson Edexcel 9RU0 Paper 3 - 5 minutes' preparation, notes on one side of A4, two printed questions then the wider theme

Key points

In Task 1 the knowledge and understanding grid is worth twelve of the thirty marks, and it is the grid on which cultural topics are won and lost. What separates its bands is not how much you know but what you do with it. The bottom of the ladder is naming: у нас в России есть праздник 9 мая. The next rung is describing: 9 мая отмечают парадами и шествиями. Above that comes explaining: этот праздник занимает такое место, потому что война коснулась почти каждой семьи. And at the top is evaluating and connecting: именно поэтому спор о том, как его отмечать, — это спор не о прошлом, а о том, чем общество хочет себя считать. The same fact appears at every rung; only the verb changes.
The practical technique is therefore to drill the move rather than the content. Take any fact you know about Russian popular culture and write it four times: name it, describe it, explain it, then evaluate it. The exercise takes two minutes and it converts passive knowledge into the form the grid rewards. Note which connectives do the work at each level. Description needs adverbs of manner and frequency: обычно, как правило, чаще всего. Explanation needs causal subordination: потому что, поскольку, дело в том, что, это объясняется тем, что. Evaluation needs comparison and hedging: важнее другое, скорее … , чем … , на мой взгляд, если сравнивать с … , то. Learn three of each and you have the apparatus for any card.
The five minutes of preparation should be spent building the ladder, not writing sentences. You may take notes on one side of A4 and you may refer to them, but the specification is explicit that they are for reference and that you should not read out whole prepared sentences — and an examiner hears a read sentence instantly. So write a skeleton: the statement you have chosen, one concession, two facts with dates or names, one explanation, one evaluation, one question to hand back. Six lines. You may not write on the stimulus card itself. Then, when the discussion begins, tell the teacher-examiner which statement you chose and start from the concession, because a concession is the easiest thing to say fluently under pressure and it buys thirty seconds while your Russian settles.
Two habits protect the AO4 marks in the wider discussion of Part 2, where the teacher-examiner broadens the conversation to the whole theme. The first is to keep two named anchors per sub-theme — for Массовая культура, say, the Ленинградский рок-клуб and the Московский цирк на Цветном бульваре; for Праздники, Новый год and Наурыз — so that a question you did not anticipate can still be answered concretely. The second is to attribute rather than assert whenever the ground is contested: одни считают … , другие возражают … ; принято считать, что … ; единого мнения нет. The grid rewards evaluation of issues, and evaluation requires that there be more than one position on the table.
Worked example

The same fact, written four times, up the AO4 ladder

The fact: in Russia the New Year, not Christmas, is the main family holiday. Show the same fact at each of the four levels the AO4 grid distinguishes, and say what the examiner hears each time.

  1. 01Rung one — naming

    Главный праздник в России — Новый год. Correct, relevant, and worth very little on its own: the grid calls this a limited or predictable response, because any candidate who has opened a textbook can produce it. Notice that it is also grammatically minimal — one nominal sentence with a dash. If your whole answer is built of sentences shaped like this, the AO3 grid will penalise you as well.

  2. 02Rung two — describing

    Его отмечают 31 декабря: ставят ёлку, готовят оливье, слушают куранты и смотрят «Иронию судьбы». Now there is content: an impersonal third-person plural repeated four times, four concrete practices, a date. This will sit in the middle of the grid. The connectives to have ready at this rung are обычно, как правило and чаще всего, all of which mark the practice as typical rather than personal.

  3. 03Rung three — explaining

    Это объясняется тем, что в советское время религиозные праздники были вытеснены, и новогодняя ёлка заняла место рождественской. Explanation requires causal subordination, and это объясняется тем, что is the most useful frame in the language for it. Были вытеснены is a short-form past passive participle in the past — precisely the complex language the AO3 grid names — and заняла место is a fixed collocation. One historical clause has moved the answer up a band.

  4. 04Rung four — evaluating and connecting

    Важнее другое: светский праздник объединяет людей независимо от веры, и именно поэтому он пережил и государство, которое его придумало. Скорее это пример того, как традиция переживает свою причину, чем доказательство того, что религия исчезла. Важнее другое relocates the point; независимо от takes the genitive; пережил is used twice in different senses, which is deliberate. The скорее … , чем … frame delivers a judgement while conceding the alternative, which is exactly what evaluate issues means in the grid.

  5. 05What to do with the ladder in the room

    Do not climb it in order out loud — that would sound like a lecture. Use rung two to answer the two printed questions, then move to rungs three and four as soon as the teacher-examiner broadens the discussion, and finish the turn with a question back. In practice a strong Task 1 alternates: a concrete practice, an explanation, a judgement, a question. Four moves, roughly thirty seconds each, repeated three or four times, fills the six to seven minutes exactly.

Result: Главный праздник в России — Новый год. Его отмечают 31 декабря: ставят ёлку, готовят оливье, слушают куранты и смотрят «Иронию судьбы». Это объясняется тем, что в советское время религиозные праздники были вытеснены, и новогодняя ёлка заняла место рождественской. Но важнее другое: светский праздник объединяет людей независимо от веры, и именно поэтому он пережил и то государство, которое его придумало. Скорее это пример того, как традиция переживает свою причину, чем доказательство того, что религия исчезла. А как, по-вашему, будет ли он так же важен через пятьдесят лет?

Exam focus

  • Practise the four-rung move — name, describe, explain, evaluate — on facts you already have rather than learning more facts (AO4).
  • Spend the five preparation minutes on a six-line skeleton, not on sentences; a read-out sentence is audible and the specification warns against it (AO1 and AO4).
  • Keep two named anchors per sub-theme so that an unanticipated question in Part 2 still gets a concrete answer (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing full sentences in the preparation time and then reading them; the specification says notes are for reference only, and the delivery gives it away.
  • Staying on the describing rung for the whole discussion, which caps the AO4 mark however accurate the Russian is.
  • Asserting a contested cultural judgement in your own voice instead of attributing it and then choosing.
  • Forgetting to say which of the two statements you have chosen before the discussion begins; the specification requires it.

Active revision

Возьмите один факт о русскоязычной культуре — например, что главный праздник в России светский. Запишите его четыре раза: назовите, опишите, объясните, оцените. Каждый раз используйте связку соответствующего уровня (как правило; потому что; это объясняется тем, что; скорее … , чем …).

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Русскоязычный мир: the scope rule that makes this theme different◐
    • 02Музыка: the guitar, the campfire and the layers of Russian-language popular music●
    • 03Цирк и танец: two trained professions and one shared argument●
    • 04Праздники, фестивали и традиции: the festive year and what it is evidence for◐
    • 05Exam technique: climbing the AO4 ladder in Task 1●

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From notes into training

Popular culture and the festive year: Массовая культура, праздники, фестивали и традиции

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~38
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Russian (9RU0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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