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Notes/Bengali/বৈষম্য ও অভিবাসন: diversity, mobility and migration
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বৈষম্য ও অভিবাসন: diversity, mobility and migration

This topic is theme 3.1.2 of AQA 7637, Aspects of Bengali-speaking society: past and current issues, and it carries both of the theme's sub-themes. 3.1.2.1 Social diversity and mobility in the Bengali-speaking world asks for people on the margins of Bengali society, socio-economic issues and inequality, and universal literacy and mass education; 3.1.2.2 Impact of migration on the Bengali-speaking world asks for reasons for migration, advantages and disadvantages for Bengali society, and changing attitudes to migration and settlement. The platform's topic id is social-issues-and-trends-2 and the AQA heading is the one above. This is the hardest material in the thematic half of the specification to write well, for one reason: it is full of numbers you do not have and of judgements that belong to somebody. The discipline that earns marks here is simple and consistent - state what is documented with its date, name the body that publishes the figures rather than inventing one, attribute every characterisation to whoever makes it, name a live disagreement as a disagreement, and write about people as people. That discipline is not caution for its own sake; the AO4 grid explicitly rewards selecting relevant information to support an argument and using appropriate evidence to justify a conclusion, and an invented statistic is neither. The exam technique carried by this topic is the Paper 3 multi-skill task.

5 sections·~33 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0222 / 13
Exam profile
AO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of social diversity, inequality, education and migration in Bengali-speaking societies and respond critically and analyticallyAO1 · Understand spoken Bengali on these issues, including passages with more than one speaker, and respond in writingAO2 · Understand written Bengali sources on social issues and use information from them in an argued written responseAO3 · Write about contested social material in accurate Bengali, using attribution and concession structures rather than assertion
Operators:ব্যাখ্যা করাতুলনা করামূল্যায়ন করাযুক্তি দেওয়াউল্লেখ করাসিদ্ধান্তে আসাসারাংশ লেখা

basic level

In the first year, build the vocabulary and get the institutional map straight: which body does what, in which country. Learn to say who a claim belongs to before you learn to argue with it. Read one Bangladeshi and one Indian Bengali news source on the same story and notice how differently the same event is framed - that noticing is the beginning of the evaluation the A-Level wants.

higher level

The full A-Level expects you to hold two things at once: a documented fact and a contested interpretation of it, kept visibly apart on the page. It also expects you to write about marginalised people without either sentimentality or condescension. The test of a good paragraph here is whether someone from the community you are describing would recognise themselves in it.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. বৈষম্য ও অভিবাসন: diversity, mobility and migration
    • 01প্রান্তিক মানুষ: people on the margins, and the disputes over what to call them●
    • 02আর্থসামাজিক বৈষম্য: socio-economic issues and inequality●
    • 03সাক্ষরতা ও গণশিক্ষা: universal literacy and mass education◐
    • 04কেন মানুষ যায়: reasons for migration, and what it does to both ends◐
    • 05মনোভাবের পরিবর্তন: changing attitudes to migration and settlement●
§ 01

প্রান্তিক মানুষ: people on the margins, and the disputes over what to call them#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.1 Sub-theme: Social diversity and mobility in the Bengali-speaking world - People on the margins of Bengali society

Key points

Bengali-speaking societies are not ethnically or linguistically uniform, and the groups the specification calls people on the margins are specific communities with names, histories and legal positions - not a mood. In Bangladesh the largest concentration of indigenous peoples is in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, where the চাকমা, মারমা, ত্রিপুরা and ম্রো among others live; on the plains there are সাঁওতাল, গারো and মণিপুরি communities. The Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord was signed on 2 December 1997 to end a long insurgency, and how far it has been implemented is a live and openly argued question in Bangladeshi politics, with the government and the regional parties giving different accounts. In West Bengal, indigenous communities including the Santal are recognised under the Indian constitutional categories of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes, which carry reservation in education and public employment - an institutional arrangement Bangladesh does not have.
The naming is itself part of the content, and it is the clearest example in this subject of a dispute you should teach rather than settle. In Bangladesh the state has for some years used the phrase ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী, small ethnic groups, in legislation and official usage, while the communities' own organisations and many activists insist on আদিবাসী, indigenous. The disagreement is not lexical. আদিবাসী carries an implication of prior presence and of rights recognised in international instruments, which is precisely why one side prefers it and the other resists it. A candidate who writes both terms, says who uses each and says what is at stake in the choice has demonstrated exactly the critical and analytical response the AO4 grid describes. A candidate who picks one without explanation has taken a side without noticing.
Several other communities sit at the margins for quite different reasons, and precision about which is which matters. The Urdu-speaking community in Bangladesh, often called Biharis, lived for decades in camps with a contested citizenship status; a judgment of the Bangladesh High Court in 2008 confirmed citizenship and voter registration for a large part of that population, though camp housing and employment questions persisted afterwards. Tea-garden workers in the Sylhet division and in the north of West Bengal descend from communities recruited generations ago and remain a distinct group with distinct conditions. The হিজড়া community was recognised by the government of Bangladesh in 2013 as a distinct gender category; in India, the Supreme Court's judgment in the NALSA case in 2014 recognised transgender persons as a third gender and the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act followed in 2019. Since 2017 Bangladesh has sheltered a very large Rohingya refugee population in Cox's Bazar, described by United Nations agencies as the world's largest refugee settlement.
The language for writing about this material has to be chosen deliberately, because Bengali, like English, carries loaded and neutral options. প্রান্তিক, marginal, and প্রান্তিক জনগোষ্ঠী, marginalised communities, are the neutral academic terms. সংখ্যালঘু, minority, is standard but note that it is used both for religious and for ethnic minorities and the reader may not know which you mean. উদ্বাস্তু and শরণার্থী both translate as refugee, the first with a long association with the displacements around 1947 and the second the standard modern term. বৈষম্য is discrimination or inequality; অধিকার is rights; স্বীকৃতি is recognition. And the frames that let you attribute rather than assert are the ones to learn: সরকারি ভাষায় …, in official usage; সংগঠনগুলোর দাবি অনুযায়ী …, according to the organisations' claim; মানবাধিকার সংস্থাগুলোর মতে …, according to human-rights organisations.
Worked example

Writing one sentence about a contested term without taking a side

You want to refer, in a research-project essay, to the indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Build the sentence.

  1. 01Establish that a dispute exists before using either term

    The reader has to know you know. পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামের জনগোষ্ঠীগুলোকে কী নামে ডাকা হবে, তা নিয়েই মতভেদ আছে - there is disagreement about what these communities are to be called. Opening with the dispute means neither later term can be read as your unmarked choice.

  2. 02Attribute each term to its user

    সরকারি নথিতে সাধারণত ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী শব্দটি ব্যবহৃত হয়, আর জনগোষ্ঠীগুলোর নিজস্ব সংগঠনগুলো আদিবাসী শব্দটিতে জোর দেয়। The passive ব্যবহৃত হয় for official usage and the active জোর দেয় for the organisations is a small stylistic touch that shows who is doing what.

  3. 03Say what is at stake, in one clause

    কারণ আদিবাসী শব্দটি আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে স্বীকৃত কিছু অধিকারের সঙ্গে যুক্ত - because the word is linked to certain internationally recognised rights. This is the analytical move: the disagreement is about consequences, not vocabulary.

  4. 04Choose your own usage and mark it as a choice

    এই প্রবন্ধে দুটি শব্দই ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী - in this essay both terms are used according to context. Marking the choice is honest and costs six words.

  5. 05Check the register

    মতভেদ, জোর দেওয়া, স্বীকৃত, প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী are all formal-register items built on conjunct verbs and Sanskritic vocabulary, which is what the AO3 grid means by a range of lexis appropriate to the context.

Result: পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামের জনগোষ্ঠীগুলোকে কী নামে ডাকা হবে, তা নিয়েই মতভেদ আছে। সরকারি নথিতে সাধারণত ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী শব্দটি ব্যবহৃত হয়, আর জনগোষ্ঠীগুলোর নিজস্ব সংগঠনগুলো আদিবাসী শব্দটিতে জোর দেয়, কারণ আদিবাসী শব্দটি আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে স্বীকৃত কিছু অধিকারের সঙ্গে যুক্ত। এই প্রবন্ধে দুটি শব্দই ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী। Four sentences, no side taken, and an examiner can see you understood the politics of a word.

Exam focus

  • Name the community, the country and the date. A stimulus text about the Chittagong Hill Tracts and one about the Darjeeling hills are about different states with different law.
  • The আদিবাসী versus ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী dispute is a model answer waiting to be written: both terms, both users, what is at stake.
  • Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is an Indian constitutional arrangement. Do not transplant it into Bangladesh.
  • Attribution frames are not hedging. They are how a 300-word essay handles a contested claim within its word count.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing about Bengali society as ethnically uniform, which is not true of either country.
  • Using আদিবাসী or ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী as though the choice were neutral.
  • Giving a population figure for any of these communities from memory.
  • Treating the Rohingya as a Bengali-speaking community; they are a refugee population sheltered in Bangladesh, and conflating the two is both inaccurate and politically loaded.
  • Describing marginalised people only as victims, with no agency, organisations or arguments of their own.

Active revision

একটি অনুচ্ছেদ লিখুন (১০০ শব্দ) যেখানে আপনি একটি নামকরণের বিতর্ক ব্যাখ্যা করবেন: বাংলাদেশে আদিবাসী এবং ক্ষুদ্র নৃ-গোষ্ঠী শব্দ দুটি কারা ব্যবহার করেন এবং কেন। কোনো পক্ষ নেবেন না; দুই পক্ষের যুক্তি আলাদাভাবে উপস্থাপন করুন এবং প্রতিটি দাবির সঙ্গে বক্তার পরিচয় যুক্ত করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 02

আর্থসামাজিক বৈষম্য: socio-economic issues and inequality#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.1 Sub-theme: Social diversity and mobility in the Bengali-speaking world - Socio-economic issues and inequality

Key points

The structural facts of inequality in Bangladesh are documented, dated and available without a single invented number. The garment industry is the country's dominant manufacturing employer and its dominant export earner, and its workforce is overwhelmingly female; wages in it are set periodically by a government minimum-wage board rather than negotiated firm by firm, and each revision has been publicly contested by unions, manufacturers and the government in turn. The collapse of the Rana Plaza building on 24 April 2013 killed a very large number of garment workers and led directly to two international factory-inspection arrangements agreed later that year, and to a substantial revision of building and fire safety inspection in the sector. That is a dated event with a documented institutional consequence, which makes it exactly the kind of evidence the AO4 grid means: it lets you argue about whether regulation followed disaster rather than preceded it.
West Bengal's inequality story is a different one and belongs to Indian institutions. The Left Front governments that held office from 1977 to 2011 - the longest continuously elected communist-led administration in the world at the time - carried out a programme of land reform whose best-known element, from 1978, was the registration of sharecroppers' cultivation rights, and the effects of that programme are still argued about by economists on both sides. The state's industrial decline over the same decades is likewise argued about, and the land-acquisition disputes at Singur and Nandigram in 2006 and 2007 became politically decisive: the government's account was that industry required land, the opposition's account was that cultivators were being dispossessed, and the argument ended a thirty-four-year administration. Give the sequence and the dates; attribute both accounts; do not adjudicate.
Two institutions of poverty reduction associated with Bangladesh are internationally famous and are genuinely contested, which makes them ideal essay material. Grameen Bank pioneered small collateral-free loans to poor borrowers, mostly women, organised in groups; in 2006 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Muhammad Yunus and to Grameen Bank. BRAC, founded in Bangladesh in 1972, grew into one of the largest non-governmental development organisations in the world, working across education, health and enterprise. What is contested is effect: some researchers argue that microcredit raised household resilience and women's standing, others that its returns were overstated and that borrowing could deepen debt. Both positions are held by serious people and the specification's AO4 grid rewards you for saying so - গবেষকদের মধ্যে এ নিয়ে বিতর্ক আছে - rather than for choosing.
The everyday vocabulary of this bullet is worth learning as a block, because a stimulus text will use it without explanation: দারিদ্র্য, poverty; বৈষম্য, inequality; আয়, income; মজুরি, wage; শ্রমিক, worker; ইউনিয়ন, union; অনানুষ্ঠানিক খাত, the informal sector; ভূমিহীন, landless; ঋণ, debt or loan; ক্ষুদ্রঋণ, microcredit; জীবনযাত্রার মান, standard of living; সুযোগের অসমতা, inequality of opportunity. Two sentence frames do most of the work: the comparative ধনী ও দরিদ্রের ব্যবধান বেড়েছে না কমেছে, তা নিয়ে বিতর্ক আছে - whether the gap between rich and poor has widened or narrowed is disputed - which is honest where a number would be invented; and the causal chain এর ফলে … যার ফলে …, as a result of which, which lets you state a mechanism instead of a correlation.
Worked example

Turning a disaster into an argument rather than a description

A research-project question asks whether action to protect workers in Bangladesh has been effective. Plan the paragraph that uses Rana Plaza.

  1. 01State the event with its date and nothing more

    ২০১৩ সালের ২৪শে এপ্রিল সাভারে রানা প্লাজা ভবন ধসে পড়ে এবং বিপুলসংখ্যক পোশাক শ্রমিক প্রাণ হারান। বিপুলসংখ্যক, a very large number, is the honest quantifier where you do not have the figure, and হারান is the honorific third person, which matters when writing about the dead.

  2. 02State the institutional consequence, also dated

    এর পর ওই বছরই আন্তর্জাতিক ক্রেতা ও শ্রমিক সংগঠনের অংশগ্রহণে দুটি পরিদর্শন ব্যবস্থা গড়ে ওঠে, এবং ভবন ও অগ্নিনিরাপত্তা পরিদর্শনে বড় পরিবর্তন আসে। Consequence, not commentary.

  3. 03Introduce the argument as an argument

    এই পরিবর্তন যথেষ্ট ছিল কি না, তা নিয়ে মতভেদ আছে। This single sentence is what converts description into evaluation, and it costs nine words.

  4. 04Give both positions with their holders

    শিল্পমালিকদের বক্তব্য অনুযায়ী কারখানার নিরাপত্তা আগের চেয়ে অনেক উন্নত হয়েছে; অন্যদিকে শ্রমিক সংগঠন ও কিছু আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থার মতে পরিদর্শনের ধারাবাহিকতা ও ক্ষতিপূরণের প্রশ্নে ঘাটতি রয়ে গেছে।

  5. 05Draw the conclusion the evidence supports, not the one you prefer

    সব মিলিয়ে বলা যায়, দুর্ঘটনার পর নিয়ন্ত্রণ কঠোর হয়েছে, তবে তা সংস্কার দুর্ঘটনার আগে না পরে আসে - সেই প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয় না। Regulation tightened after the disaster, but that does not answer whether reform comes before or after disaster. That is a conclusion with a limit acknowledged, which is what excellent evaluation looks like.

Result: Five sentences: event, consequence, dispute, two attributed positions, limited conclusion. No number invented, two dates given, and the paragraph argues rather than narrates. The same five-move shape works on any dated event in this theme.

Exam focus

  • Rana Plaza, 24 April 2013, is the most useful single dated anchor in this bullet, because it lets you argue about the relation between disaster and regulation.
  • Land reform, Singur and Nandigram belong to West Bengal and to Indian law. Do not attach them to Bangladesh.
  • The Nobel Peace Prize of 2006 was awarded jointly to Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank - both, not one.
  • Where you would want a statistic, name the publishing body instead: the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, the National Statistical Office in India.

Typical mistakes

  • Inventing a poverty rate, a wage figure or a death toll.
  • Describing microfinance as a proven success or a proven failure; the research is genuinely divided.
  • Attributing Indian land reform to Bangladesh, or the garment industry's scale to West Bengal.
  • Writing about garment workers as a mass rather than as workers with wages, unions and a documented history of collective action.
  • Using ধনী and গরিব as the whole analysis, with no institution, mechanism or date in the paragraph.

Active revision

১২০ শব্দে ব্যাখ্যা করুন কেন ২০১৩ সালের রানা প্লাজা ধসের পর পোশাক শিল্পের নিরাপত্তা ব্যবস্থায় পরিবর্তন এসেছিল, এবং সেই পরিবর্তন যথেষ্ট ছিল কি না তা নিয়ে কারা কী বলেন। কোনো সংখ্যা ব্যবহার করবেন না, তবে তারিখ ব্যবহার করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 03

সাক্ষরতা ও গণশিক্ষা: universal literacy and mass education#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.1 Sub-theme: Social diversity and mobility in the Bengali-speaking world - Universal literacy and mass education

Key points

Both societies made primary education a legal obligation, and the two instruments are worth naming with their dates because they are the frame for everything else in this bullet. Bangladesh passed a Compulsory Primary Education Act in 1990. India passed the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in 2009, which made free and compulsory schooling a right for children between six and fourteen and applies in West Bengal as elsewhere in the Union. Around those laws sit delivery mechanisms that are equally nameable: in Bangladesh, the distribution of free textbooks at the start of the school year in January, an event known as বই উৎসব, the book festival, and a long-running programme of stipends for girls at secondary level; in India, the midday meal in government schools and a national programme of universal elementary education. Reported literacy has risen very substantially in both places since the middle of the twentieth century - the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the Indian census and survey machinery are the bodies that publish the rates.
The stipend programme for girls in Bangladesh deserves a sentence of its own, because it is the clearest case in this theme of a policy with an attributable effect. Beginning in the 1990s, stipends conditional on attendance and on remaining unmarried were paid to girls at secondary level, and the sharp increase in girls' secondary enrolment that followed has been widely credited to it by researchers and by international agencies. Note the shape of that sentence: widely credited by researchers, not caused by. The change is documented; the causal attribution belongs to those who make it, and other researchers point to rising incomes and to changing family expectations as contributing causes. Writing that distinction correctly is the difference between a good AO4 paragraph and a merely confident one.
The structure of schooling is where the inequality argument lives, and Bangladesh's is unusually explicit about it. Schooling runs in more than one stream: the general Bangla-medium schools, English-medium schools following foreign curricula, and the madrasa system, which itself divides between the আলিয়া stream, which follows a state-recognised syllabus and leads to state examinations, and the কওমি stream, which is independently run. Because the streams differ in language, curriculum, cost and the doors they open, the argument that the system reproduces rather than reduces inequality is a serious and much-argued one, made by educationists and contested by others. In West Bengal, the parallel argument concerns government schools against private and English-medium ones, and the state's own secondary and higher secondary boards set the Madhyamik and Higher Secondary examinations that most students take.
The strongest current in this bullet, and the one an examiner will notice you knowing about, is the gap between enrolment and learning. Getting children into school is measured by enrolment; what they can do once there is measured by assessment, and survey organisations in both countries have documented that the two do not move together. Alongside it sit ঝরে পড়া, dropping out, which rises sharply at secondary level and is patterned by gender, poverty and distance; কোচিং, private tutoring, which has become close to universal for examination years and which costs money that not every family has; and the pressure of the public examination itself. The vocabulary to have ready is: সাক্ষরতা, literacy; বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষা, compulsory education; প্রাথমিক and মাধ্যমিক, primary and secondary; উপবৃত্তি, stipend; ঝরে পড়া, dropping out; পাঠ্যক্রম, curriculum; শিক্ষার মান, quality of education; সুযোগের সমতা, equality of opportunity.
Worked example

A reading comprehension worked through, including the inference question

A Paper 1 stimulus text reads: গ্রামের স্কুলে ভর্তির হার বেড়েছে ঠিকই, কিন্তু অনেক অভিভাবক বলেন যে পঞ্চম শ্রেণির পরে মেয়েদের স্কুলে রাখা কঠিন হয়ে পড়ে। খরচ বাড়ে, স্কুল দূরে হয়, আর বিয়ের কথাও ওঠে। Answer three questions: (a) ভর্তির হার সম্পর্কে লেখক কী বলেছেন? (b) মেয়েদের স্কুলে রাখা কঠিন হয় কেন? তিনটি কারণ লিখুন। (c) লেখকের সুর কেমন?

  1. 01Question (a) - a gist question with no AO3 mark

    গ্রামের স্কুলে ভর্তির হার বেড়েছে। The text's own words are permitted here, because there is no AO3 mark. But note ঠিকই, indeed or admittedly, which signals a concession about to be made; do not import it, because the question asked only about the enrolment rate.

  2. 02Question (b) - a three-part detail question

    Three reasons are given and all three must appear: খরচ বাড়ে, স্কুল দূরে হয়, এবং বিয়ের কথা ওঠে। Costs rise, the school becomes distant, and marriage comes up. A candidate who writes two of three loses a third of the marks; a candidate who adds a fourth reason of their own risks the whole mark, because irrelevant material withholds the content mark.

  3. 03Question (c) - the inference question

    This is what the specification means by abstract material - opinions, views, emotional reactions. The tone is carried by ঠিকই, the concessive, and by the fact that the writer reports the parents' words rather than judging them. So: লেখক সমালোচনা করছেন না, বরং সমস্যাটি সহানুভূতির সঙ্গে তুলে ধরছেন - the writer is not criticising but presenting the problem sympathetically.

  4. 04Notice what the passage does NOT say

    It does not say girls drop out; it says parents find it hard to keep them in school, which locates the difficulty in circumstances rather than in choice. An inference question often turns on exactly this kind of distinction, and reading the verb carefully is how you catch it.

  5. 05Check answer length

    Answers to comprehension questions should give only the information the question asks for. Three short Bengali clauses for (b), one clause for (a), one sentence for (c). Length is not credited.

Result: (a) গ্রামের স্কুলে ভর্তির হার বেড়েছে। (b) খরচ বাড়ে; স্কুল দূরে হয়; বিয়ের কথা ওঠে। (c) লেখক সমালোচনা করছেন না, বরং সমস্যাটি সহানুভূতির সঙ্গে তুলে ধরছেন। Three questions, three different skills - gist, detail and inference - and the same discipline throughout: answer the question that was set, at the length it needs.

Exam focus

  • The two laws and their years - 1990 in Bangladesh, 2009 in India - are the cheapest precise facts in this bullet.
  • The enrolment-versus-learning gap is the analytical point that lifts an answer above description.
  • Say credited to rather than caused by when writing about a policy effect, and name who credits it.
  • The multi-stream structure of Bangladeshi schooling is an argument about inequality, not a piece of description.

Typical mistakes

  • Quoting a literacy rate. Name the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics or the Indian census instead and describe the direction.
  • Applying India's Right to Education Act to Bangladesh, or the Bangladeshi stipend programme to West Bengal.
  • Describing madrasa education as a single thing; the আলিয়া and কওমি streams differ substantially.
  • Treating enrolment as the measure of educational success, which is precisely the argument the research contests.
  • Writing শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থা খুব খারাপ as a claim, with no institution, mechanism or attribution attached.

Active revision

নিচের দাবিটি নিয়ে ১০০ শব্দের একটি অনুচ্ছেদ লিখুন: বিদ্যালয়ে ভর্তির হার বাড়লেই শিক্ষার মান বাড়ে না। অন্তত একটি নীতির নাম ও তারিখ উল্লেখ করুন, একটি দাবিকে কার বক্তব্য তা চিহ্নিত করুন, এবং কোনো সংখ্যা ব্যবহার করবেন না।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 04

কেন মানুষ যায়: reasons for migration, and what it does to both ends#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.2 Sub-theme: Impact of migration on the Bengali-speaking world - Reasons for migrationLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.2 Sub-theme: Impact of migration on the Bengali-speaking world - Advantages and disadvantages for Bengali society

What migration does at each end

Migration: two ends of one journeyVenn diagram with 2 sets, The migrant, Home societyThe migrantHome societyearnings,debt, distanceremittances,lost labourchangedexpectations
Fig. 1The specification asks about advantages and disadvantages for Bengali society, so the two sets are the migrant and the society they leave. The overlap is where an evaluative answer lives: the things that are simultaneously a gain and a cost, and that neither side can claim alone.

Key points

Migration from the Bengali-speaking world runs along several distinct routes and confusing them produces a weak answer. Labour migration from Bangladesh goes overwhelmingly to the Gulf states - Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman - and to Malaysia and Singapore, is mostly male, mostly time-limited and mostly contracted through licensed recruitment agencies. Settlement migration to Britain is older, is concentrated among people of Sylheti origin, and produced a community now several generations deep, prominently in the London borough of Tower Hamlets and in towns across the Midlands and the north. Internal migration is larger than either: the movement from countryside to Dhaka and Chattogram, and within India from West Bengal to other states, is the dominant migration story in both places. And environmental pressure is a real and growing driver: নদীভাঙন, river-bank erosion, cyclone damage and salinity intrusion in the coastal belt displace households every year.
The institutions are nameable and knowing them lifts an answer immediately. In Bangladesh the Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training registers workers and issues clearance for overseas employment; a ministry for expatriates' welfare and overseas employment exists at cabinet level; and a welfare board funded by migrants' own contributions supports workers and their families. Between the worker and these institutions sits the recruitment agency and, very often, the local দালাল, the broker, whose fee is where much of the debt comes from: a very large share of migrant workers borrow or sell land to pay the cost of going, which means the first year or more abroad repays the journey rather than the family. Remittances come home through banks and mobile financial services, and also through হুন্ডি, the informal transfer network, which governments discourage because it sits outside the formal system.
Advantages and disadvantages must be argued at both ends, and the specification's phrasing - advantages and disadvantages for Bengali society - points at the sending society rather than the receiving one. For the household, remittances mean housing, schooling, medical care and, often, a step out of landlessness; for the country, they are one of the largest sources of foreign exchange alongside garment exports; for the returning migrant, skills and savings can mean a small business. Against that: households are separated for years, with documented consequences for children and for the wives who manage households alone; migration costs create debt that a failed placement turns into disaster; abuse and unsafe conditions in some destination employment are documented by human-rights organisations and by the sending state's own repatriation arrangements; and the loss of trained people - the argument about brain drain - is real for some professions and disputed for others.
The vocabulary of this bullet is dense and recurs constantly: অভিবাসন, migration; প্রবাসী, a person living abroad; প্রবাস, life abroad; রেমিট্যান্স and প্রবাসী আয়, remittances; শ্রমবাজার, the labour market; দালাল, the broker; ঋণ, debt; দক্ষ and অদক্ষ শ্রমিক, skilled and unskilled worker; বেকারত্ব, unemployment; নদীভাঙন, river erosion; জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন, climate change; উদ্বাস্তু, refugee or displaced person. Two structures carry the argument. The first is the balance frame একদিকে … অন্যদিকে …, which the venn diagram in this section makes visible. The second is the counterfactual, which is how you argue that migration is not simply a choice: যদি দেশে যথেষ্ট কাজ থাকত, তাহলে এত মানুষ বিদেশে যেত না - if there were enough work at home, this many people would not go abroad.
Worked example

Planning the Paper 3 multi-skill task on migration

Paper 3's multi-skill task gives you a recording of a returned migrant worker and a written source arguing that remittances have not produced development. The unseen question asks whether migration has benefited Bangladesh. Plan the 200-word answer.

  1. 01Know the three grids before you plan

    AO1 out of 10 for what you take from the recording, AO2 out of 10 for what you take from the written source, AO3 out of 10 for language. Three separate grids means three separate things to do, and an answer that leans on one source can only reach two-thirds of the content marks.

  2. 02Note two points from each source, in Bengali, before drafting

    From the recording: the worker's concrete experience - what he paid to go, what he sent, what he came back to. From the text: the argument's mechanism - why remittance spending on housing and consumption is said not to be development. Two each is enough for 200 words.

  3. 03Open by naming both sources and the disagreement

    শ্রুত সাক্ষাৎকারে একজন প্রবাসী শ্রমিক নিজের অভিজ্ঞতা বলেছেন, আর লিখিত উৎসে যুক্তি দেওয়া হয়েছে যে … Two clauses, both sources named, and the reader knows where the answer is going.

  4. 04Set the personal against the structural

    This is the analysis the task wants. The worker's account is about a household; the text's argument is about a country. Saying so explicitly - ব্যক্তিগত অভিজ্ঞতা ও জাতীয় পরিসংখ্যান একই কথা বলে না - is an evaluative move that costs one sentence.

  5. 05Give the personal reaction the grid asks for

    আমার মনে হয় … with a reason attached, not a preference. A reaction without a reason is not evaluation.

  6. 06Conclude with a limit

    উপসংহারে বলা যায় যে অভিবাসন পরিবারের জন্য যা করেছে, দেশের অর্থনীতির জন্য তা করেনি - what migration has done for households it has not done for the national economy. That is a conclusion drawn from the two sources rather than imported.

Result: Roughly 200 words: 30 to frame both sources, 60 on the recording, 60 on the text, 30 for reaction, 20 for the conclusion. The structural move that earns the marks is setting a personal account against a structural argument and saying, in one sentence, why they can both be true.

Exam focus

  • Distinguish the routes - Gulf labour migration, settlement migration to Britain, internal rural-to-urban - before you argue about effects.
  • Debt taken on to pay recruitment costs is the mechanism that makes migration risky, and naming it is worth more than any adjective.
  • The specification asks about advantages and disadvantages for BENGALI society, that is, the sending society. Answer that question.
  • Never quote a remittance figure or a migrant-worker count. Name the bureau or ministry that publishes it.

Typical mistakes

  • Treating all migration as emigration abroad and ignoring the larger internal movement.
  • Writing about the British Bangladeshi community as though it were recent; it is several generations deep.
  • Presenting remittances as pure gain, with no mention of debt, separation or the conditions of the work.
  • Asserting brain drain as a fact rather than as an argument that holds for some professions and is contested for others.
  • Confusing the Rohingya refugee population sheltered in Bangladesh with Bengali migration.

Active revision

একটি অনুচ্ছেদ লিখুন (১২০ শব্দ) এই প্রশ্নের উত্তরে: প্রবাসী আয় বাংলাদেশের জন্য আশীর্বাদ না বোঝা? অন্তত দুটি সুবিধা ও দুটি অসুবিধা দিন, প্রতিটির সঙ্গে একটি কার্যকারণ ব্যাখ্যা যুক্ত করুন, এবং শেষে একটি সীমাবদ্ধ সিদ্ধান্তে আসুন। কোনো সংখ্যা ব্যবহার করবেন না।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 05

মনোভাবের পরিবর্তন: changing attitudes to migration and settlement#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.1.2.2 Sub-theme: Impact of migration on the Bengali-speaking world - Changing attitudes to migration and settlement

Key points

How a society talks about its migrants is itself evidence, and Bengali gives you the vocabulary to trace the change. প্রবাসী, one who lives abroad, is the neutral standing term and carries no judgement. Alongside it, Bangladeshi public discourse has for some years used রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা, remittance fighter, of migrant workers - a phrase that confers honour and, at the same time, has been criticised by commentators on the ground that calling someone a warrior is a poor substitute for protecting their rights. That is a genuine, documented argument about a word, and it is a compact example of the kind of attitude shift the bullet asks about: from a family's private misfortune, to a household strategy, to a nationally celebrated contribution, to a contested celebration.
Attitudes to migrants who return, and to those who do not, are equally worth tracing. A household with a member abroad has, in many places, a visible standing - a pucca house, a marriage market position, an obligation to lend. That standing is also a pressure, and the returning migrant who came home with less than expected is a recognisable figure in Bengali television drama and fiction, which makes cultural material a legitimate source for this bullet. In the diaspora the question turns instead on settlement: whether the community's future is here or there, whether children should be brought up speaking Bengali, and what a third generation owes to a place it has not lived in. British Bangladeshi communities have argued about all three publicly for decades, and the argument has visibly moved from return to belonging.
One question inside the diaspora deserves its own treatment, because it is a live linguistic dispute with real consequences and because a Bengali A-Level candidate in Britain may be sitting inside it. Most people of Bangladeshi origin in Britain trace their families to the Sylhet region and speak সিলেটি. Whether Sylheti is a distinct language or a dialect of Bengali is genuinely disputed among linguists: it has its own historical script tradition and is not readily intelligible to a speaker of the standard language, which supports the language classification, while its close relationship to Bengali and its speakers' own identification with Bengali support the dialect classification. The classification matters practically, because it determines what is taught, what is translated and what a public body provides. Name the dispute; do not resolve it.
Attitudes in the receiving society are a legitimate part of this bullet but must be handled with the same discipline as everything else here. Public argument in Britain about migration and settlement is continuous, is conducted differently by different parties and publications, and has been the subject of considerable research; a candidate who wants to write about it should attribute positions to those who hold them and avoid characterising a whole society. The same applies inside the Bengali-speaking world: attitudes in Bangladesh to the Rohingya population sheltered since 2017, and attitudes in Indian states to Bengali-speaking internal migrants, are both contested and both are the subject of live political argument. In every case the markable sentence is the attributed one - এক পক্ষের মতে … অন্য পক্ষের মতে … - and the unmarkable one is the confident generalisation about what people think.
Worked example

Building an argued paragraph from a single word

Take the phrase রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা and build a paragraph that would earn AO4 credit in the research-project essay or in the multi-skill task.

  1. 01Introduce the term as a term, not as a fact

    গত কয়েক বছরে বাংলাদেশে প্রবাসী শ্রমিকদের প্রায়ই রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা বলা হয়। প্রায়ই, often, and বলা হয়, are called, keep it a description of usage rather than an endorsement.

  2. 02Say what the word does

    এই শব্দবন্ধ তাঁদের অবদানকে জাতীয় স্বীকৃতি দেয় - the phrase gives their contribution national recognition. Note তাঁদের with the চন্দ্রবিন্দু: the workers are being spoken of with respect, and dropping the mark would undercut the sentence's own subject.

  3. 03Introduce the criticism with its holder

    তবে কিছু সমালোচক বলেন যে সম্মানসূচক নাম দিলেই অধিকার নিশ্চিত হয় না - some critics say that giving an honorific name does not by itself secure rights. তবে opens the concession, কিছু সমালোচক locates the claim.

  4. 04Make the argument concrete

    তাঁদের যুক্তি হলো, নিয়োগের খরচ, দালালের ভূমিকা ও বিদেশে কাজের পরিবেশ - এই তিনটি প্রশ্ন শব্দ দিয়ে মেটে না। Three concrete issues, named, which is what turns a criticism into evidence.

  5. 05Give your own judgement and mark it as yours

    আমার মতে, শব্দের এই পরিবর্তন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, কারণ তা দেখায় সমাজ প্রবাসকে আর লজ্জার বিষয় মনে করে না; তবে তা নীতির বিকল্প নয়। In my view the shift matters because it shows migration is no longer thought shameful, but it is not a substitute for policy.

  6. 06Check

    One term, one function, one attributed criticism, three concrete issues, one marked judgement. No number, no unattributed claim about what a society believes, and the honorific consistent throughout.

Result: গত কয়েক বছরে বাংলাদেশে প্রবাসী শ্রমিকদের প্রায়ই রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা বলা হয়। এই শব্দবন্ধ তাঁদের অবদানকে জাতীয় স্বীকৃতি দেয়। তবে কিছু সমালোচক বলেন যে সম্মানসূচক নাম দিলেই অধিকার নিশ্চিত হয় না; তাঁদের যুক্তি হলো, নিয়োগের খরচ, দালালের ভূমিকা ও বিদেশে কাজের পরিবেশ - এই তিনটি প্রশ্ন শব্দ দিয়ে মেটে না। আমার মতে, শব্দের এই পরিবর্তন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ, কারণ তা দেখায় সমাজ প্রবাসকে আর লজ্জার বিষয় মনে করে না; তবে তা নীতির বিকল্প নয়। A hundred words from one phrase, and every claim in it belongs to somebody.

Exam focus

  • A change in vocabulary is evidence for a change in attitude. রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা is the clearest single example in this bullet.
  • The Sylheti classification dispute is directly relevant to British candidates and is a model of a dispute to be named rather than settled.
  • Cultural material - drama, film, song - is a legitimate source for attitudes, and the specification explicitly allows visual and audio sources for research.
  • Attribute every claim about what a society thinks. Nobody has surveyed the whole of it, and an examiner knows that.

Typical mistakes

  • Asserting what Bangladeshis think or what British people think, which is a claim about tens of millions of people.
  • Treating Sylheti as obviously a dialect, or obviously a language, when the classification is disputed.
  • Writing about the diaspora as though it were a single community with one view about settlement.
  • Using রেমিট্যান্স যোদ্ধা approvingly without noticing that the phrase is itself argued about.
  • Bringing British political controversy into an answer without attribution.

Active revision

১৫০ শব্দে বিশ্লেষণ করুন: প্রবাসী শ্রমিকদের সম্পর্কে বাংলাদেশে ভাষা কীভাবে বদলেছে এবং সেই বদল কী নির্দেশ করে। অন্তত দুটি শব্দ বা বাক্যাংশ উদাহরণ হিসেবে দিন, এবং প্রতিটি সমালোচনা কার বক্তব্য তা স্পষ্ট করুন। শেষে এক বাক্যে নিজের মূল্যায়ন দিন এবং তা যে আপনার মত, সেটি চিহ্নিত করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01প্রান্তিক মানুষ: people on the margins, and the disputes over what to call them●
    • 02আর্থসামাজিক বৈষম্য: socio-economic issues and inequality●
    • 03সাক্ষরতা ও গণশিক্ষা: universal literacy and mass education◐
    • 04কেন মানুষ যায়: reasons for migration, and what it does to both ends◐
    • 05মনোভাবের পরিবর্তন: changing attitudes to migration and settlement●

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From notes into training

বৈষম্য ও অভিবাসন: diversity, mobility and migration

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~33
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification

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