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Notes/German/German reunification and its consequences
Notes · GermanUK · A-Levels

German reunification and its consequences

Die Wiedervereinigung und ihre Folgen is the third sub-theme of Aspects of political life in the German-speaking world, and the specification requires it to be studied in relation to Germany. It carries three strands: Friedliche Revolution in der DDR, Die Wiedervereinigung als Wunsch und Wirklichkeit, and Alte und neue Bundesländer in Kultur und Identität. These notes cover the material a strong answer needs - the division of 1949, the uprising of 1953 and the Wall of 1961; the Monday demonstrations, the opening of the Hungarian border and the night of 9 November 1989; the treaties, the currency union and the unification of 3 October 1990; and the consequences that are still argued about, from the Treuhandanstalt and the Stasi files to wage gaps, migration westwards and the phrase die Mauer im Kopf.

5 sections·~26 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 1 · Advanced 4

T·121212 / 15
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken German on the GDR, 1989 and its aftermathAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written German on reunification and its consequencesAO3 · Manipulate the language accurately, using a range of lexis and structureAO4 · Show knowledge of, and respond critically to, German reunification and its long consequences
Operators:darstelleneinordnenerklärenbelegenbewertenübersetzen

basic level

This sub-theme belongs to the A-level-only Aspects of political life theme and does not appear in AS German (7661). The specification's scope rule applies: reunification must be studied in relation to Germany. At the basic level, an accurate narrative of the division, the events of 1989 and the unification of 1990 is the expectation.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the peaceful revolution to be explained by its causes rather than told as a story, the consequences to be argued with named instruments such as the Treuhandanstalt and the Solidaritätszuschlag, the eastern experience of the 1990s to be represented fairly, and contested claims to be attributed.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. German reunification and its consequences
    • 011989: Friedliche Revolution in der DDR●
    • 02Hope and outcome: Die Wiedervereinigung - Wunsch und Wirklichkeit●
    • 03Two experiences, one country: Alte und neue Bundesländer●
    • 04Wortschatz und Wendungen: history, memory and the language of the past◐
    • 05In der Prüfung: historical material and the discipline of evidence●
§ 01

1989: Friedliche Revolution in der DDR#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 3.2.2 - Die Wiedervereinigung und ihre Folgen: Friedliche Revolution in der DDRLPDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Von der Teilung zur Einheit und danach

Teilung, Einheit, FolgenTimeline from 1945 to 2025, 1949: zwei deutsche Staaten, 1953: Aufstand des 17. Juni, 1961: Bau der Mauer, 1972: Grundlagenvertrag, 1989: Friedliche Revolution, Mauerfall, 1990: Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag, Einheit, 1991: Stasi-Unterlagen-Gesetz, 1994: Treuhandanstalt aufgelöst, 2019: Solidarpakt läuft aus, 1949–1990: geteiltes Deutschland19452025JahrgeteiltesDeutschland1949zwei deutscheStaaten1953Aufstand des 17.Juni1961Bau der Mauer1972Grundlagenvertrag1989FriedlicheRevolution, Mau…1990Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag,Einheit1991Stasi-Unterlagen-Gesetz1994Treuhandanstaltaufgelöst2019Solidarpaktläuft aus
Fig. 1The span covers forty-one years; the events to its right are the consequences. The emphasised year is the one that gets told as a story - which is exactly why the years after it repay closer attention.

Key points

Set the ground first, because 1989 is unintelligible without the forty years before it. Two German states were founded in 1949: the Federal Republic in May and the German Democratic Republic in October. The GDR was a one-party state led by the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands; its security service, das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit - die Stasi - maintained surveillance on a scale that included a large network of unofficial informants, die inoffiziellen Mitarbeiter. An uprising on 17 June 1953 was put down with Soviet military support. On 13 August 1961 the Wall was built to stop the departure of citizens westwards, and people died attempting to cross the border in the years that followed. In the 1970s the two states signed the Grundlagenvertrag and both joined the United Nations, so the division was formally acknowledged.
The revolution of 1989 had causes that can be named, and naming them is what turns a narrative into an argument. Economically, the GDR was in serious difficulty, with shortages, debt and an ageing industrial base. Externally, the reform course in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev removed the guarantee that Moscow would intervene to preserve the regime - and without that guarantee the GDR leadership was alone. Practically, Hungary opened its border to Austria in the course of 1989, so that citizens travelling on holiday could leave; embassies in Prague and Warsaw filled with people seeking exit. And internally, the churches - above all the Nikolaikirche in Leipzig - provided a protected space in which criticism could be voiced, from which the Montagsdemonstrationen grew.
The autumn itself should be dated precisely. From September 1989 the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig grew week by week under the chant Wir sind das Volk; on 9 October a demonstration of tens of thousands passed without the violence many had feared, which is widely regarded as the decisive night. Honecker resigned on 18 October. On 4 November several hundred thousand people demonstrated on the Alexanderplatz in Berlin. On 9 November a confused announcement at a press conference led to crowds at the crossing points, and the border was opened that night. The revolution's own name records what mattered: sie war friedlich - es fiel kein Schuss, und das war 1989 keineswegs selbstverständlich.
Two nuances lift an answer here. First, the aim changed: the early demonstrators demanded reform of the GDR, and the chant Wir sind das Volk asserted popular sovereignty against the party; the shift to Wir sind ein Volk, a demand for unification, came later and was contested among the civil-rights groups who had begun the movement. Second, the outcome was not inevitable: In den Wochen nach dem 9. November war offen, ob es zwei reformierte Staaten oder einen geben würde - erst die Volkskammerwahl vom 18. März 1990 entschied diese Frage. Saying that shows historical judgement rather than hindsight.
Worked example

Translation into English: a passage on the ninth of October

Translate into English: „Niemand wusste an jenem Abend, ob geschossen werden würde. Die Krankenhäuser hatten Blutkonserven bereitgestellt, in den Betrieben war von Vorbereitungen die Rede. Dass die Demonstration friedlich blieb, verdankt sich vielen Einzelnen, deren Namen niemand kennt."

  1. 01Handle the passive inside the indirect question

    Ob geschossen werden würde is an impersonal passive in the conditional: whether shots would be fired. There is no subject at all - German can form a passive from an intransitive verb, which English cannot, so the translation must supply one. Würde stands last because ob is subordinating.

  2. 02Read the pluperfect of preparation

    Die Krankenhäuser hatten Blutkonserven bereitgestellt: a pluperfect with the separable bereitstellen, to make ready. Blutkonserven are units of stored blood. The pluperfect places this before the evening in question, which is precisely the chilling point - the preparation had already been made.

  3. 03Translate von etwas ist die Rede

    In den Betrieben war von Vorbereitungen die Rede is the fixed impersonal phrase es ist die Rede von, there was talk of. Der Betrieb here is a workplace or factory, not an operation. English: in the factories there was talk of preparations.

  4. 04Unpack the fronted dass-clause with a reflexive verb

    Dass die Demonstration friedlich blieb, verdankt sich vielen Einzelnen: the dass-clause is the subject, and sich verdanken plus dative means to be owed to. English needs a restructure: the fact that the demonstration remained peaceful is owed to many individuals.

  5. 05Get the genitive relative pronoun right

    Vielen Einzelnen, deren Namen niemand kennt: deren is the plural genitive relative pronoun - individuals whose names nobody knows. Note that the noun after deren takes no article, exactly as in English whose names, and that kennt stands at the end of the relative clause.

Result: Nobody knew that evening whether shots would be fired. The hospitals had made units of blood ready; in the factories there was talk of preparations. That the demonstration remained peaceful is owed to many individuals whose names nobody knows.

Exam focus

  • Explain 1989 by its causes - economy, Moscow, Hungary, the churches - not only by its events (AO4).
  • Distinguish Wir sind das Volk from Wir sind ein Volk and note that the movement's aim changed (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Treating unification as the obvious outcome from 9 November; it was decided politically over the following months.
  • Describing the Monday demonstrations as beginning in November; they had been growing in Leipzig since September.

Active revision

Erkläre auf Deutsch in etwa 170 Wörtern vier Ursachen der friedlichen Revolution in der DDR und ordne mindestens fünf Ereignisse des Jahres 1989 chronologisch ein.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content (AQA) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

§ 02

Hope and outcome: Die Wiedervereinigung - Wunsch und Wirklichkeit#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 3.2.2 - Die Wiedervereinigung und ihre Folgen: Die Wiedervereinigung - Wunsch und WirklichkeitLPDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Key points

Get the legal route right, because candidates habitually compress a complicated year into a single date. The first free election to the Volkskammer took place on 18 March 1990 and produced a majority for rapid unification. The currency, economic and social union came into force on 1 July 1990, and the D-Mark became the currency of the GDR. The Einigungsvertrag was signed on 31 August. The Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag, agreed between the two German states and the four wartime allies and signed in Moscow on 12 September 1990, settled the external aspects and restored full sovereignty. Unification took effect on 3 October 1990, when the GDR acceded to the Federal Republic under the Basic Law - which is why some describe it as a Beitritt rather than a merger, a distinction that carries real political weight in eastern Germany.
The hopes were explicit and are worth quoting in substance rather than in invented words. Politically: freedom of movement, free elections, the rule of law, an end to surveillance - all delivered, and it is important to say so plainly, because an answer that lists only disappointments is not accurate. Economically: the expectation of rapid convergence in living standards, promised in the campaign rhetoric of 1990. Personally: reunion with relatives, travel, choice of profession, the ordinary freedoms whose absence had defined life in the GDR. Any evaluation must begin by recording that the political hopes were substantially met before it turns to the economic ones.
The economic reality was harder than almost anyone predicted, and the Treuhandanstalt is the institution around which the argument turns. Established to privatise the state-owned enterprises of the GDR, it operated from 1990 until the end of 1994; the great majority of enterprises were sold, closed or restructured, and industrial employment in the east collapsed within a few years. Whether this was unavoidable - the plants were exposed overnight to hard-currency competition after the currency union - or whether it was mishandled is genuinely contested among historians and economists, and a candidate who says so, with a reason on each side, has done exactly what the AO4 descriptors reward. Massenarbeitslosigkeit, Frühverrentung and the westward migration of the young, especially of young women, followed.
Transfers and their vocabulary complete the picture. Der Solidaritätszuschlag, an income-tax surcharge introduced in 1991, and the two Solidarpakte, which ran until 2019, financed the programme known as Aufbau Ost; large sums moved from west to east, and infrastructure, housing stock and environmental conditions improved markedly - eine Tatsache, die in der Debatte oft untergeht. The surcharge was abolished for the great majority of taxpayers from 2021. The honest summary refuses both triumph and grievance: Politisch war die Einheit ein Erfolg, wirtschaftlich ein sehr viel längerer Prozess als versprochen - und der Abstand zwischen Versprechen und Erfahrung erklärt einen großen Teil der ostdeutschen Politik der letzten Jahrzehnte.
Worked example

The Paper 1 summary on a passage about the 1990s in the east

A reading text reports that infrastructure in the eastern states improved substantially after 1990, that industrial employment collapsed within a few years, and that many young people - especially women - moved west, with lasting demographic effects. Write the summary in German.

  1. 01Fix the three points and their tension

    One: infrastructure improved. Two: industrial employment collapsed. Three: young people, especially women, left, with lasting effects. The passage's structure is a genuine both-and, and a summary that reports only the losses has misrepresented it - which the content mark will register.

  2. 02Reformulate the technical vocabulary

    Infrastruktur may stay; sanierte Straßen, Netze und Wohnungen makes it concrete in your own words. Industrieller Arbeitsplatzabbau becomes viele Industriearbeitsplätze gingen verloren. Abwanderung is the precise term for out-migration and is a reformulation if the passage used wegziehen.

  3. 03Hold the two directions together

    Use zwar ... zugleich or einerseits ... andererseits, because the passage's point is simultaneity, not sequence. Zwar verbesserte sich ..., zugleich brachen ... weg. Wegbrechen is a strong and idiomatic verb for jobs disappearing.

  4. 04Give the third point its consequence

    Da vor allem junge Frauen fortzogen, verschob sich die Altersstruktur dauerhaft. The demographic consequence is what makes the third point more than a repetition of the second, and sich verschieben is the right verb for a structure shifting.

  5. 05Count and close in the window

    Three sentences at about 32 words each lands near 95. End at a natural break: marking stops at the first one between 90 and 100, so a deliberate full stop there protects everything you have written.

Result: Nach 1990 verbesserte sich die Infrastruktur in den neuen Bundesländern erheblich: Straßen, Netze und Wohnungen wurden umfassend saniert. Zugleich brachen innerhalb weniger Jahre zahlreiche Industriearbeitsplätze weg, sodass viele Menschen ihre Arbeit verloren oder vorzeitig in Rente gingen. Vor allem junge Menschen und besonders junge Frauen zogen daraufhin in den Westen, wodurch sich die Altersstruktur ganzer Regionen dauerhaft verschob. Beide Entwicklungen gehören nach Darstellung des Textes zusammen und lassen sich nicht gegeneinander aufrechnen.

Exam focus

  • Sequence 18 March, 1 July, 31 August, 12 September and 3 October 1990 correctly (AO4).
  • State that the political hopes were largely met before analysing the economic disappointment; balance is the mark (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Saying Germany was reunified on 9 November 1989; that is the opening of the border, and unification followed on 3 October 1990.
  • Presenting the Treuhandanstalt as simply a failure or simply a necessity; the dispute is real and should be represented as one.

Active revision

Vergleiche auf Deutsch in etwa 180 Wörtern die Erwartungen von 1990 mit der tatsächlichen Entwicklung. Nenne mindestens vier Daten und zwei Institutionen und schließe mit einer abwägenden Bewertung.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content (AQA)

§ 03

Two experiences, one country: Alte und neue Bundesländer#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 3.2.2 - Die Wiedervereinigung und ihre Folgen: Alte und neue Bundesländer - Kultur und IdentitätLPDfE GCE modern foreign languages subject content

Key points

Use the correct terms and know what they carry. Die alten Bundesländer are the states of the former Federal Republic, die neuen Bundesländer the five re-established eastern states plus, in most usages, Berlin. Ossi and Wessi are colloquial and often pejorative; use them only when discussing the labels themselves. Die Mauer im Kopf - the wall in the head - is the phrase German uses for the persistence of division after the physical wall was gone; it goes back to the writer Peter Schneider, whose novel of 1982 observed that dismantling that wall would take longer than demolishing the visible one.
The measurable differences should be reported carefully and attributed. Wages and household wealth in the east have remained on average below western levels, though the gap has narrowed over three decades; there are strikingly few large-company headquarters in the east; and eastern Germans remain under-represented in senior positions in business, the judiciary, the universities and the media, a finding repeatedly documented by German researchers and by the federal government's own reports on German unity. Say laut den Jahresberichten zur Deutschen Einheit or nach Untersuchungen deutscher Forschungseinrichtungen rather than quoting a figure you cannot source.
The experiential differences matter as much as the measurable ones, and they explain political behaviour that is otherwise puzzling. For many people in the east the 1990s meant that qualifications lost value, careers were interrupted, workplaces closed and decisions were taken by people who had arrived from elsewhere - eine Erfahrung von Kontrollverlust, die im Westen kaum jemand teilt. Alongside that runs a legitimate biographical defence: Menschen möchten nicht, dass ihr ganzes Leben in der DDR nachträglich für falsch erklärt wird. Ostalgie - the affectionate memory of everyday products, television, childcare and social forms of the GDR - is best understood in that light, and it is neither a defence of the regime nor a simple sentimentality.
Two disciplines are essential here. First, distinguish the state from the people: die DDR war eine Diktatur mit einem allgegenwärtigen Überwachungsapparat - das steht fest; daraus folgt aber nicht, dass das Leben der Einzelnen darin nur aus Anpassung bestand. The Stasi files were opened to citizens by law in 1991, and the records were transferred to the federal archive in 2021; that legal opening was itself an achievement of the revolution. Second, avoid caricature in both directions: neither the east as a permanently aggrieved region nor the west as uniformly generous survives contact with the evidence. Und schließlich: die Generation, die nach 1990 geboren wurde, erlebt die Teilung nur als Erzählung - was die Frage aufwirft, wie lange Ost und West überhaupt sinnvolle Kategorien bleiben.
Worked example

A stimulus card on eastern and western Germany

The card shows two photographs of the same street in an eastern German town, in 1990 and today, and carries the sentence „Blühende Landschaften?" The examiner asks: „Was hat sich seit 1990 verändert - und was nicht?" Build an answer of about fifty seconds.

  1. 01Read the card's irony

    Das Fragezeichen im Titel ist entscheidend: Die Formulierung stammt aus den Versprechungen von 1990 und wird heute meist ironisch zitiert. Recognising that the card's headline is a quotation used sceptically is an AO2 point and sets up the whole answer.

  2. 02Describe both photographs before judging

    Auf dem älteren Bild sieht man verfallene Fassaden und eine unsanierte Straße, auf dem neueren renovierte Häuser und neue Fenster. Sichtbar verändert hat sich also vor allem die Bausubstanz. Description first, and it happens to establish the point that is least contested.

  3. 03Name what improved, with an instrument

    Das ist kein Zufall: Über den Solidaritätszuschlag und die Solidarpakte flossen erhebliche Mittel in Infrastruktur und Sanierung. A named instrument turns a photograph into evidence, and it shows knowledge the card does not contain.

  4. 04Name what did not change, carefully

    Nicht verändert hat sich, dass Löhne und Vermögen im Osten im Durchschnitt weiterhin unter dem Westniveau liegen und dass in Spitzenpositionen kaum Ostdeutsche vertreten sind - das zeigen die Jahresberichte zur Deutschen Einheit. Attribution rather than a figure.

  5. 05Close with the experiential point and a question

    Und schwerer messbar, aber wichtiger: Viele Menschen haben in den neunziger Jahren erlebt, dass ihre Qualifikation nichts mehr galt. Das prägt bis heute. Würden Sie sagen, dass diese Erfahrung im Westen ausreichend bekannt ist? A concession to the limits of measurement, and a conjugated closing question.

Result: Das Fragezeichen im Titel ist entscheidend: Die Formulierung stammt aus den Versprechungen von 1990 und wird heute meist ironisch zitiert. Auf dem älteren Bild sieht man verfallene Fassaden, auf dem neueren renovierte Häuser - sichtbar verändert hat sich vor allem die Bausubstanz, und das ist kein Zufall: Über den Solidaritätszuschlag und die Solidarpakte flossen erhebliche Mittel in Infrastruktur und Sanierung. Nicht verändert hat sich dagegen, dass Löhne und Vermögen im Osten im Durchschnitt unter dem Westniveau liegen und dass in Spitzenpositionen kaum Ostdeutsche vertreten sind; das zeigen die Jahresberichte zur Deutschen Einheit. Schwerer messbar, aber wichtiger: Viele Menschen haben in den neunziger Jahren erlebt, dass ihre Qualifikation plötzlich nichts mehr galt, und das prägt bis heute. Würden Sie sagen, dass diese Erfahrung im Westen ausreichend bekannt ist?

Exam focus

  • Attribute wage and representation gaps to the annual reports on German unity or to research institutions (AO4).
  • Separate the judgement on the GDR as a state from the judgement on individual lives lived within it (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Using Ossi and Wessi as neutral descriptors; they are colloquial labels and often pejorative.
  • Treating Ostalgie as approval of the regime; it refers to everyday life and to the value of one's own biography.

Active revision

Erkläre auf Deutsch in etwa 170 Wörtern den Ausdruck „die Mauer im Kopf", nenne zwei messbare und zwei erfahrungsbezogene Unterschiede zwischen alten und neuen Bundesländern und schließe mit einer Aussage über die jüngere Generation.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content (AQA)

§ 04

Wortschatz und Wendungen: history, memory and the language of the past#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7662 3.2.2 - Die Wiedervereinigung und ihre FolgenLPAQA 7662 3.3 Grammar

Key points

The lexical field, in blocks. Die Teilung: die Grenze, der Grenzübergang, der Todesstreifen, die Flucht, der Fluchtversuch, die Ausreise, der Schießbefehl, die Überwachung, die Bespitzelung, der inoffizielle Mitarbeiter. Die Revolution: die Montagsdemonstration, die Kundgebung, die Bürgerrechtsbewegung, die Ausreisewelle, die Wende, der Mauerfall. Die Einheit: der Beitritt, der Einigungsvertrag, die Währungsunion, die Volkskammer, die Souveränität. Die Folgen: die Treuhandanstalt, die Privatisierung, die Deindustrialisierung, die Arbeitslosigkeit, die Abwanderung, der Solidaritätszuschlag, der Aufbau Ost, die Aufarbeitung. Note die Wende, a word for the whole turning of 1989 and 1990, and die Aufarbeitung, the working-through of a difficult past, which is a central concept in German public life and has no single English equivalent.
The tenses of history are the grammar this sub-theme drills. Written historical narrative uses das Präteritum: 1961 baute die DDR die Mauer; 1990 trat der Einigungsvertrag in Kraft. Events before other events take das Plusquamperfekt: Nachdem Ungarn die Grenze geöffnet hatte, verließen Tausende das Land. Consequences reaching into the present use das Perfekt: Die Unterschiede haben sich verringert, aber sie sind nicht verschwunden. And reported claims about the past take Konjunktiv I or, where that is ambiguous, Konjunktiv II: Viele sagen, die Treuhand habe zu schnell privatisiert; Kritiker meinten, es hätte Alternativen gegeben.
Passive constructions are essential here because history is full of things done to people and places. Die Betriebe wurden privatisiert oder geschlossen. Die Akten sind 1991 geöffnet worden - note worden. Der Vertrag wurde am 12. September 1990 unterzeichnet. And the sein-passive of state for a condition reached: Die Teilung ist überwunden. Two further structures earn their place: the extended participial attribute, common in historical prose - die 1990 gegründete Treuhandanstalt - and the impersonal passive with no subject at all: In den Betrieben wurde über Entlassungen gesprochen.
Finally, the phrases that structure a historical argument and stop it from becoming a chronicle. For causation: infolge plus genitive; aufgrund plus genitive; ausschlaggebend war, dass ...; das führte dazu, dass ... . For contingency: es war keineswegs selbstverständlich, dass ...; hätte sich Moskau anders entschieden, wäre ... - and note the conditional with omitted wenn, an A-level list item, where the clause simply begins with the verb. For weighing: einerseits ... andererseits; bei aller Kritik; im Rückblick; aus heutiger Sicht. And for judgement without overclaiming: die Bewertung fällt bis heute unterschiedlich aus; darüber wird bis heute gestritten.
Worked example

Translation into German: historical narration with the right tenses

Translate into German: After Hungary had opened its border, thousands of GDR citizens left the country. The government reacted with promises that nobody believed any more. Had Moscow decided differently, the demonstrations would probably have been suppressed.

  1. 01Build the nachdem clause with the pluperfect

    Nachdem Ungarn die Grenze geöffnet hatte, verließen Tausende von DDR-Bürgern das Land. Nachdem requires one tense earlier than the main clause: pluperfect in the subordinate clause, simple past in the main. Hatte stands last, after the participle, and the main clause then begins with its verb because the subordinate clause is fronted.

  2. 02Choose the verb for left the country

    Verließen from verlassen, which is transitive - das Land verlassen. Do not use gehen or weggehen, which would be weak, and do not use das Land abreisen, which is not German. Tausende von DDR-Bürgern takes von plus dative; Tausende DDR-Bürger without von is also correct.

  3. 03Get reagieren auf right

    Die Regierung reagierte mit Versprechungen: reagieren auf plus accusative takes auf for what one reacts TO, but mit plus dative for the means used - here mit Versprechungen. Die Versprechung is a promise made without weight; das Versprechen is the neutral word, and the plural Versprechungen carries the sceptical tone of the English.

  4. 04Attach the relative clause with the right case and negation

    Denen niemand mehr glaubte. Glauben takes a dative object, so the relative pronoun is plural dative denen; nicht mehr becomes niemand mehr with a negative subject; and glaubte stands at the end. Getting a dative relative pronoun right is a visible marker of control.

  5. 05Form the wenn-less conditional perfect

    Hätte Moskau anders entschieden, wären die Demonstrationen vermutlich niedergeschlagen worden. The conditional clause simply begins with the finite verb hätte - the wenn-less form the A-level grammar list names. The main clause is a Konjunktiv II perfect passive: wären ... niedergeschlagen worden, with worden last. Niederschlagen is separable and is the standard verb for suppressing a rising.

Result: Nachdem Ungarn die Grenze geöffnet hatte, verließen Tausende von DDR-Bürgern das Land. Die Regierung reagierte mit Versprechungen, denen niemand mehr glaubte. Hätte Moskau anders entschieden, wären die Demonstrationen vermutlich niedergeschlagen worden.

Exam focus

  • Use Präteritum for narrative, Plusquamperfekt for prior events and Perfekt for what still holds (AO3).
  • Use the wenn-less conditional - Hätte Moskau anders entschieden, wäre ... - at least once; very few candidates attempt it (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing die Akten sind geöffnet geworden; the passive perfect uses worden.
  • Calling the accession of the GDR a Fusion; the legal route was a Beitritt under the Basic Law, and the word matters politically.

Active revision

Schreibe eine historische Darstellung von 150 Wörtern über die Jahre 1989 und 1990, in der Präteritum, Plusquamperfekt, Perfekt, ein Passiv und ein Konditionalsatz ohne „wenn" jeweils mindestens einmal vorkommen.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - grammar (AQA)

§ 05

In der Prüfung: historical material and the discipline of evidence#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7662 4.4 Paper 1 - Reading and respondingLPAQA 7662 4.6 Paper 3 - Speaking, part two and part one

Key points

The specification says reading texts will include contemporary and historical material, and this sub-theme is the likeliest source of the historical ones. Historical German reads differently and needs three habits. First, expect the Präteritum throughout, including for verbs whose simple past forms you rarely meet - trat, galt, hieß, fand statt, kam es zu. Second, expect long noun phrases and extended participial attributes packing whole clauses in front of a noun; find the article and its noun, then read the middle as a relative clause. Third, expect the passive, often impersonal, because historical prose describes what was done rather than who did it.
For memoir and interview material, which is common on this sub-theme, watch the time levels and the evaluative adverbs. Damals, im Rückblick, heute würde ich sagen and aus heutiger Sicht each mark a shift between the experience and the later judgement of it, and inference questions are frequently built on exactly that gap: what did the speaker think at the time, and what do they think now? A speaker who says damals waren wir überzeugt, heute bin ich mir nicht mehr so sicher has given you both halves and the question will ask for the difference.
Handle contested material with attribution, because this sub-theme has more of it than any other. Say die Treuhandanstalt ist bis heute umstritten rather than passing your own verdict; say nach Untersuchungen liegen die Einkommen im Osten weiterhin im Durchschnitt niedriger rather than quoting a percentage; say viele Ostdeutsche berichten, dass ... rather than speaking for a population. And where a text expresses a position, report it with a stance verb: der Autor kritisiert, bedauert, verteidigt, relativiert, wirft der Bundesregierung vor, dass ... .
This sub-theme is also a favourite for the individual research project, and the same disciplines apply there with more force, since you will be discussing your own material for nine or ten minutes. Two warnings. First, do not choose a topic whose sources you cannot read; German-language material on 1989 is abundant and accessible, which is one reason the topic works. Second, do not narrate. The examiner will ask what you FOUND, not what happened, so prepare findings with evidence: Ich habe drei Zeitzeugenberichte verglichen und festgestellt, dass ... . A prepared candidate on this sub-theme has an unusual advantage - the material is rich, dated and genuinely arguable.
Worked example

An inference question on a memoir passage

Text: „Im März 1990 haben wir gewählt, als ginge es um alles - und in gewisser Weise ging es das ja auch. Dass drei Jahre später der halbe Betrieb nicht mehr existieren würde, hat sich damals niemand ausgemalt. Ich bereue meine Stimme nicht. Ich hätte nur gern gewusst, was auf uns zukommt." Question: „Wie beurteilt der Sprecher rückblickend seine Entscheidung?"

  1. 01Read als ginge es um alles

    Als plus Konjunktiv II with inversion means as if - as if everything were at stake. This is the wenn-less comparative construction: als ginge es, not als ob es ginge, though both are correct. Um etwas gehen is the impersonal it is a matter of.

  2. 02Notice the immediate self-correction

    Und in gewisser Weise ging es das ja auch: and in a certain way it was. The particle ja appeals to shared recognition, auch concedes. The speaker qualifies his own hyperbole in the same sentence, which tells you he is a careful narrator - and careful narrators are exactly whom inference questions are built around.

  3. 03Unpack the future in the past

    Dass drei Jahre später der halbe Betrieb nicht mehr existieren würde is a future seen from 1990: that half the factory would no longer exist three years later. Sich etwas ausmalen is to picture something to oneself, reflexive with a dative pronoun implied - hat sich niemand ausgemalt.

  4. 04Separate the two evaluations

    Ich bereue meine Stimme nicht is a clear present judgement: no regret about the decision. Ich hätte nur gern gewusst is a Konjunktiv II perfect: I would just have liked to know. The regret is therefore about information, not about the choice - and that distinction is the whole answer.

  5. 05Write the answer with the distinction explicit

    Er steht zu seiner damaligen Entscheidung und bereut sie ausdrücklich nicht. Kritisch sieht er lediglich, dass die Folgen - etwa der Verlust vieler Arbeitsplätze - damals nicht absehbar waren; er hätte gern gewusst, was auf ihn zukommt. Sein Rückblick ist also nicht ablehnend, sondern ernüchtert. Ernüchtert - disillusioned in the sense of sobered - is exactly the register the passage carries.

Result: Er steht zu seiner damaligen Entscheidung und bereut seine Stimme ausdrücklich nicht. Kritisch beurteilt er lediglich, dass die Folgen - etwa der Verlust eines großen Teils der Arbeitsplätze - im Frühjahr 1990 für niemanden absehbar waren. Sein Rückblick ist deshalb nicht ablehnend, sondern ernüchtert: Er hätte die Entscheidung gern besser informiert getroffen.

Exam focus

  • Track damals against heute in memoir material; the gap between them is what inference questions target (AO2).
  • Attribute every contested claim about the 1990s rather than delivering a verdict (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Reading an extended participial attribute as a list of separate adjectives; it is a compressed relative clause.
  • Narrating events in the speaking test when asked what your research found.

Active revision

Lies einen deutschsprachigen Zeitzeugenbericht über 1989 oder 1990. Trenne in zwei Spalten, was die Person damals dachte, und was sie heute sagt, und formuliere in drei Sätzen, worin der Unterschied besteht.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level German (7662) specification - scheme of assessment (AQA)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 011989: Friedliche Revolution in der DDR●
    • 02Hope and outcome: Die Wiedervereinigung - Wunsch und Wirklichkeit●
    • 03Two experiences, one country: Alte und neue Bundesländer●
    • 04Wortschatz und Wendungen: history, memory and the language of the past◐
    • 05In der Prüfung: historical material and the discipline of evidence●

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From notes into training

German reunification and its consequences

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~26
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - subject content
  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - grammar
  • AQA A-level German (7662) specification - scheme of assessment

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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