EuraStudy
Notes/German/Literary text and film study
Notes · GermanUK · A-Levels

Literary text and film study

Works are the whole of Paper 2 in AQA German (7662): two hours, 80 marks, twenty per cent of the A-level, one essay in German on each of the two works studied - either one text and one film, or two texts - chosen from the prescribed lists published in the current specification, with abridged versions not permitted. AQA sets and revises those lists between specification versions and centres choose from them, so these notes deliberately teach the METHOD rather than any particular title: how to read or watch analytically, how to build the evidence you will need without access to the work in the exam, how to write about narrative voice and camera work in German, how to construct an essay of about 300 words that argues rather than retells, and how the two halves of the mark scheme - 20 marks for language and 20 for critical response - are actually earned.

5 sections·~26 min reading time·3 competencies·Level Standard 1 · Advanced 4

T·141414 / 15
Exam profile
AO2 · Understand and respond in writing to literary and filmic language in GermanAO3 · Manipulate the language accurately, using a range of lexis and structure appropriate to critical writingAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically and analytically to, a work in its cultural and social context
Operators:analysierenbelegendeutenvergleichenbewertenerörtern

basic level

AS German (7661) requires ONE work rather than two, and its Paper 2 pairs a translation into German with a single essay of about 250 words worth 35 marks; the AS assessment criteria ask for a critical response to aspects such as plot, characterisation and imagery.

higher level

The A-level requires TWO works and one essay of about 300 words on each, and the question always demands a critical appreciation of the concepts and issues covered together with a critical and analytical response to features such as the form and the technique of presentation - the specification's own examples being the effect of narrative voice in a prose text and camera work in a film.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Literary text and film study
    • 01What the paper actually rewards●
    • 02The method: reading and watching for the exam●
    • 03Form and technique: narrative voice and camera work in German●
    • 04Building the essay: 300 words that argue●
    • 05The language of analysis: writing criticism in German◐
§ 01

What the paper actually rewards#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 4.5 Paper 2: WritingLPAQA 7662 3.4 Works; 4.7 Assessment criteria

Key points

Know the mechanics exactly, because they determine how you prepare. Paper 2 lasts two hours and carries 80 raw marks, twenty per cent of the A-level. You write one essay in German on each of your two works, with a choice of two questions on each. Each essay is worth 40 marks, split evenly: 20 for AO3 - accurate manipulation of the language with a range of lexis and structure - and 20 for AO4 - knowledge, understanding and critical response. Students are advised to write approximately 300 words per essay; everything you write is marked and there is no word limit, but the specification states that students writing the recommended number of words have access to the full range of marks. You may not consult the texts or films, and no dictionary is allowed.
The even split between language and content has a consequence most candidates miss: half of every essay's marks are available for German that has nothing to do with your work. A brilliant argument in poor German caps at twenty; competent argument in excellent German scores far better than most people expect. So build a stock of analytical German - the connectives, the stance verbs, the vocabulary of narrative and film technique - and practise deploying it, because that stock earns AO3 marks in both essays regardless of which questions come up.
The AO4 descriptors are worth reading as a checklist rather than as prose. The top band asks for an excellent critical and analytical response to the question set; knowledge of the work that is consistently accurate and detailed; opinions, views and conclusions consistently supported by relevant and appropriate evidence from the work; and excellent evaluation of the issues, themes and the cultural and social contexts of the work studied. Four things, therefore: answer the question set, be accurate about detail, support every claim with evidence, and place the work in its context. A retelling of the plot satisfies none of them.
Time and length follow from that. Two hours for two essays means roughly one hour each; a workable division is ten minutes planning, forty writing, ten checking. At 300 words you have room for an introduction, three developed paragraphs and a conclusion, and no room for a summary of the plot. And in the last ten minutes, run the same four mechanical checks that recover marks anywhere: finite verb position, agreement of articles and adjectives, separable prefixes at the end of main clauses, and capital letters on nouns. Those checks are worth more at the end of Paper 2 than another two sentences of content.
Worked example

Budgeting the two hours

You have two hours, two works and a choice of two questions on each. Plan the session minute by minute and justify the allocation.

  1. 01Minutes 0 to 5: read all four questions before choosing either

    Choosing question one before reading the questions on your second work is a common and costly error: sometimes the two easier questions are on different works, and sometimes one question would let you reuse material you have prepared. Read all four, then decide both.

  2. 02Minutes 5 to 15: plan essay one in note form

    Write the thesis as one sentence in German, then three paragraph headings, each with the evidence you intend to use - a scene, a decision, a technique. Planning in German rather than English saves you the translation step later and starts the AO3 machinery working.

  3. 03Minutes 15 to 55: write essay one

    Roughly 300 words in forty minutes is about eight words a minute, which is comfortable and leaves room for thinking. If you find yourself narrating, stop and ask what the sentence proves; if it proves nothing, cut it and replace it with a sentence that begins Dadurch, Damit or Auf diese Weise.

  4. 04Minutes 55 to 60: check essay one mechanically

    Four checks only: verb position, agreement, separable prefixes, capitals. Do not reread for content at this point - content revision at speed usually adds words rather than marks, and you have a second essay to write.

  5. 05Minutes 60 to 120: repeat for essay two, and protect the final five

    The same 10 - 40 - 10 division. The single most damaging pattern in this paper is spending seventy minutes on the first essay and fifty on the second, because the second essay is worth exactly as many marks and is the one that ends up unchecked.

Result: 0-5 alle vier Fragen lesen und beide auswählen. 5-15 Aufsatz 1 planen: These in einem Satz, drei Abschnitte, je ein Beleg. 15-55 Aufsatz 1 schreiben (etwa 300 Wörter). 55-60 vier mechanische Kontrollen. 60-70 Aufsatz 2 planen. 70-110 Aufsatz 2 schreiben. 110-120 kontrollieren. Regel: Kein Aufsatz bekommt mehr als sechzig Minuten, egal wie gut er läuft.

Exam focus

  • Treat the essay as 20 marks of German plus 20 marks of argument and prepare for both separately (AO3/AO4).
  • Answer the question set; the top AO4 descriptor begins with the response to the question, not with knowledge (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing 600 words on the first essay and 150 on the second; the marks are identical and the time is not.
  • Assuming a longer essay scores more; the recommended length is what gives access to the full range of marks.

Active revision

Plane eine vollständige Paper-2-Sitzung: Schreibe zu zwei Werken je einen Aufsatz von 300 Wörtern in insgesamt zwei Stunden, mit zehn Minuten Planung und zehn Minuten Kontrolle pro Aufsatz. Notiere anschließend, welche Phase du überzogen hast.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - scheme of assessment (AQA) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 02

The method: reading and watching for the exam#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 3.4.1 Literary texts and filmsLPAQA 7662 4.5 Paper 2: Writing

Key points

The prescribed lists are set by AQA, revised between specification versions, and chosen from by your centre - so the one thing these notes cannot do is tell you which work you are studying. What they can do is give you a method that works on any of them. The specification's own rules are fixed: either one text and one film or two texts, drawn from the lists in the specification, and abridged versions may not be used. The specification also illustrates the link between themes and works in its own introduction - it names the film Das Leben der Anderen as relevant to reunification and the novel Fundbüro by Siegfried Lenz as reflecting multiculturalism - which tells you something more useful than any title: examiners expect your work to be connected to the themes you have studied.
Build ONE document per work as you read or watch, and build it in German. Five sections. Handlung: a chronological outline in at most twenty lines - enough to locate any moment, not a retelling. Figuren: for each significant character, what they want, what stands in their way, and how they change. Themen: five or six abstract nouns with two pieces of evidence attached to each - die Schuld, die Verantwortung, die Überwachung, die Erinnerung, die Freiheit. Schlüsselstellen: eight to ten moments you could describe precisely from memory. Und Kontext: when the work was made, what it responds to, how it was received.
The Schlüsselstellen section is the one that decides your grade, because you write the exam without access to the work. A key passage entry has three parts: WHERE it occurs, WHAT happens in ten German words, and WHY it matters - which theme it serves and what technique carries it. Ten such entries, learned properly, will support any question the paper can set, because examiners set questions on themes and techniques rather than on isolated incidents. And note that you are not required to quote: the mark scheme asks for evidence from the text or film, and a precise description of a scene is evidence.
Then rehearse against questions rather than rereading. Paper 2 questions typically take one of four shapes: inwiefern - to what extent something is the case; welche Rolle spielt - what role something plays; analysieren Sie, wie - analyse how an effect is achieved; and a proposition followed by nehmen Sie Stellung - take a position. Write plans, not essays, against a dozen such questions using your own document; each plan takes ten minutes, and after a dozen you will find that the same six or seven pieces of evidence keep returning in different configurations. That recombination is exactly what the exam asks you to do under pressure.
Worked example

Turning a scene into a usable key-passage entry

Take, as a constructed illustration, a novel in which a first-person narrator recounts, many years later, a decision he made as a young man and did not tell anyone about. Build the key-passage entry you would revise from.

  1. 01Locate it, briefly

    Wo: gegen Ende des ersten Teils, unmittelbar nach dem Gespräch mit der Mutter. Location matters because it lets you say when in the structure something happens, and structural claims - early, at the midpoint, in the final chapter - are analytical claims.

  2. 02Say what happens in ten words

    Was: Der Erzähler schweigt, obwohl er die Wahrheit kennt. Ten words force you to identify the action rather than recount the episode. If you cannot compress it to ten words, you have not yet decided what the scene is about.

  3. 03Name the theme it serves

    Thema: Schuld durch Unterlassen - guilt through omission, as distinct from guilt through action. Naming the theme as an abstract noun with a qualifier is what lets you attach the scene to a question you have not yet seen.

  4. 04Name the technique that carries it

    Technik: die Ich-Perspektive aus großem zeitlichem Abstand. Der Erzähler weiß beim Erzählen mehr als die Figur beim Handeln, sodass der Leser die Rechtfertigung und das Ereignis zugleich sieht. This is the specification's own example - the effect of narrative voice - applied to a concrete moment.

  5. 05Write the sentence you would actually use in an essay

    Prepare the finished sentence now, while you have time: Gerade weil der Erzähler rückblickend erzählt, wird sein Schweigen nicht entschuldigt, sondern ausgestellt. In the exam you will not have the composure to invent that formulation, and having it ready is worth several AO3 marks as well as the AO4 point.

Result: Schlüsselstelle 4. Wo: Ende des ersten Teils, nach dem Gespräch mit der Mutter. Was: Der Erzähler schweigt, obwohl er die Wahrheit kennt. Thema: Schuld durch Unterlassen. Technik: Ich-Perspektive mit großem zeitlichem Abstand; der Erzählende weiß mehr als der Handelnde. Fertiger Satz: „Gerade weil der Erzähler rückblickend erzählt, wird sein Schweigen nicht entschuldigt, sondern ausgestellt."

Exam focus

  • Build ten key passages you can describe precisely without the text; the exam gives you no access to the work (AO4).
  • Connect your work to the themes you have studied; the specification expects that link (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Learning quotations by heart at the expense of understanding structure; a precisely described scene is equally good evidence.
  • Preparing a single essay in advance and adapting it to whatever question appears; examiners recognise it immediately and the AO4 mark collapses.

Active revision

Erstelle für dein Werk das Fünf-Teile-Dokument auf Deutsch: Handlung in zwanzig Zeilen, Figurenprofile, sechs Themen mit je zwei Belegen, zehn Schlüsselstellen mit Ort, Inhalt und Funktion, sowie ein Kontextabsatz von 100 Wörtern.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content (AQA)

§ 03

Form and technique: narrative voice and camera work in German#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 3.4 Works - critical and analytical response to form and techniqueLPAQA 7662 4.5 Paper 2: Writing

Key points

The specification names form and technique explicitly and gives two examples: the effect of narrative voice in a prose text and camera work in a film. For prose, the German you need starts with perspective. Die Ich-Erzählung is first-person narration; der auktoriale Erzähler knows everything and comments; der personale Erzähler stays inside one character's perception without saying I; and die erlebte Rede - free indirect speech - reports a character's thoughts in the third person and past tense without a verb of saying, which is the most sophisticated device you can name and explain. Around them: die Erzählzeit against die erzählte Zeit, die Rückblende, die Vorausdeutung, der innere Monolog, die Rahmenhandlung.
For film, learn the shot vocabulary properly, because vague comments about the camera earn nothing. Die Einstellung is the shot, and its sizes are die Totale, die Halbtotale, die Nahaufnahme and die Großaufnahme. Die Kameraperspektive can be die Untersicht, looking up, or die Aufsicht, looking down, or die Vogelperspektive. Die Kamerabewegung includes der Schwenk, die Fahrt and die Handkamera. Der Schnitt and die Montage govern how shots are joined; die Parallelmontage cuts between two actions. And beyond the image: die Beleuchtung, der Kontrast, die Farbgebung, die Filmmusik, der Ton, der Off-Kommentar, die Symbolik der Requisiten.
The technique is only worth marks when you say what it DOES, and German has a small set of verbs for exactly that. Etwas verstärkt, unterstreicht, betont, kontrastiert, ironisiert, verfremdet, nimmt vorweg, stellt infrage. And the sentence pattern that carries an analytical point is always the same: technique - effect - meaning. Durch die Untersicht wirkt die Figur bedrohlich, wodurch der Zuschauer ihre spätere Handlung bereits erwartet. Or: Die erlebte Rede lässt die Rechtfertigung der Figur wie eine Feststellung klingen, sodass der Leser sie zunächst übernimmt und erst später hinterfragt. Learn that three-part shape and you can write an analytical sentence about anything.
Two warnings. First, do not list techniques. An essay that names five devices in a paragraph and explains none of them scores lower than one that explains a single device thoroughly, because the AO4 descriptor rewards evidence supporting a conclusion, not inventory. Second, do not attribute intention you cannot support: prefer die Kameraführung erzeugt or der Text legt nahe to der Autor wollte zeigen. Where you do want to speak of intention, hedge in German as a critic would: offenbar, augenscheinlich, es liegt nahe, dass ..., man kann darin ... sehen.
Worked example

Writing an analytical paragraph about camera work

As a constructed illustration: a scene in which a character is interrogated across a table, filmed mostly in close-up on the character's face and in low-angle shots of the interrogator, with the room's only light source behind the interrogator. Write the paragraph in German.

  1. 01Name the technique precisely first

    Die Szene arbeitet fast durchgehend mit Großaufnahmen des Verhörten und mit Untersichten auf den Vernehmenden. Two named techniques, correctly labelled. Do not begin with an interpretation - begin with what is observably there, which is what makes the interpretation credible.

  2. 02State the effect, using a wirken or erzeugen verb

    Dadurch wirkt der Verhörte ausgeliefert, während der Vernehmende größer und bedrohlicher erscheint, als er tatsächlich ist. Dadurch links technique to effect explicitly; the comparative als er tatsächlich ist adds the observation that the impression is manufactured.

  3. 03Bring in the lighting as a second, converging piece of evidence

    Hinzu kommt die Beleuchtung: Da die einzige Lichtquelle hinter dem Vernehmenden liegt, bleibt sein Gesicht im Halbdunkel, das des Verhörten dagegen vollständig ausgeleuchtet. Two techniques pointing the same way is far stronger than one, and the da-clause explains the mechanism.

  4. 04Draw the meaning, not just the mood

    Die Kameraführung verteilt damit Sichtbarkeit ungleich - und Sichtbarkeit ist in dieser Szene genau das, worum es geht. Moving from bedrohlich, a mood, to Sichtbarkeit, a theme, is the step that converts description into analysis.

  5. 05Close by connecting to the work as a whole

    Was hier räumlich vorgeführt wird, prägt den ganzen Film: Wer gesehen wird, ohne selbst zu sehen, verliert die Kontrolle. Connecting a scene to the whole work is what the AO4 descriptor means by supporting a conclusion with appropriate evidence.

Result: Die Szene arbeitet fast durchgehend mit Großaufnahmen des Verhörten und mit Untersichten auf den Vernehmenden. Dadurch wirkt der Verhörte ausgeliefert, während der Vernehmende größer und bedrohlicher erscheint, als er tatsächlich ist. Hinzu kommt die Beleuchtung: Da die einzige Lichtquelle hinter ihm liegt, bleibt sein Gesicht im Halbdunkel, das des Verhörten dagegen vollständig ausgeleuchtet. Die Kameraführung verteilt damit Sichtbarkeit ungleich - und genau darum geht es in dieser Szene. Was hier räumlich vorgeführt wird, prägt den ganzen Film: Wer gesehen wird, ohne selbst zu sehen, verliert die Kontrolle.

Exam focus

  • Use the three-part pattern - technique, effect, meaning - in every analytical sentence (AO4).
  • Name shot sizes and camera angles precisely; die Großaufnahme and die Untersicht are worth more than the camera shows (AO3/AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Listing devices without explaining their effect; the mark is in the effect, not the label.
  • Writing der Regisseur wollte damit sagen; prefer an effect-centred formulation or an explicit hedge.

Active revision

Wähle drei Szenen deines Films oder drei Passagen deines Textes und schreibe zu jeder genau einen Satz nach dem Muster Technik - Wirkung - Bedeutung. Kein Satz darf länger als vierzig Wörter sein.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content (AQA)

§ 04

Building the essay: 300 words that argue#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 4.5 Paper 2: WritingLPAQA 7662 4.7 Assessment criteria - AO3 and AO4 for Paper 2

Der Aufbau eines Paper-2-Aufsatzes

Vom Fragesatz zum SchlussGraph, Frage genau analysieren → These in einem Satz, These in einem Satz → Argument 1 mit Beleg, Argument 1 mit Beleg → Argument 2 mit Beleg, Argument 2 mit Beleg → Einwand: zugeben und entkräften, Einwand: zugeben und entkräften → Schluss: Antwort auf die FrageFrage genauanalysierenThese in einemSatzArgument 1 mitBelegArgument 2 mitBelegEinwand: zugebenund entkräftenSchluss: Antwortauf die Frage
Fig. 1Six steps, about 300 words. The emphasised stage is the one most candidates leave out, and it is the one the top AO4 band is describing when it asks for evaluation rather than knowledge.

Key points

At 300 words the architecture has to be decided before you write, because there is no room to find your way. The shape that fits is five moves: an introduction that reformulates the question and states a thesis, two or three paragraphs each making ONE point with ONE piece of evidence, one paragraph that raises and answers an objection, and a conclusion that answers the question in a single sentence. Roughly 45 words, three times 60, and 45 for the conclusion. That is not a formula for its own sake - it is the only distribution in which each of the AO4 requirements can actually be met within the recommended length.
The introduction does three things in three sentences and nothing else. It reformulates the question in your own German, so the examiner sees you have understood it; it states your thesis - the answer you will defend; and it names the two or three grounds you will use. Do NOT open with the author's biography, the year of publication, or a general statement about literature; those sentences cost twenty words and earn nothing. And do not announce your structure with in diesem Aufsatz werde ich - German critical prose does not do that, and it wastes the space your thesis needs.
Each body paragraph follows the same internal shape: claim, evidence, analysis, link. Behauptung: one sentence naming the point. Beleg: a described scene or a short quotation. Analyse: two sentences explaining how the evidence supports the claim, using the technique-effect-meaning pattern. Und Anbindung: one clause connecting back to the thesis. Sixty words is enough for exactly that and no more, which is a useful discipline - if you cannot fit the point in sixty words, the point is not sharp enough yet.
The objection paragraph is what separates the top band from the middle, and most candidates omit it. Its shape is equally fixed: name a reading that contradicts yours, grant what is right in it, then show why your reading survives. Man könnte einwenden, dass ... . Das trifft insofern zu, als ... . Entscheidend ist jedoch, dass ... . Then the conclusion answers the question directly, in one sentence, with no new evidence and no summary of what you have just said. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass ... is acceptable but flat; better is a sentence that states the answer and its limit: Der Roman zeigt Schuld also weniger als Tat denn als Unterlassung - und gerade deshalb lässt er sie sich nicht abschließend zuschreiben.
Worked example

Writing the introduction and the objection paragraph

Question (constructed illustration): „Inwiefern ist die Hauptfigur für ihr eigenes Schicksal verantwortlich? Nehmen Sie Stellung." Write the introduction and the objection paragraph in German.

  1. 01Reformulate the question, do not repeat it

    Die Frage nach der Verantwortung der Hauptfigur berührt zugleich die Frage, wie viel Handlungsspielraum ihr das Werk überhaupt zugesteht. Reformulating shows understanding and, crucially, defines the terms on which you will answer - here by introducing Handlungsspielraum, room for action.

  2. 02State the thesis in one defensible sentence

    Meines Erachtens trägt sie Verantwortung, aber nur für das, was sie unterlässt, nicht für die Umstände, unter denen sie handelt. A thesis with a distinction built into it is far stronger than ja or nein, and it tells the examiner what the essay will do.

  3. 03Name the grounds

    Das zeigt sich an ihrem Schweigen im ersten Teil, an ihrer späteren Rechtfertigung und an der Erzählperspektive, die beides miteinander verknüpft. Three grounds, which become the three body paragraphs - and the third of them is a technique, which guarantees the essay will address form as the question type requires.

  4. 04Build the objection: name it fairly

    Man könnte einwenden, dass die Figur unter Bedingungen handelt, die sie nicht gewählt hat, und dass ihr Verhalten damit erklärbar, wenn nicht entschuldbar wird. Stating the counter-reading in its strongest form is what makes your answer to it worth anything.

  5. 05Concede precisely, then narrow

    Das trifft insofern zu, als der Text ihre Handlungsmöglichkeiten deutlich begrenzt. Entscheidend ist jedoch, dass sie an der einen Stelle, an der sie hätte sprechen können, schweigt - und dass der Erzähler diesen Moment eigens hervorhebt. Insofern ... als and entscheidend ist jedoch, dass are the two frames that make a concession look controlled rather than weak.

Result: Einleitung: Die Frage nach der Verantwortung der Hauptfigur berührt zugleich die Frage, wie viel Handlungsspielraum ihr das Werk überhaupt zugesteht. Meines Erachtens trägt sie Verantwortung, aber nur für das, was sie unterlässt, nicht für die Umstände, unter denen sie handelt. Das zeigt sich an ihrem Schweigen im ersten Teil, an ihrer späteren Rechtfertigung und an der Erzählperspektive, die beides miteinander verknüpft. - Einwand: Man könnte einwenden, dass die Figur unter Bedingungen handelt, die sie nicht gewählt hat, und dass ihr Verhalten damit erklärbar, wenn nicht entschuldbar wird. Das trifft insofern zu, als der Text ihre Handlungsmöglichkeiten deutlich begrenzt. Entscheidend ist jedoch, dass sie an der einen Stelle, an der sie hätte sprechen können, schweigt - und dass der Erzähler genau diesen Moment eigens hervorhebt.

Exam focus

  • Write an introduction of three sentences: reformulation, thesis, grounds - and nothing else (AO4).
  • Include one objection paragraph; conceding and answering a counter-reading is the clearest evidence of evaluation (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Opening with the author's life and the year of publication; at 300 words those sentences are pure cost.
  • Introducing new evidence in the conclusion, which leaves the strongest point unanalysed.

Active revision

Schreibe zu fünf verschiedenen Fragen jeweils nur die Einleitung (drei Sätze) und den Einwandabsatz (drei Sätze). Sechs Sätze pro Frage, dreißig insgesamt - das trainiert genau die beiden Stellen, an denen die meisten Punkte entschieden werden.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - scheme of assessment (AQA)

§ 05

The language of analysis: writing criticism in German#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7662 4.7 Assessment criteria - AO3 for Paper 2LPAQA 7662 3.3 Grammar

Key points

Half the marks in each essay are for German, so build the analytical vocabulary as deliberately as you build your knowledge of the work. Die Bausteine: der Roman, die Erzählung, das Drama, der Film, die Figur, die Hauptfigur, die Nebenfigur, der Erzähler, der Handlungsstrang, der Höhepunkt, die Wendung, der Schluss, das Motiv, das Symbol, das Leitmotiv, die Ironie, die Ambivalenz. Die Verben der Analyse: darstellen, schildern, andeuten, hervorheben, kontrastieren, spiegeln, verkörpern, infrage stellen, offenlassen, vorwegnehmen. Und die Wendungen der Deutung: Das legt nahe, dass ...; Darin zeigt sich ...; Bezeichnend ist, dass ...; Auffällig ist ...; Nicht zufällig ... .
Use the present tense throughout, because German literary analysis, like English, narrates the work in das historische Präsens: Der Erzähler schweigt, die Figur entscheidet sich, der Film endet mit ... . Switch to the past only for events in the work that precede the narrated present, and to the perfect for the work's own history - der Roman ist 1995 erschienen. Mixing the tenses arbitrarily is one of the commonest AO3 losses in Paper 2 and it is entirely avoidable.
Quotation and reference need care because you have no access to the work. Where you can quote accurately, do so briefly and integrate it grammatically into your sentence. Where you cannot, describe: In der Szene, in der die Figur zum ersten Mal allein ist, ... . Never invent a quotation - an examiner who knows the work will spot it immediately, and an invented quotation undermines every genuine claim in the essay. And introduce evidence with a verb, not with a colon alone: Das zeigt sich daran, dass ...; Deutlich wird das in der Szene, in der ...; Ein Beispiel dafür ist ... .
Finally, the register. German critical prose is impersonal but not bloodless. Use man and the passive for general claims - man kann darin ... sehen; damit wird ... infrage gestellt - and reserve the first person for genuine judgements, where meines Erachtens or ich halte es für überzeugend, dass ... is entirely appropriate. Avoid three things: the plot summary verb dann, which turns analysis into narration and should barely appear; empty intensifiers such as sehr, wirklich, total; and the moral verdict, since the AO4 descriptors ask for evaluation of issues, themes and contexts, not for approval of characters.
Worked example

From narration to argument: repairing a paragraph

A candidate writes: Zuerst geht die Figur nach Hause. Dann trifft sie ihre Mutter und sie streiten sich sehr. Dann geht sie wieder weg und sagt nichts. Das ist sehr traurig und zeigt, dass sie eine schlechte Person ist. Rewrite it to A-level standard and justify each change.

  1. 01Diagnose the failures

    Four sentences of plot joined by dann, two empty intensifiers, and a moral verdict as the conclusion. Every fact in it may be accurate, and it still cannot reach the middle AO4 bands, because none of it supports a claim about the work.

  2. 02Replace the sequence with a claim

    Der Konflikt mit der Mutter markiert den Punkt, an dem die Figur sich endgültig zurückzieht. One sentence now asserts something arguable, and it locates the scene structurally - markiert den Punkt - rather than merely reporting it.

  3. 03Convert the plot into evidence

    Bezeichnend ist weniger der Streit selbst als das, was danach fehlt: Die Figur verlässt das Haus, ohne ein Wort zu sagen. Bezeichnend ist marks the detail as significant, and weniger ... als das, was fehlt shifts attention from the event to the absence, which is a genuinely analytical move.

  4. 04Add the technique that carries it

    Der Erzähler kommentiert dieses Schweigen nicht, sodass die Leserin es selbst deuten muss. Naming what the narrator does NOT do is often the sharpest observation available, and sodass links technique to effect.

  5. 05Replace the verdict with an interpretation

    Damit stellt der Text die Frage nach Verantwortung, ohne sie zu beantworten - und gerade diese Offenheit macht die Figur schwerer zu verurteilen, als es der Streit zunächst nahelegt. The essay now says something about the work rather than about the character's moral quality, which is exactly what the AO4 descriptors ask for.

Result: Der Konflikt mit der Mutter markiert den Punkt, an dem die Figur sich endgültig zurückzieht. Bezeichnend ist dabei weniger der Streit selbst als das, was danach fehlt: Sie verlässt das Haus, ohne ein Wort zu sagen. Der Erzähler kommentiert dieses Schweigen nicht, sodass die Leserin es selbst deuten muss. Damit stellt der Text die Frage nach Verantwortung, ohne sie zu beantworten - und gerade diese Offenheit macht die Figur schwerer zu verurteilen, als es der Streit zunächst nahelegt.

Exam focus

  • Write the analysis in the present tense throughout and switch tense only for a reason (AO3).
  • Introduce every piece of evidence with a verb - das zeigt sich daran, dass - rather than dropping it in (AO3/AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Inventing a quotation because it sounds right; describe the scene instead, which the mark scheme accepts as evidence.
  • Letting dann carry the essay; a paragraph built on dann ... dann ... dann is narration and scores in the lower AO4 bands.

Active revision

Nimm einen deiner eigenen Aufsätze und streiche jedes „dann", jedes „sehr" und jede reine Handlungswiedergabe. Ersetze die entstandenen Lücken durch Sätze nach dem Muster Technik - Wirkung - Bedeutung und vergleiche die Länge vorher und nachher.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - grammar (AQA)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01What the paper actually rewards●
    • 02The method: reading and watching for the exam●
    • 03Form and technique: narrative voice and camera work in German●
    • 04Building the essay: 300 words that argue●
    • 05The language of analysis: writing criticism in German◐

0/5 Read

From notes into training

Literary text and film study

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~26
min
3
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - scheme of assessment
  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content
  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - grammar

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Previous topic

Grammar

Next topic

Individual research project

EuraStudy·Notes T·14·MMXXVI

Carry on to the next topic — your learning path is kept.