3. Konu: Türkiye üzerinde görüşler — human geography, the environment, and Türkiye’de Turizm — Turkish · A-Level Revision Notes

Notes · TurkishUK · A-Levels

This topic carries the whole of Edexcel's third theme, Türkiye üzerinde görüşler, views on Turkey, which the specification sets in the context of Turkey only and describes as covering society past and present. Its two sub-themes are Beşeri Coğrafya, whose aspects are yaşam standartları ve hayat kalitesinde değişim, kırsal ve kentsel kesim ayrımı, and kırsal kesimden kente göç; and Çevre, whose aspects are çevre sorunlarına karşı değişen tutumlar, doğal kaynakların korunması, and endüstrileşme ve kentleşmenin çevre üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri. Its research subject is Türkiye’de Turizm, with the aspects turizmin ekonomi üzerindeki etkisi, turizmin yerel halk için yararları ve zararları, and Türkiye’de turizmi teşvik amacıyla yapılan yatırımlar. Because both this theme and the first cover society, they occupy the two social-issues-and-trends slots in the frozen topic map; Theme 2 fills the two artistic-culture slots and Theme 4 the two political-life slots. The exam technique carried here is Paper 3 Section B question 5(c), the 200-to-250-word evaluation of a heard and a read source.

5 sections~33 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Foundation 1 · Standard 3 · Advanced 1

T·0222 / 12

Exam profile

AO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Turkish about place, environment and livelihoodAO2 · Understand and respond in writing to written Turkish of geographical, statistical and campaigning registerAO3 · Manipulate Turkish accurately using the vocabulary of settlement, migration, resource and industryAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of change in Turkey's human and physical geography, including the research subject Türkiye’de Turizm

Operators:karşılaştırmakdeğerlendirmekaçıklamaktartışmaksınıflandırmakgerekçelendirmeközetlemeksonuç çıkarmak

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is that the vocabulary of settlement and environment is secure, that a cause-and-effect sentence can be built correctly in Turkish, and that named places are spelled with their correct diacritics.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the difference between a documented environmental event and a contested account of its cause to be visible in the sentence, named legislation and institutions rather than general statements, and a tourism argument that weighs benefit against cost rather than listing both.

Depth

Text

Contents · 5 sections

3. Konu: Türkiye üzerinde görüşler — human geography, the environment, and Türkiye’de Turizm

Beşeri Coğrafya I: living standards, quality of life, and the rural–urban divide#

FoundationPearson Edexcel 9TU0 3. Konu — Beşeri Coğrafya: yaşam standartları ve hayat kalitesinde değişim; kırsal ve kentsel kesim ayrımıDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Theme 3 is set in Turkey only, like Themes 1 and 4, and in the frozen topic map it takes the second social-issues-and-trends slot because the specification classes it, like Theme 1, as covering society past and present. The first thing to get right is the geography itself. Turkey is conventionally divided into seven geographical regions, fixed at the First Turkish Geography Congress of 1941 and used ever since in schoolbooks and in the press: Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz, İç Anadolu, Karadeniz, Doğu Anadolu and Güneydoğu Anadolu. These are geographical rather than administrative units; the administrative units are the 81 il, provinces, each divided into ilçe, districts. A candidate who can place a named province in its region reads authentic sources far faster than one who cannot.

The vocabulary of settlement is a small set that recurs constantly. Kent and şehir both mean city, kent being the more sociological word; kasaba is a town; köy a village; mahalle a neighbourhood or quarter; ilçe a district; belde a small township. Kentleşme is urbanisation as a process; kentlileşme, a different word, is the social process of becoming urban in habits and outlook, and the distinction between the two is a genuinely useful analytical move in an essay. Gecekondu, literally built-by-night, names the self-built housing that grew on the edges of Turkish cities from the 1950s onwards; kentsel dönüşüm is urban transformation, the programme of demolition and rebuilding that has largely replaced it; TOKİ, the Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı, is the state mass-housing agency that carries much of it out.

The administrative boundary between rural and urban was redrawn by statute, and this is the single most useful dated fact in this sub-theme because it changes what the words even mean. Law 6360, adopted on 12 November 2012 and effective from the local elections of 2014, extended the boundaries of metropolitan municipalities to the whole of their province and brought the number of büyükşehir belediyesi to thirty. Within those provinces the legal personality of villages was abolished and villages became mahalle, neighbourhoods of a metropolitan district. The consequence is that a settlement can be administratively urban and physically rural at the same time, and that comparisons of rural and urban population across the 2014 boundary are not comparing the same thing. Saying so in an essay demonstrates exactly the critical handling of evidence the AO4 grid rewards.

On living standards and quality of life the disciplined approach is to describe the dimensions rather than to invent a number. Yaşam standardı is the material standard of living; yaşam kalitesi or hayat kalitesi the broader quality of life; gelir dağılımı income distribution; yoksulluk poverty; refah welfare or prosperity; altyapı infrastructure; sağlık hizmetlerine erişim access to health services; içme suyu drinking water; kanalizasyon sewerage. TÜİK, the Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, publishes both an income-and-living-conditions survey and a life-satisfaction survey, and naming TÜİK as the source of the series is worth more in an examination than a half-remembered percentage. Where you have researched a figure, give it with its source and its year; where you have not, describe the direction and say who reports it.

Worked example

Paper 1 Section B: a reading passage on the redrawn boundary

Read as in Paper 1 Section B and answer in Turkish. 2012’de kabul edilen bir yasayla otuz ilde büyükşehir belediyelerinin sınırları il sınırlarına genişletildi ve bu illerdeki köylerin tüzel kişiliği kaldırılarak köyler mahalleye dönüştürüldü. Değişiklik 2014 yerel seçimleriyle yürürlüğe girdi. Bazı araştırmacılar bu düzenlemenin hizmet sunumunu kolaylaştırdığını savunurken, bazıları küçük yerleşimlerin kendi karar organlarını kaybettiğini vurguluyor.

Parse the first sentence, which is one long passive chain
2012’de kabul edilen bir yasayla: locative on a year with the apostrophe, then the -(y)An participle on a passive, a law adopted in 2012, then the instrumental -(y)lA, by means of. Genişletildi is the passive of genişletmek, were widened. Kaldırılarak is the converb -(y)ArAk on a passive, by being abolished. Dönüştürüldü is the passive of dönüştürmek, were transformed; dönüşmek would be intransitive. Notice that the whole sentence has no human agent anywhere — a legal text's characteristic voice, and one you should imitate when writing about legislation.
Read the contrast structure in the third sentence
Bazı araştırmacılar ... savunurken, bazıları ... vurguluyor. The converb -(y)ken attached to the aorist savunur gives while some argue, and it sets up a balanced contrast. Kolaylaştırdığını and kaybettiğini are both -DIk nominalisations with possessive and accusative, the objects of savunmak and vurgulamak. Note that the text attributes both positions and endorses neither, which is what a question about the writer's stance is likely to test.
Answer an open-response question in Turkish without lifting
For Yazar, yasa değişikliği hakkında kendi görüşünü belirtiyor mu? Açıklayınız, the answer is: Hayır. Yazar iki farklı görüşü aktarmakla yetiniyor; her iki tarafı da bazı araştırmacılar ve bazıları diyerek adlandırıyor ve kendi değerlendirmesini eklemiyor. Aktarmakla yetinmek, to confine oneself to reporting, is a high-value phrase, and diyerek is the -(y)ArAk converb on demek. Lifting the passage's own sentences would score little; the marks are for showing you saw that both positions are attributed.
Note the fact you should take away for your own essays
The passage contains a datable institutional change that you can reuse across this theme: the boundary between rural and urban Turkey was redefined by law in 2012 with effect from 2014. In an essay about kırsal ve kentsel kesim ayrımı that fact lets you make a point about measurement rather than merely describing the divide, and points about measurement are exactly what separate a band-topping AO4 answer from a competent one.

Result: Model answer in Turkish: Hayır. Yazar iki farklı görüşü aktarmakla yetiniyor; her iki tarafı da bazı araştırmacılar ve bazıları diyerek adlandırıyor ve kendi değerlendirmesini eklemiyor.

Typical mistakes

Treating the seven regions as administrative units. The provinces are administrative; the regions are geographical.
Using gecekondu as a present-tense description of Turkish cities without mentioning kentsel dönüşüm.
Comparing rural and urban populations across 2014 without noticing that the definition changed.
Writing about Turkey as though İstanbul, Konya and Hakkâri were interchangeable.

Active revision

Write 200 words in Turkish comparing life in a large western city with life in a small eastern province, naming at least two geographical regions and four provinces correctly with their diacritics, using kentleşme and kentlileşme in a way that shows you know the difference, and attributing every comparative claim.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Beşeri Coğrafya II: migration from the countryside to the city#

StandardPearson Edexcel 9TU0 3. Konu — Beşeri Coğrafya: kırsal kesimden kente göç

The migration and urbanisation loop

Fig. 1The point of drawing this as a loop rather than a list is that the aspects of both sub-themes in this theme feed one another: migration produces urban growth, urban growth produces housing and infrastructure pressure, that pressure produces the transformation programmes and the environmental costs that the second sub-theme is about, and the emptying of the countryside changes the conditions that made people leave in the first place. The dashed edge is the counter-current, tersine göç, which several commentators report as small but real; drawing it dashed rather than solid is an honest way to show that its scale is disputed while its existence is not. Use the loop to structure a paragraph: pick one arrow, state what drives it, and say who disagrees about how strong it is.

İç göç, internal migration, is the phenomenon this aspect names, and Turkish has a precise vocabulary for its varieties. Köyden kente göç is rural-to-urban migration; mevsimlik göç is seasonal migration, which for agricultural work moves whole families across the country and back each year; zorunlu göç is forced displacement; tersine göç is return migration from city to countryside, which several commentators have reported as a small but real counter-current since the 2010s. The people are göçmen if migrants generally, and the older Turkish for a rural incomer settling in a city is kırdan gelenler. The receiving structures are hemşehri networks — people from the same home province — and the hemşehri derneği, the hometown association, which historically organised housing, jobs and mutual aid for new arrivals.

The mechanism is best explained as a push and a pull, and Turkish has the terms: itici faktörler and çekici faktörler. On the push side commentators name mechanisation of agriculture, land fragmentation through inheritance, small holding sizes, drought and, in some periods and regions, insecurity. On the pull side they name industrial employment, construction work, schooling and health services, and the presence of relatives who have already moved. Both lists are widely cited and neither is controversial as a list; the argument is about weighting, and about whether the movement is best described as escape from the countryside or attraction to the city. An essay that presents both framings and then says which its own research supports is doing what the AO4 grid asks.

The consequences are the substance of the aspect, and they run in both directions. In the receiving city: pressure on housing, the historic gecekondu belt and its replacement by kentsel dönüşüm blocks, pressure on water and waste infrastructure, informal employment, and the growth of the periphery faster than the transport that serves it. In the sending countryside: an ageing population, kırsal nüfusun yaşlanması, abandonment of terraces and small fields, school closures — which is exactly why taşımalı eğitim exists, linking this theme to the research subject of Theme 1 — and, in some regions, the loss of skills that were held only orally. Writing about both ends of the movement, rather than only about the city, is a straightforward way to look like a candidate who has read widely.

One documented event has reshaped the whole discussion of Turkish urban policy and cannot be left out of a serious essay on this aspect, though it should be handled with care and without numbers. On 6 February 2023 two large earthquakes struck southeastern Turkey, centred in Kahramanmaraş province, with catastrophic destruction across a wide area of the southeast, and they were followed by large movements of people out of the affected provinces. The consequences for building regulation, for the yapı denetimi inspection system, for the imar affı amnesties for unlicensed construction that had preceded them, and for the direction of internal migration, are all matters of active public argument in Turkey. State the event and its date; attribute the assessments of policy to those who make them; do not invent casualty or displacement figures.

Worked example

Paper 3 Section B: summarising a heard and a read source on migration

Question 5(a) asks you to summarise the views in the recording, 5(b) the views in the written text, and 5(c) to evaluate both in 200 to 250 words. The recording is a village headman; the text is a city planner. Work the sequence.

5(a): summarise the spoken source in points, not in sentences copied from memory
Suppose the muhtar says that young people leave because there is no work, that those who go rarely come back, and that the school closed six years ago so children are bussed to the next town. The summary is: Muhtara göre gençler iş bulamadıkları için köyden ayrılıyor; gidenlerin çoğu geri dönmüyor ve okulun kapanmasından sonra çocuklar taşımalı eğitimle başka bir yerleşim yerine gidiyor. Three points, three marks' worth. The points-based scheme rewards each distinct view, so the discipline is to make each one a separate clause and not to blend them.
5(b): summarise the written source, marking what makes it different
Suppose the planner writes that the city cannot absorb further arrivals without investment in transport, that transformation projects have replaced unlicensed housing but raised rents, and that policy should support employment in the provinces rather than manage arrival. The summary is: Şehir plancısına göre kent, ulaşım yatırımı yapılmadan yeni gelenleri kaldıramaz; dönüşüm projeleri kaçak yapılaşmayı azaltmış ancak kiraları yükseltmiştir; plancı, çözümün taşrada istihdam yaratmak olduğunu savunmaktadır. Notice the -DIr and -mAktAdIr forms: the written source is formal, and matching its register in your summary is free AO3 range.
5(c): evaluate rather than re-summarise
The commonest failure in 5(c) is a third summary. The grids ask for judgement on the viewpoints and conclusions drawn from them. Open by naming what the two sources agree on and what they do not: İki kaynak da göçün sürdüğü konusunda hemfikirdir; ancak muhtar sorunu köyün kaybı olarak, plancı ise kentin yükü olarak tanımlamaktadır. Then judge: Bana göre plancının önerisi daha ikna edicidir, çünkü muhtarın anlattığı okul kapanması ve iş yokluğu, ancak taşrada yatırım yapılırsa değişebilecek koşullardır. Ancak plancı, gidenlerin geri dönme isteğini hiç ele almamaktadır.
Count the marks the structure is chasing
Question 5(c) carries three grids: AO1 out of 6 for handling the spoken source, AO2 out of 6 for the written one, and AO3 out of 10 for accuracy and range. That distribution has a practical consequence: an answer that engages richly with the text and barely with the recording forfeits up to six marks however good it is, so the two sources must both be evaluated by name. And because AO3 alone is worth as much as the other two together, the last three minutes are better spent checking suffixes than adding a sentence.

Result: 5(c) opening and judgement: İki kaynak da göçün sürdüğü konusunda hemfikirdir; ancak muhtar sorunu köyün kaybı olarak, plancı ise kentin yükü olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bana göre plancının önerisi daha ikna edicidir, çünkü muhtarın anlattığı koşullar ancak taşrada yatırım yapılırsa değişebilir; buna karşılık plancı, gidenlerin geri dönme isteğini hiç ele almamaktadır.

Typical mistakes

Writing only about the city and forgetting that migration also does something to the place people leave.
Presenting gecekondu as the present state of Turkish cities rather than as a phase largely superseded.
Inventing displacement or casualty figures for 2023. Name the source or give none.
Using göç for both internal migration and international refugee movement without distinguishing them.

Active revision

Write 250 words in Turkish on kırsal kesimden kente göç in which you set out at least three push and three pull factors using itici and çekici faktörler, describe consequences at both ends of the movement, and close by weighing the escape framing against the attraction framing without pretending the question is settled.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Çevre I: changing attitudes to environmental problems#

StandardPearson Edexcel 9TU0 3. Konu — Çevre: çevre sorunlarına karşı değişen tutumlar

The aspect asks about attitudes, so the examinable content includes public argument, campaigning and how the question is framed, not only the physical facts. The institutional frame is datable. The Çevre Kanunu, environment law number 2872, was adopted in 1983. Environmental impact assessment, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi and universally abbreviated ÇED, is required for defined categories of project under regulations made beneath it, and ÇED raporu, ÇED olumlu kararı and ÇED muafiyeti are terms that appear constantly in Turkish reporting of disputes. The ministry responsible is the Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, whose name acquired iklim değişikliği, climate change, in 2021. Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement, the Paris Anlaşması, in October 2021 and has declared a net-zero target for 2053.

The vocabulary of environmental argument in Turkish is worth building carefully because it is the vocabulary of the sources you will read. Çevre kirliliği is environmental pollution; hava kirliliği air pollution; su kirliliği water pollution; gürültü kirliliği noise pollution; atık waste, and geri dönüşüm recycling; sera gazı greenhouse gas; karbon salımı or karbon emisyonu carbon emission; iklim değişikliği climate change; küresel ısınma global warming; sürdürülebilirlik sustainability; biyoçeşitlilik biodiversity; erozyon erosion; kuraklık drought; çölleşme desertification. The Sıfır Atık, Zero Waste, programme launched in 2017 is the state's most visible campaign in this area and its name appears on bins across the country.

Attitudes are best evidenced through named disputes, and several are well documented and safe to cite by name and date. The proposed gold-mining operation in the Kaz Dağları area of Çanakkale province drew large protests in 2019. The Cerattepe mining dispute in Artvin has run for years through the courts and the streets. The Ilısu Dam on the Tigris led to the flooding of much of the ancient settlement of Hasankeyf in 2020, after decades of legal and political argument. In the summer of 2021 an extensive mucilage bloom, called deniz salyası in Turkish, covered large areas of the Marmara Sea and prompted a government action plan. In each case state what happened and when, name who objected and on what grounds, name the response, and attribute the assessments — the disputes are live and an examiner is not looking for your verdict on Turkish mining policy.

The honest generalisation about changing attitudes is that the shift is uneven and contested, and saying so is stronger than asserting a national awakening. Several observers describe a growing local environmentalism organised around specific places and specific projects — a yaşam savunucusu, defender of life, is a term protesters use of themselves — rather than around a national movement or a green party. Others emphasise that environmental concern competes with employment and energy security in public argument, particularly in provinces where a disputed project is also the main local employer. That tension is the real content of this aspect, and an essay that names it, illustrates it with one dated dispute and attributes both sides has done what the grid asks.

Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translating an English passage on an environmental dispute into Turkish

Translate into Turkish. Local people objected to the project because they feared that the forest would be cleared and the water sources polluted. The company said that the assessment report had been approved and that the trees would be replanted. Neither side has convinced the other, and the case is still before the courts.

Local people objected to the project because they feared that the forest would be cleared
Yöre halkı, ormanın kesileceğinden ve su kaynaklarının kirleneceğinden korktuğu için projeye karşı çıktı. Yöre halkı is a compound, the people of the locality. Korkmak governs the ablative, so the two fear clauses take -(y)AcAk plus possessive plus ablative: kesileceğinden, kirleneceğinden — both passive futures nominalised. Korktuğu için is the standard causal, -DIk plus possessive plus için. Karşı çıkmak takes the dative: projeye karşı çıktı.
The company said that the assessment report had been approved
Şirket, değerlendirme raporunun onaylandığını belirtti. Raporunun ... onaylandığını is a -DIk nominalisation with the subject in the genitive and the whole clause in the accusative as the object of belirtmek. If you know the Turkish term, ÇED raporu is what an assessment report is called here and using it would be better than the literal değerlendirme raporu — a small piece of researched vocabulary that an examiner notices.
and that the trees would be replanted
ve ağaçların yeniden dikileceğini söyledi. The second reported clause is the future nominalisation dikileceğini, again in the accusative. Yeniden means anew; tekrar would also work. Note that Turkish can chain two nominalised objects onto one verb, but repeating the reporting verb, as here with belirtti and söyledi, is more natural than piling both onto one.
Neither side has convinced the other, and the case is still before the courts
Taraflardan hiçbiri diğerini ikna edemedi; dava hâlâ mahkemede sürüyor. Hiçbiri with a negative verb gives neither; ikna edemedi uses the negative potential -(y)AmA-, was not able to convince, which is more precise than a plain negative. Hâlâ carries the circumflex. Dava sürüyor is the standard collocation for a case continuing. Note the semicolon: Turkish uses it as English does, and it is a cheap way to show control of longer sentences for AO3 range.

Result: Yöre halkı, ormanın kesileceğinden ve su kaynaklarının kirleneceğinden korktuğu için projeye karşı çıktı. Şirket, ÇED raporunun onaylandığını belirtti ve ağaçların yeniden dikileceğini söyledi. Taraflardan hiçbiri diğerini ikna edemedi; dava hâlâ mahkemede sürüyor.

Typical mistakes

Asserting a uniform national change of attitude. The evidence supports something more local and more contested.
Describing a dispute without naming who objected, on what grounds, and what the response was.
Confusing küresel ısınma, global warming, with iklim değişikliği, climate change. Turkish sources distinguish them.
Writing ÇED without knowing what it is. It is an assessment procedure, not an agency.

Active revision

Choose one named Turkish environmental dispute, research it in Turkish sources, and write 250 words setting out what happened with dates, who objected and on what grounds, how the authorities and the company responded, and how the local employment argument was made — attributing every characterisation and reaching a conclusion marked as your own judgement.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Çevre II: conserving natural resources, and the two-sided effect of industry and the city#

StandardPearson Edexcel 9TU0 3. Konu — Çevre: doğal kaynakların korunması; endüstrileşme ve kentleşmenin çevre üzerinde olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri

The second aspect is about the protection of natural resources, and Turkey's protected-area system gives it concrete content. Millî park is the national park designation; tabiat parkı a nature park; tabiatı koruma alanı a nature conservation area; sulak alan a wetland; and Turkey is a party to the Ramsar Convention on wetlands. Named parks that recur in sources include Göreme Millî Parkı in Cappadocia, Köprülü Kanyon, Kaçkar Dağları and Uludağ. The forestry authority is the Orman Genel Müdürlüğü and the water authority the Devlet Su İşleri, DSİ. Orman yangını, forest fire, has become a recurring summer subject in Turkish media, notably in the large fires along the Mediterranean coast in the summer of 2021; ağaçlandırma is afforestation.

The third aspect is deliberately two-sided — olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri — and an essay that lists only the harms has answered half the question. On the negative side commentators name air quality in industrial cities and in cities that burn low-grade coal for heating, water abstraction for irrigation and industry, loss of agricultural land to construction, waste volumes, and pressure on coastal ecosystems. On the positive side they name the concentration of population making sewerage and waste collection economically viable at all, the substitution of piped gas for coal in domestic heating in the large cities, the industrial capacity that makes renewable installation possible, and the fact that environmental regulation and inspection exist because industry exists. Holding both sides is the analytical requirement here.

Energy is where the two-sidedness is sharpest and where the named facts are most useful. Turkey has substantial hydroelectric capacity, and the terms are hidroelektrik santral, abbreviated HES, rüzgâr enerjisi santrali or RES, güneş enerjisi santrali or GES, and jeotermal, in which Turkey has significant capacity, particularly in the Aegean region. The Akkuyu Nükleer Güç Santrali in Mersin province is Turkey's first nuclear power station and has been under construction since 2018. Small hydroelectric schemes on Black Sea streams have been among the most contested projects of the last two decades, with local opposition organised village by village. Name the technology, name the dispute, attribute the assessments, and do not claim capacity figures you have not researched.

The vocabulary for arguing about resources rewards precision. Doğal kaynak is a natural resource; yenilenebilir enerji renewable energy; fosil yakıt fossil fuel; kaynak yönetimi resource management; koruma conservation, and korumak to protect; tahrip etmek to destroy, and tahribat destruction; sürdürülebilir kalkınma sustainable development; ekolojik denge ecological balance; tarım arazisi agricultural land; imara açmak to open land to development, a phrase that carries a heavy political charge in Turkish. The construction ve ... ye rağmen, in spite of, and buna karşılık, by contrast, let you build the two-sided sentences the aspect requires: sanayileşme istihdam yaratmasına rağmen tarım arazilerinin daralmasına yol açmıştır.

Worked example

Paper 1 Section A: translating a two-sided passage into English

Translate into English. Sanayileşme, kentlerde iş imkânı yaratmasına rağmen hava kalitesini olumsuz etkiledi. Buna karşılık, nüfusun bir arada yaşaması sayesinde kanalizasyon ve atık toplama gibi hizmetler kırsal bölgelere göre daha düşük maliyetle sunulabiliyor. Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının artması ise ancak güçlü bir sanayi altyapısıyla mümkün olabilmiştir.

Sentence one: a concessive built on a nominalisation
Sanayileşme, kentlerde iş imkânı yaratmasına rağmen hava kalitesini olumsuz etkiledi. Yaratmasına rağmen is the verbal noun plus possessive plus dative plus the postposition rağmen, which governs the dative: although it created. İş imkânı is a compound, job opportunity, and imkân carries the circumflex. Hava kalitesini takes the accusative because it is a definite object. Olumsuz etkilemek is to affect adversely. Render: Although industrialisation created job opportunities in the cities, it had an adverse effect on air quality.
Sentence two: sayesinde, and a comparison with -A göre
Buna karşılık, nüfusun bir arada yaşaması sayesinde kanalizasyon ve atık toplama gibi hizmetler kırsal bölgelere göre daha düşük maliyetle sunulabiliyor. Buna karşılık is by contrast. Sayesinde, thanks to, governs the possessed noun, so nüfusun ... yaşaması sayesinde, thanks to the population's living together. Gibi, like or such as, follows the noun. -A göre marks the standard of comparison, so kırsal bölgelere göre, compared with rural areas. Sunulabiliyor is passive plus potential plus present continuous, can be provided. Render: By contrast, because the population lives together, services such as sewerage and waste collection can be provided at lower cost than in rural areas.
Sentence three: ise, ancak, and a compound perfect
Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının artması ise ancak güçlü bir sanayi altyapısıyla mümkün olabilmiştir. İse is again contrastive and here marks a topic shift. Ancak here means only, not however — the distinction depends on position and is a real trap. Olabilmiştir is olmak plus the potential -(y)Abil- plus -mIş plus -DIr, a formal present perfect: has been able to become. Render: The growth of investment in renewable energy, for its part, has been possible only with a strong industrial infrastructure.
Check that the English keeps the argument's shape
The passage makes one move three times: it concedes and then qualifies. English must reproduce that shape, and the three connectives — although, by contrast, only — are each a separate scoring segment. A version that renders all three as but has flattened an argument into a list, which is exactly the failure the AO2 grid describes when it distinguishes understanding from description. Note also that ancak is however in the environmental passage earlier in this topic and only here; position and stress decide, and reading the whole sentence before choosing is the only reliable method.

Result: Although industrialisation created job opportunities in the cities, it had an adverse effect on air quality. By contrast, because the population lives together, services such as sewerage and waste collection can be provided at lower cost than in rural areas. The growth of investment in renewable energy, for its part, has been possible only with a strong industrial infrastructure.

Typical mistakes

Writing an entirely negative answer to an aspect whose wording asks for positive effects too.
Confusing DSİ, the water works authority, with the environment ministry.
Using hidroelektrik santral and baraj interchangeably. A dam is not necessarily a power station.
Claiming installed capacity or emission figures from memory. Name the publisher or omit the number.

Active revision

Write 250 words in Turkish on endüstrileşme ve kentleşmenin çevre üzerindeki etkileri in which the two halves are genuinely balanced, at least four sentences use a concessive structure such as -mAsInA rağmen or buna karşılık, and one named energy technology and one named dispute appear with their dates.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

Araştırma Konusu: Türkiye’de Turizm, and its three aspects#

AdvancedPearson Edexcel 9TU0 3. Konu — Araştırma Konusu: Türkiye’de TurizmPearson Edexcel 9TU0 Paper 1 Section C — Writing (research question)

The three aspects of Türkiye’de Turizm and what each needs as evidence

Fig. 2The specification requires all three aspects to be covered, and the commonest way to lose AO4 marks on this research subject is to research the first aspect thoroughly and treat the other two as afterthoughts. The table turns each aspect into a research task with a testable output: a claim, the kind of evidence that would support it, and the sort of Turkish-language source in which such evidence is found. Note that the middle column is deliberately about the FORM of the evidence rather than its content — that is what keeps the research independent, which the specification requires, while still giving you a way to check whether you have enough. Nothing in this table is a finding; the findings are yours to gather.

Türkiye’de Turizm belongs to Theme 3, so it must be researched on Turkey only, and all three of its aspects must be covered: turizmin ekonomi üzerindeki etkisi, the effect of tourism on the economy; turizmin yerel halk için yararları ve zararları, its benefits and harms for local people; and Türkiye’de turizmi teşvik amacıyla yapılan yatırımlar, the investments made to encourage it. The third aspect has a precise legal answer that most candidates miss: the Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu, tourism encouragement law number 2634, was adopted in 1982 and is the statute under which land is allocated, incentives granted and Kültür ve Turizm Koruma ve Gelişim Bölgeleri, culture and tourism conservation and development regions, are designated. The ministry is the Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, and the Türkiye Turizm Tanıtım ve Geliştirme Ajansı, established by law in 2019, runs national promotion.

Turkish distinguishes many kinds of tourism and using the right term shows research. Deniz, kum, güneş turizmi is the coastal package market; kültür turizmi cultural tourism; inanç turizmi faith tourism; kış turizmi winter sports, at Uludağ, Palandöken and Erciyes among others; sağlık turizmi and termal turizm health and thermal tourism, which Turkey promotes actively; gastronomi turizmi food tourism; kırsal turizm and agro-turizm rural tourism; kongre turizmi conference tourism; kruvaziyer turizmi cruise tourism; yayla turizmi highland tourism in the eastern Black Sea. Her şey dâhil, all-inclusive, names the resort model whose effect on local businesses is one of the standing arguments in the second aspect.

Turkey's UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions give the cultural aspect concrete anchors, and naming a few correctly is worth more than a general claim about heritage. Among them are the Historic Areas of İstanbul, Göreme National Park and the rock sites of Cappadocia, Hierapolis-Pamukkale, Ephesus, Troy, Safranbolu, Hattusha, Nemrut Dağ, Xanthos-Letoon, Bursa and Cumalıkızık, Diyarbakır Fortress and the Hevsel Gardens, Ani, Aphrodisias, Göbekli Tepe and Arslantepe Mound. The list is added to periodically, so confirm the current inscriptions from the UNESCO or ministry listing when you research rather than trusting a memorised set. Note in passing that Turkey requested in 2021 that its name be used in all languages as Türkiye, and the United Nations registered the change in 2022 — a small fact, but one that dates a source.

The second aspect is where an essay can genuinely argue. The benefits commonly named are employment, particularly for young people and women in coastal provinces; income for small businesses; investment in airports, roads and water supply that also serves residents; and a market for crafts and food. The harms commonly named are seasonality, since a resort economy employs for six months and not twelve; pressure on water in dry coastal provinces; construction along the coast; rising rents and property prices that price out residents; the leakage of revenue out of the local economy under the all-inclusive model; and the reshaping of local culture into a performance for visitors. Both lists are widely made; the argument is about the balance, and about who within a locality gains and who loses.

Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: a paragraph on the investment aspect that argues rather than lists

The statement is: Turizm, Türkiye’de yerel halka zarardan çok yarar getirmektedir. Draft the paragraph that uses the investment aspect to make an argument about the other two.

Decide what the investment aspect is for in this answer
A weak answer treats the three aspects as three topics and gives each a paragraph. A strong answer uses one aspect to argue about another. Here the investment aspect is the pivot: what the state invests in, and where, determines who in a locality gains. If incentives are directed at large coastal accommodation, the gain concentrates in one kind of business; if they are directed at kırsal turizm or at restoring a historic quarter, it distributes differently. That is an argument, and it needs the legal fact to stand on.
Establish the legal fact first, in one sentence
Türkiye’de turizm yatırımlarının hukuki çerçevesi 1982 tarihli 2634 sayılı Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu’na dayanmaktadır; bu kanun uyarınca belirlenen kültür ve turizm koruma ve gelişim bölgelerinde kamu arazisi yatırımcıya tahsis edilebilmektedir. Note the apostrophe in Kanunu’na, because Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu is a proper name; uyarınca, in accordance with, governs the preceding noun; and tahsis edilebilmektedir stacks passive, potential and the formal -mAktAdIr, which is precisely the register of Turkish legal-administrative prose.
Turn the fact into the argument
Bu tahsis mekanizması, yatırımın nereye ve kime yöneleceğini belirlediği için, turizmin yerel halka yararlı olup olmadığı sorusunun cevabı da büyük ölçüde burada aranmalıdır. Araştırmam sırasında incelediğim iki farklı ilçede, aynı teşvik sisteminin çok farklı sonuçlar doğurduğunu gördüm. Olup olmadığı is the standard Turkish for whether or not, built from the converb -(y)Ip plus the negative -DIk nominalisation, and it is exactly the structure a question about a disputed claim needs.
Close the paragraph on a judgement, not a summary
Dolayısıyla ifadeye kısmen katılıyorum: turizm yerel halka yarar getirebilir, ancak bu yararın kime ulaşacağı turizmin kendisiyle değil, teşvik politikasının tasarımıyla belirlenmektedir. The judgement is explicit, it is qualified, and it names a mechanism rather than a sentiment. It also uses katılmak with the dative, ifadeye katılıyorum, which is the correct government of that verb and one that candidates routinely get wrong by writing ifadeyi katılıyorum.

Result: Türkiye’de turizm yatırımlarının hukuki çerçevesi 1982 tarihli 2634 sayılı Turizmi Teşvik Kanunu’na dayanmaktadır; bu kanun uyarınca belirlenen bölgelerde kamu arazisi yatırımcıya tahsis edilebilmektedir. Bu mekanizma yatırımın nereye ve kime yöneleceğini belirlediği için, turizmin yerel halka yararlı olup olmadığı sorusunun cevabı da büyük ölçüde burada aranmalıdır. Dolayısıyla ifadeye kısmen katılıyorum: yararın kime ulaşacağı turizmin kendisiyle değil, teşvik politikasının tasarımıyla belirlenmektedir.

Typical mistakes

Writing about the economy and the coast and treating the investment aspect as a sentence about advertising.
Listing benefits and harms in two paragraphs without ever weighing them against each other.
Naming World Heritage sites from memory and misplacing them. Check the province as well as the name.
Forgetting seasonality, which is the single most cited structural weakness of the Turkish coastal model.

Active revision

Build a research plan for Türkiye’de Turizm with two authentic Turkish sources for each aspect, then write the 300-to-350-word Section C answer to the statement Turizm, Türkiye’de yerel halka zarardan çok yarar getirmektedir — making sure the investment aspect is argued rather than mentioned.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Turkish (9TU0) specification

3. Konu: Türkiye üzerinde görüşler — human geography, the environment, and Türkiye’de Turizm

5 sections~33 min reading time4 competenciesLevel Foundation 1 · Standard 3 · Advanced 1

3. Konu: Türkiye üzerinde görüşler — human geography, the environment, and Türkiye’de Turizm

Key points

Paper 1 Section B: a reading passage on the redrawn boundary

Key points

Paper 3 Section B: summarising a heard and a read source on migration

Key points

Paper 2 Section A: translating an English passage on an environmental dispute into Turkish

Key points

Paper 1 Section A: translating a two-sided passage into English

Key points

Paper 1 Section C: a paragraph on the investment aspect that argues rather than lists

Sources

3. Konu: Türkiye üzerinde görüşler — human geography, the environment, and Türkiye’de Turizm

Key points

Paper 1 Section B: a reading passage on the redrawn boundary

Key points

Paper 3 Section B: summarising a heard and a read source on migration

Key points

Paper 2 Section A: translating an English passage on an environmental dispute into Turkish

Key points

Paper 1 Section A: translating a two-sided passage into English

Key points

Paper 1 Section C: a paragraph on the investment aspect that argues rather than lists

Sources