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Notes/Polish/Rodzina i cyfrowy świat: the Polish family and the digital world
Notes · PolishUK · A-Levels

Rodzina i cyfrowy świat: the Polish family and the digital world

This topic carries the whole of AQA theme 3.1.1, Aspects of Polish-speaking society: past and current trends, and both of its sub-themes. Sub-theme 3.1.1.1, The Polish family, supplies three bullet aspects — changing roles within the family, the generation gap, and traditional and modern values — and sub-theme 3.1.1.2, The evolution of the digital world in Poland, supplies three more — the internet in daily life, social media with their benefits and dangers, and the digitalisation of Polish society. The specification pairs them, and the pairing is useful rather than accidental: the quickest way to describe what has happened to the Polish family in one generation is very often to describe what has happened to the phone in its hand. The material is examined almost everywhere. It supplies stimulus texts and the summary question in Paper 1's reading section, translation passages in both directions, listening passages and the multi-skill task in Paper 3, and — because AO4 rewards knowledge and understanding of the culture and society — the thematic substance a research-project essay leans on. Note the qualification's own title: AQA 7687 is A-level Polish (Listening, Reading, Writing), so there is no speaking assessment of any kind and every one of these skills is written. The five sections below take the six bullet aspects in order, build the Polish needed to argue about each of them rather than merely name it, and close on the Paper 1 reading summary — the question where content and language are judged independently, in two different ways, out of the same ninety-odd words.

5 sections·~50 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 3 · Advanced 2

T·0111 / 13
Exam profile
AO2 · Understand and respond in writing, in Polish, to written sources on Polish family life and the digital worldAO3 · Manipulate Polish accurately in written form, using the range of lexis and structure that describing social change requiresAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically and analytically to, past and current trends in Polish societyAO1 · Understand and respond in writing to spoken Polish on family and digital themes in Paper 3
Operators:przeczytaćstreścićprzetłumaczyćporównaćopisaćuzasadnićocenićwyciągnąć wniosek

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is that the six bullet aspects can be described accurately in Polish rather than argued over: the vocabulary of the household, the named digital services, and the deliberately two-sided shape of the social-media bullet. Aim for correct simple and compound sentences with the right case after every preposition, and reach for coraz plus a comparative and for dawniej … dziś whenever a trend is being described.

higher level

The full A-level expects the same material handled critically. That means holding traditional and modern values together inside one paragraph rather than scoring them against each other, attributing every contested claim rather than asserting it, and reaching the analytical node of the digital sub-theme — wykluczenie cyfrowe — rather than stopping at a list of conveniences. It also means deploying the specification's own grammar deliberately: the impersonal -no/-to past, the conditional, adverbial participles and the concessive conjunctions, one per paragraph and never three at once. And it means writing the Paper 1 summary to roughly ninety-five words on purpose, knowing that content and language are two independent judgements made on the very same sentences.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Rodzina i cyfrowy świat: the Polish family and the digital world
    • 01Zmieniające się role w rodzinie: changing roles within the family◐
    • 02Przepaść pokoleniowa: the generation gap without caricature◐
    • 03Wartości tradycyjne i nowoczesne: values held together, not opposed●
    • 04Internet w życiu codziennym i cyfryzacja: daily life, and a state that went digital◐
    • 05Media społecznościowe i streszczenie: benefits, dangers, and the Paper 1 reading summary●
§ 01

Zmieniające się role w rodzinie: changing roles within the family#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7687 section 3.1.1.1 - sub-theme The Polish family, bullet: changing roles within the familyLPAQA 7687 section 4.4.1 - Paper 1 reading and responding, four stimulus texts based on the specification's themes and sub-themes

Mówić o zmianie

Mówić o zmianieTable with 3 columns and 6 rows, Data: Struktura · Funkcja · Zdanie modelowe; coraz + stopień wyższy · narastanie zmiany · Rodziny są coraz mniejsze.; dawniej … dziś (aspekt) · przedtem i teraz · Dawniej rodziny mieszkały razem, dziś ten model zniknął.; forma bezosobowa -no/-to · cudzy pogląd, nie własny · Dawniej mówiono, że miejsce kobiety jest w domu.; przysłówek: stopień wyższy · porównanie epok · Polacy zakładają rodziny później niż dawniej.; tryb przypuszczający · skutek hipotetyczny · Bez pomocy dziadków wielu rodzicom byłoby trudniej.; coraz mniej/więcej + dopełniacz · trend policzalny · Coraz mniej rodzin mieszka pod jednym dachem., highlighted cell: forma bezosobowa -no/-toSTRUKTURAFUNKCJAZDANIE MODELOWECORAZ + STOPIEŃWYŻSZYnarastanie zmianyRodziny są coraz mniejsze.DAWNIEJ … DZIŚ(ASPEKT)przedtem i terazDawniej rodziny mieszkałyrazem, dziś ten modelzniknął.FORMA BEZOSOBOWA -NO/−TOcudzy pogląd, nie własnyDawniej mówiono, że miejscekobiety jest w domu.PRZYSŁÓWEK:STOPIEŃ WYŻSZYporównanie epokPolacy zakładają rodzinypóźniej niż dawniej.TRYBPRZYPUSZCZAJĄCYskutek hipotetycznyBez pomocy dziadków wielurodzicom byłoby trudniej.CORAZ MNIEJ/WIĘCEJ+ DOPEŁNIACZtrend policzalnyCoraz mniej rodzin mieszkapod jednym dachem.
Fig. 1Six structures Polish keeps for describing social change, each with a model sentence about the family. The impersonal past in -no or -to is emphasised because the specification's own grammar list names impersonal forms explicitly, and because it is the structure that most reliably lets you report an older consensus without endorsing it.

Key points

This section serves the first of the three bullet aspects of sub-theme 3.1.1.1, changing roles within the family. The change it names is real and recent enough that a Polish teenager can watch it happening in their own household. Three shifts do most of the work. The first is the movement of women into full-time paid employment across the whole social range, which unsettled the older arrangement in which the father was the żywiciel rodziny, the breadwinner, and the mother ran the dom. The second is the falling number of children per household: Poland's dzietność, its fertility, is low by European comparison and has been for a generation, so the household a Polish child grows up in is smaller than the one their grandparents grew up in. The third is that Poles now form families later — marriage and first births arrive at ages their own parents would have thought late.
Set against those shifts is a continuity that foreign accounts of Poland regularly miss: the working grandmother. The rodzina wielopokoleniowa, the multi-generational family, is far from extinct, and even where the generations live apart the babcia remains a functioning part of the childcare system rather than a sentimental figure in it. Places in a żłobek, a nursery for children under three, have historically been scarcer than demand, and Polish working hours are long; the practical consequence is that grandparents deliver and collect, cook, and hold the week together. Say this in Polish and you have an argument rather than a platitude: babcia często zastępuje żłobek, a nie tylko go uzupełnia — grandmother often replaces the nursery rather than merely supplementing it. Note the structure worth stealing: nie tylko … , ale … and a nie tylko … set up the contrast an examiner reads as analysis.
The father's role is the part of the bullet where a careless answer becomes a caricature, so handle it with the vocabulary Poland itself uses. Polish law provides urlop macierzyński for the mother, urlop ojcowski for the father and a shared urlop rodzicielski, of which a portion is reserved for the second parent and cannot be transferred — a policy designed precisely to change who takes leave. Poles talk about a partnerski model rodziny, a partnership model, in contrast to the model tradycyjny. Whether practice has caught up with the vocabulary is genuinely disputed; Polish sociologists differ over how far the podział obowiązków domowych, the division of household work, has actually moved. An answer that says zdaniem części socjologów zmiana jest bardziej deklarowana niż rzeczywista, in the view of some sociologists the change is more declared than real, is stronger than one asserting either position outright.
Two named realities give an answer its evidence. The first is the child benefit introduced in 2016 as Rodzina 500 plus and raised to 800 złotych per child from January 2024 — a universal monthly payment large enough to be a real fact of household budgeting and therefore of household roles. Its demographic effect is contested; its effect on the vocabulary of Polish family policy is not, and świadczenie wychowawcze, the child-raising benefit, is now ordinary speech. The second is eurosieroctwo, Euro-orphanhood, the Polish word for children left in Poland while a parent works abroad. It is a word with an argument built into it, and some researchers object that it stigmatises the very families it describes; naming that objection is exactly the kind of move AO4 rewards. The table Mówić o zmianie collects the structures this whole section needs.
Worked example

From a bare thematic fact to an argued Polish paragraph

You know one fact and nothing else: in many Polish households the grandmother does a substantial share of the childcare. Build it into a paragraph of Polish that would earn marks in a Paper 1 research-project answer or a Paper 3 multi-skill task — that is, a paragraph that argues rather than reports.

  1. 01State the fact as a claim, not as a noun phrase

    A bare fact in a notebook is a noun phrase: rola babci w opiece nad dziećmi. A paragraph needs a finite verb and a position. Write W wielu polskich rodzinach babcia odgrywa realną rolę w opiece nad dziećmi. Two things are already working for you. Odgrywać rolę is the collocation Polish actually uses — grać rolę belongs to the theatre — and realną is doing evaluative work that a neutral dużą would not. Note the cases: w wielu polskich rodzinach is locative plural after w, and w opiece nad dziećmi pairs a locative after w with an instrumental after nad. Getting those two right in the opening sentence buys credibility for everything that follows.

  2. 02Give the fact a cause, because a cause is an argument

    Reporting stops at the fact; arguing supplies the mechanism. Two causes are documented and neither needs a statistic: nursery places are scarce relative to demand, and Polish working hours are long. Write Dzieje się tak dlatego, że miejsc w żłobkach jest mniej niż chętnych, a rodzice pracują długo. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że is a ready-made causal frame worth memorising whole. Inside it, miejsc … jest mniej niż chętnych shows the genitive that mniej governs twice over, and a is the Polish contrastive conjunction rather than i, because the two causes are being set beside each other and not simply added up.

  3. 03Put the change on a timeline with the two devices Polish keeps for it

    An argument about a trend needs a before and an after. Polish has two efficient devices. The first is dawniej … dziś with an aspect contrast: Dawniej rodziny mieszkały razem, dziś ten model zniknął. Mieszkały is imperfective, a habitual state; zniknął is perfective, a completed change. The second is coraz plus a comparative — Rodziny są coraz mniejsze — or, with the genitive, Coraz mniej rodzin mieszka pod jednym dachem. Note that coraz mniej and coraz więcej take the genitive and a third-person singular verb, mieszka rather than mieszkają, which is the single commonest error English speakers make with this construction.

  4. 04Add the impersonal, because that is where the range mark lives

    The specification's grammar list names impersonal forms explicitly and gives często mówiono o tym as its own example. The -no/-to past is the structure that most reliably shows an examiner you can manipulate complex language, and it is exactly right for reporting an old consensus without endorsing it: Dawniej mówiono, że miejsce kobiety jest w domu. Dziś mówi się o tym inaczej. Two impersonals, two different tools — mówiono is the past, mówi się the present. Use one per paragraph, not three: a paragraph stuffed with impersonals reads as a grammar exercise, and the range mark rewards deployment rather than display.

  5. 05Close with a judgement that concedes something

    The AO4 grids reward a critical response, and the cheapest way to sound critical is to concede. Write Nie znaczy to jednak, że model tradycyjny wrócił: zmieniły się raczej okoliczności niż wartości. Nie znaczy to, że … is a concession frame, and zmieniły się raczej X niż Y sets up a comparison the reader can test. If you want the attributed version, zdaniem części badaczy … turns an assertion into a reported position, which is both safer and better rewarded. Then check the paragraph once: every verb's aspect, every noun's case after a preposition, and one deliberate complex structure per three sentences.

Result: W wielu polskich rodzinach babcia odgrywa realną rolę w opiece nad dziećmi. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że miejsc w żłobkach jest mniej niż chętnych, a rodzice pracują długo. Dawniej rodziny mieszkały razem i pomoc dziadków była oczywista; dziś coraz mniej rodzin mieszka pod jednym dachem, ale babcia nadal odbiera wnuki ze szkoły. Dawniej mówiono, że wychowanie to sprawa matki — dziś mówi się o tym inaczej. Nie znaczy to jednak, że model tradycyjny wrócił: zmieniły się raczej okoliczności niż wartości.

Exam focus

  • Learn the household lexicon as usable sentences rather than as a word list: żywiciel rodziny, rodzina wielopokoleniowa, urlop rodzicielski and podział obowiązków domowych all need a verb around them before they earn anything (AO3).
  • Give every claim about changing roles a named anchor — the babcia inside the childcare system, the non-transferable portion of parental leave, świadczenie wychowawcze, eurosieroctwo — because AO4 credits knowledge, not assertion (AO4).
  • Expect this bullet as a Paper 1 stimulus text, and read the question's own wording before answering: the phrasing of the question decides which detail counts (AO2).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing that Polish families are all traditional, or that they are no longer traditional. Both are caricatures, and the exam rewards the sentence that holds the two together.
  • Using rodzina wielopokoleniowa as though it meant that everyone lives in one flat. It names a functioning relationship between generations, which often survives separate addresses.
  • Confusing urlop macierzyński (the mother's), urlop ojcowski (the father's) and urlop rodzicielski (the shared entitlement). They are three different things and the examiner knows it.
  • Reaching for a percentage. Poland's fertility, the take-up of parental leave and the number of multi-generational households are all things to describe comparatively — coraz mniej, niższy niż, w porównaniu z — rather than to invent a figure for.
  • Using the perfective wychować for a habit. Bringing children up over years is wychowywać; wychować is the completed job.

Active revision

Napisz sześć zdań po polsku o zmianie ról w polskiej rodzinie, używając w każdym innej struktury z tabeli „Mówić o zmianie”: coraz + stopień wyższy, dawniej … dziś, forma bezosobowa na -no/-to, przysłówek w stopniu wyższym, tryb przypuszczający oraz coraz mniej/więcej + dopełniacz. Każde zdanie musi zawierać konkretny przykład (babcia, urlop rodzicielski, świadczenie wychowawcze, eurosieroctwo), a nie samą ogólną tezę.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Polish (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7687 specification (AQA)

§ 02

Przepaść pokoleniowa: the generation gap without caricature#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7687 section 3.1.1.1 - sub-theme The Polish family, bullet: the generation gapLPAQA 7687 section 4.4.3 - Paper 1 translation from Polish into English, a passage of at least 100 words, 10 marks

Key points

This section serves the second bullet of sub-theme 3.1.1.1, the generation gap. Every country has one; Poland's has a particular shape, and naming that shape is what turns a generic answer into an AO4 answer. The dividing line Polish public conversation draws most often is 1989 and the transformacja ustrojowa, the change of political and economic system that followed. A Pole who was thirty that year had spent their formative life in a state where scarcity, queueing and censorship were ordinary. A Pole born in 1995 has never queued for meat, has always held a passport that works, and reached adulthood inside the European Union. That is not a generational difference of taste but a difference of experienced reality, and it explains why arguments in Polish families about money, risk and security can sound harsher than the subject seems to warrant.
The vocabulary matters, because the word you choose already contains a judgement. Przepaść pokoleniowa, a generational chasm, is strong; luka pokoleniowa, a generational gap, is neutral; konflikt pokoleń, a conflict of generations, asserts hostility; różnica pokoleń concedes nothing at all. An examiner reads your choice, so choose deliberately and, if you take the strongest one, earn it. The verbs that go with them are worth learning as a set: pokolenia się nie rozumieją, the generations do not understand one another; młodzi buntują się przeciwko rodzicom, the young rebel against their parents, with przeciwko taking the dative; starsi nie nadążają za zmianami, older people do not keep up with the changes, with nadążać za taking the instrumental. Each of those is a whole clause you can drop into an essay without composing under pressure.
What the gap is about in practice is narrower and more interesting than young people against old people. Three areas recur in Polish reporting and in Polish family life. The first is work and security: a parent who lived through the transformation often reads a stable job as the point of a career, while a child reads mobility and choice as the point. The second is emigration, which in Poland is a family fact rather than an abstraction — the parent who worked abroad, the sibling still in Britain or Ireland, the word eurosieroctwo. The third is technology, and it is the sharpest instrument you have, because the digital sub-theme of this very theme lets you describe the gap concretely: who pays with BLIK, who collects a medicine on an e-recepta code, and who still goes to the office in person.
Two habits keep an answer out of caricature. The first is to remember that the gap runs in both directions and that the younger generation is not simply more competent. On digital security, on telling a reliable source from a plausible one, and on the patience a bureaucratic process demands, an older Pole may be the better navigator, and Polish commentary on dezinformacja regularly observes that no age group is immune. The second habit is to attribute. Claims about how Polish young people differ from their parents on religion, on politics or on family formation are the subject of live research and live argument, so write zdaniem badaczy, według sondaży or wielu komentatorów uważa, że rather than stating a contested finding as fact. That one move is the difference between an assertion an examiner can dismiss and a position an examiner has to credit.
Worked example

Paper 1 translation into English: a passage on the generation gap

Paper 1 sets at least 100 words of Polish drawn from the specification's themes for translation into English, worth 10 marks. Translate this passage and justify each decision. «Moja babcia nie rozumie, dlaczego płacę telefonem. Mówi, że pieniądze powinno się widzieć. Dawniej trzymano oszczędności w domu, bo bankom nie ufano, a dziś prawie nikt nie nosi gotówki. Kiedy pytam ją o to, odpowiada, że kiedyś było trudniej, ale spokojniej. Zdaniem mojej mamy obie te opinie są w pewnym sensie słuszne: młodsi zyskali wygodę, ale stracili poczucie, że nad czymś panują. Podobno w badaniach powtarza się to samo — im starszy respondent, tym większa nieufność wobec nowych technologii. Kiedy w zeszłym roku babcia po raz pierwszy odebrała lek na podstawie e-recepty, powiedziała tylko, że kolejka była krótsza. Nie zmieniła zdania, ale przestała się spierać.»

  1. 01Read the whole passage for its argument before translating a word

    Ten marks for a hundred-odd words is roughly one mark per ten words, so accuracy is worth more than speed and comprehension is worth more than either. Read it through once and name the argument: a grandmother distrusts cashless payment, the narrator's mother judges both positions partly right, a survey finding is reported, and the grandmother concedes without changing her mind. That shape tells you the passage turns twice — at zdaniem mojej mamy and at podobno — and that both turns are attributions rather than assertions. A translation that flattens them into plain statements has lost content the mark scheme is looking for. Only now start, and translate in sense units rather than word by word.

  2. 02The two impersonal verbs, and what English must supply

    Dawniej trzymano oszczędności w domu, bo bankom nie ufano contains two -no impersonals, the form Polish uses precisely when the agent is everybody and nobody. English has no equivalent, so you must choose: people used to keep their savings at home, because banks were not trusted uses a generic subject for the first and a passive for the second, and reads naturally. Do not invent an agent the Polish declined to name — Poles kept their savings at home narrows a claim the original deliberately left open. Note bankom as well: ufać governs the dative, so the noun is dative plural, and banks were not trusted preserves the sense without importing an English preposition.

  3. 03Negation, the genitive it forces, and one structure that is not a passive

    Prawie nikt nie nosi gotówki has the genitive gotówki because Polish negation converts a direct object to the genitive; almost nobody carries cash needs no adjustment in English. Nie zmieniła zdania works the same way — zdania is the genitive of zdanie — and zmienić zdanie is the idiom for changing one's mind, not for changing a sentence. Pieniądze powinno się widzieć is the trap. It looks passive and is not: it is the impersonal powinno się plus an infinitive with the object fronted for emphasis, so it means money is something you ought to be able to see, and never money should see.

  4. 04Attribution: zdaniem, podobno, and why both must survive

    Zdaniem mojej mamy is the instrumental of zdanie governing a genitive and it means in my mother's view. It is not my mother says: it marks the whole following clause as her position, which is exactly what the English in my mother's view does. Podobno is the other one, and it is regularly mistranslated as probably. It means apparently or reportedly — it tells you the narrator has this second-hand and is not vouching for it. Rendering podobno w badaniach powtarza się to samo as the same thing probably recurs in research asserts what the Polish carefully declines to assert, and costs a content mark for the sake of one word.

  5. 05Im … tym … , the comparatives, and the final read-through

    Im starszy respondent, tym większa nieufność is Polish's correlative comparative, with no verb in either half. English has exactly the same device — the older the respondent, the greater the distrust — so reach for it rather than paraphrasing into a conditional. Elsewhere, kiedyś było trudniej, ale spokojniej is an impersonal comparative pair, things used to be harder but calmer, and needs a dummy subject in English. Then read your English aloud, alone, without looking at the Polish. If a sentence sounds like a translation it is not finished, because the mark scheme rewards accurate English, and an English sentence nobody would say is not accurate English.

Result: My grandmother does not understand why I pay by phone. She says money is something you ought to be able to see. People used to keep their savings at home, because banks were not trusted, whereas today almost nobody carries cash. When I ask her about it, she answers that life used to be harder, but calmer. In my mother's view both of those opinions are right in a sense: younger people have gained convenience, but they have lost the feeling of being in control of something. Apparently the same thing comes up again and again in research — the older the respondent, the greater the distrust of new technology. When my grandmother collected a medicine on an electronic prescription for the first time last year, all she said was that the queue had been shorter. She did not change her mind, but she stopped arguing.

Exam focus

  • Choose between przepaść, luka, różnica and konflikt pokoleń deliberately — the noun carries a judgement before the sentence has begun, and AO4 reads it (AO4).
  • Anchor the gap in 1989 and the transformacja ustrojowa rather than in matters of taste; that is what makes a Polish answer specific rather than interchangeable with any other country's (AO4).
  • In the translation into English, do not flatten Polish attribution: zdaniem, według and podobno all do different work and the mark scheme is reading for it (AO2).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing the gap as young-and-competent against old-and-incompetent. It runs both ways, and the one-directional version is the version examiners see most often.
  • Using konflikt pokoleń as a neutral synonym for the generation gap. It asserts hostility and therefore needs evidence.
  • Getting the case wrong after przeciwko and przeciw. Both take the dative, so przeciwko rodzicom, never przeciwko rodziców.
  • Translating podobno as probably. It means reportedly or apparently, and losing it loses the attribution the Polish sentence carefully made.
  • Treating 1989 as a date to mention rather than as an explanation to use.

Active revision

Przeprowadź krótką rozmowę z osobą starszą od Ciebie o co najmniej trzydzieści lat i zapisz po polsku trzy rzeczy, które ta osoba robi inaczej niż Ty: jedną dotyczącą pieniędzy, jedną dotyczącą pracy i jedną dotyczącą internetu. Następnie napisz o każdej z nich jedno zdanie, w którym unikasz oceny — użyj konstrukcji „nie tyle … , ile …” albo „raczej … niż …” — oraz jedno zdanie z wyraźnym przypisaniem poglądu („zdaniem …”, „według …”).

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

Wartości tradycyjne i nowoczesne: values held together, not opposed#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7687 section 3.1.1.1 - sub-theme The Polish family, bullet: traditional and modern valuesLPAQA 7687 section 4.4.2 - Paper 1 assessment: no content mark where the response includes irrelevant material or copies inappropriately from the stimulus

Key points

This section serves the third bullet of sub-theme 3.1.1.1, traditional and modern values. The commonest weak answer sets the two words against each other and reports a score — Poland is becoming more modern, or Poland remains traditional — and both versions earn few AO4 marks, because neither can be tested and neither describes anything a reader would recognise. The stronger frame is that the same household holds both, and that the interesting question is where they meet. A Polish family may treat Wigilia, the Christmas Eve supper, as non-negotiable and treat a daughter's move abroad for work as obvious; may keep the pierwsza komunia, first communion, as an occasion of real family weight while disagreeing about religion at the table; may say wartości rodzinne with conviction and mean something quite different by it from the person sitting opposite.
The Catholic Church is the anchor most answers reach for and the one most often mishandled. What is documented and safe to state is that Catholicism has been institutionally and culturally central in Poland, that religious rites of passage — chrzest, pierwsza komunia, ślub kościelny — still structure family life well beyond the circle of regular practice, and that Polish researchers have for some years described a decline in religious practice markedly steeper among the young than among their parents. What is contested, and must therefore be attributed, is what that decline means: whether it is sekularyzacja in the western European sense, a change in the relationship between belief and institution, or something more local. Write zdaniem socjologów religii, or badacze różnią się w ocenie, researchers differ in their assessment, and you have made a claim you can defend.
Family formation is where the two sets of values are most visibly negotiated, and Polish has precise words for it. A związek nieformalny or związek partnerski is a relationship outside marriage; kohabitacja is the sociologists' term and konkubinat the older legal one, which now sounds cold. Poles marry later than their parents did and a growing share live together first — describe that with coraz więcej par mieszka razem przed ślubem rather than with a figure. Single parenthood has its own vocabulary, samotne rodzicielstwo and samotny rodzic, and it is worth knowing that rozwód, divorce, is legally available and socially ordinary while a church annulment is an entirely separate matter. The useful essay sentence is the one that holds both together: model małżeństwa jest nadal silny, ale przestał być jedyny.
Because this bullet invites opinion, it is where students most often lose marks for the wrong kind of writing. Three rules keep an answer safe. Do not moralise: an examiner is marking your Polish and your understanding of Polish society, not your position on it, and a paragraph that praises or condemns has stopped analysing. Do not import your own country's argument, because the Polish debate about wartości has its own terms — światopogląd, worldview; obyczajowość, the sphere of custom and morals; tradycja rozumiana jako … , tradition understood as … — and using them shows you have read Polish sources rather than English ones. And keep the concessive structures near the surface: mimo że, chociaż, z jednej strony … z drugiej strony, nie tyle … ile. They are the grammar of a balanced claim, and the specification's own conjunction list names chociaż and że among the structures you are expected to use actively.
Worked example

Paper 1 reading: answering in Polish, and the lifting decision

Here is a short stimulus text of the kind Paper 1's reading section uses, with two questions set in Polish. Work them through, including the decision about how much of the text you may reuse. Tekst: «W badaniu przeprowadzonym wśród polskich rodzin powtarza się jeden wynik: młodzi rzadziej deklarują regularne praktyki religijne niż ich rodzice, ale prawie tak samo często biorą udział w uroczystościach rodzinnych o charakterze religijnym. Autorzy raportu ostrzegają, że tych dwóch rzeczy nie należy mylić. Ich zdaniem obrzęd rodzinny bywa dziś raczej sposobem podtrzymania więzi niż wyznaniem wiary.» Pytania: (a) Czym różnią się młodzi od rodziców według badania? (b) Jak autorzy raportu interpretują udział młodych w uroczystościach religijnych?

  1. 01Read what the questions actually ask

    Question (a) uses czym różnią się, the verb różnić się czymś od kogoś, to differ in something from someone. The instrumental czym means the answer must name the respect in which they differ, not simply report both facts side by side. Question (b) uses jak … interpretują, so it asks for the authors' interpretation, not for what young people actually do. Two questions, two different objects. Spending thirty seconds here is worthwhile because the commonest lost mark in the reading section is a true statement answering a question that was not set, and the specification says so directly: no content mark where the response includes irrelevant material.

  2. 02Locate the contrast, and notice that it has two halves

    The text says young people declare regular religious practice less often than their parents, but take part in family religious occasions almost as often. The word doing the work is ale, and the entire point of the sentence is that its two halves point in different directions. An answer reporting only the first half — that the young are less religious — has understood half a sentence and will be marked as such. Note deklarują as well: the text says they declare, not that they do, and keeping that verb keeps your claim as careful as the original made it.

  3. 03Write (a) in your own Polish, in a full clause

    Młodzi rzadziej niż rodzice mówią o regularnych praktykach religijnych, choć równie często uczestniczą w rodzinnych uroczystościach religijnych. Notice what changed and what did not. Deklarują became mówią o, and uczestniczą replaced biorą udział; both are genuine reformulations rather than cosmetic ones, and both are correct, because mówić o takes the locative and uczestniczyć w takes the locative too. Choć replaced ale, which is a real structural change rather than a synonym swap. And rzadziej niż rodzice keeps the comparison explicit, because czym różnią się demanded a respect of difference, and an explicit comparison is what supplies one.

  4. 04Answer (b) as an interpretation, and mark it as one

    The text does not say that family ritual is a way of maintaining ties; it says that in the authors' view it often is. Ich zdaniem and bywa are both hedges and both must survive into your answer. Write Autorzy uważają, że udział w takich uroczystościach jest dziś częściej sposobem podtrzymania więzi rodzinnych niż wyrazem wiary. Uważać, że is the neutral verb for holding a view; sposobem and wyrazem are both instrumental after jest, which is the case that follows the copula for a noun complement; and podtrzymania więzi is a verbal noun governing a genitive, exactly as in the original.

  5. 05Apply the lifting rule precisely, then check

    The specification's rule has two parts and students routinely remember only one. In comprehension questions carrying no AO3 marks you may use the text's own words without rephrasing where they are the natural answer, and minor spelling slips that do not distort meaning are tolerated. But the content mark is withheld where you include irrelevant material, or lift an element that does not match the phrasing of the question set. So copying the whole final sentence for (b) would risk the mark — not because copying is forbidden, but because that sentence carries more than the question asked for. Then check: cases after prepositions, aspect, and one glance to confirm each answer answers its own question.

Result: (a) Młodzi rzadziej niż rodzice mówią o regularnych praktykach religijnych, choć równie często uczestniczą w rodzinnych uroczystościach religijnych. (b) Autorzy uważają, że udział w takich uroczystościach jest dziś częściej sposobem podtrzymania więzi rodzinnych niż wyrazem wiary. Zasada: wolno użyć słów z tekstu, jeżeli są naturalną odpowiedzią, ale punktu nie ma za odpowiedź, która zawiera treść niezwiązaną z pytaniem albo przepisuje fragment niepasujący do jego sformułowania.

Exam focus

  • Write the same household holding both sets of values rather than the country moving from one to the other; the second version cannot be evidenced and does not score (AO4).
  • Attribute every claim about religious change — zdaniem socjologów, badacze różnią się w ocenie — because the interpretation, not the trend, is what is genuinely contested (AO4).
  • Deploy the concessive conjunctions the specification itself lists, chociaż and mimo że among them, as the visible grammar of a balanced answer (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Treating tradycyjny and religijny as synonyms. Many traditional Polish family practices are observed by people who do not describe themselves as practising.
  • Using konkubinat as the neutral word for cohabitation. It is the older, colder term; związek nieformalny is the ordinary one.
  • Moralising. The AO4 grid rewards a critical and analytical response to Polish society, not approval or disapproval of it.
  • Answering a comprehension question by lifting the stimulus text's own value-laden phrasing. Where the lifted element does not match the wording of the question set, no content mark is awarded at all.
  • Writing wartości rodzinne without saying which ones. The phrase is a placeholder in Polish exactly as family values is in English.

Active revision

Wybierz jedną polską uroczystość rodzinną (Wigilia, pierwsza komunia, Wszystkich Świętych, ślub) i napisz o niej dwa akapity po polsku. W pierwszym opisz, co się w niej nie zmieniło, w drugim — co się zmieniło. W obu użyj przynajmniej jednej konstrukcji przyzwalającej („chociaż”, „mimo że”, „z jednej strony … z drugiej strony”) oraz przynajmniej jednego przypisania poglądu („zdaniem …”, „według badaczy …”). Nie oceniaj: opisuj.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

Internet w życiu codziennym i cyfryzacja: daily life, and a state that went digital#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7687 section 3.1.1.2 - sub-theme The evolution of the digital world in Poland, bullets: the internet in daily life; the digitalisation of Polish societyLPAQA 7687 section 4.6.3 - Paper 3 translation into Polish, at least 100 words, with a supporting text in Polish supplying vocabulary and structures

Cyfryzacja na co dzień

Cyfryzacja na co dzieńGraph, dostęp do sieci → e-usługi, dostęp do sieci → praca zdalna, dostęp do sieci → media społecznościowe, e-usługi → wykluczenie cyfrowe, praca zdalna → wykluczenie cyfrowe, media społecznościowe → wykluczenie cyfrowedostęp do siecie-usługipraca zdalnamediaspołecznościowewykluczeniecyfrowe
Fig. 2How digitalisation reaches an ordinary Polish life. Access to the network is the condition of everything above it, and the three things it enables — public e-services such as Profil Zaufany and the e-recepta, remote work, and social media — all fail in the same way when access, skill or confidence is missing. That failure has a Polish name, wykluczenie cyfrowe, and it is emphasised because it is the node an analytical answer has to reach.

Key points

This section serves two of the three bullet aspects of sub-theme 3.1.1.2 at once — the internet in daily life and the digitalisation of Polish society — because in Poland the two are hard to prise apart. What makes the Polish case worth writing about, rather than generically modern, is that much of the digital infrastructure arrived late and therefore arrived complete. A country without a dense inherited network of bank branches and cheque books to protect could move to mobile banking directly; a state rebuilding its administration after 1989 could design services online rather than migrate them there afterwards. The vocabulary follows from that history: cyfryzacja, digitalisation, is a word Poles use about their own country with a certain pride, and e-administracja, e-government, names a project rather than a complaint.
Five names give an answer its evidence, and all five are things an ordinary person in Poland touches. Profil Zaufany is the free trusted profile that lets a citizen sign official business online. The mObywatel app carries state documents on a phone, including the mDowód, the digital identity document. The e-recepta replaced the paper prescription as the standard form: the doctor issues it, the patient receives a code, and the pharmacy dispenses against that code. BLIK is the Polish mobile payment standard, a short code generated inside a bank's own app, used to pay in shops and to send money to another person by telephone number. And the paczkomaty, the parcel lockers standing outside blocks of flats across the country, have made collecting a parcel at midnight entirely ordinary.
Against all of that stands wykluczenie cyfrowe, digital exclusion, and it is the concept that turns a list into an argument. Two divides are documented and can be described without a statistic. The first is generational: internet use in Poland falls steeply with age, and the oldest group is the least connected. The second is geographic: rural and small-town Poland has historically been less well served by fast fixed connections than the cities, which is precisely why public investment in światłowód, fibre, has been a policy priority. A third divide is not about access at all but about kompetencje cyfrowe, digital skills, since a person may own a smartphone and still be unable to use Profil Zaufany. Say it in Polish and you have an argument rather than a list: dostęp to nie to samo co umiejętność.
An answer that only celebrates has not analysed, so know where the costs sit. When schools moved to nauczanie zdalne, remote teaching, the households without a working computer or a stable connection became visible in a way they had not been before, and Polish commentary at the time treated that as a fairness problem rather than a technical one. Where a service exists only online, the person who cannot use it is not merely inconvenienced but shut out, which is why Polish offices have kept counters open alongside their e-usługi. The node-graph Cyfryzacja na co dzień traces the chain outward from access and puts wykluczenie cyfrowe at the end of it deliberately: every convenience on that diagram is a barrier to somebody, and naming who is the AO4 move.
Worked example

Paper 3 translation into Polish, using the supporting text

Paper 3 sets at least 100 words of English to translate into Polish for 10 marks and, distinctively, provides a supporting text in Polish supplying some of the vocabulary and structures the translation needs. English: 'Over the last twenty years Poland has developed digital public services that are among the more convenient in Europe. Today a patient does not carry a paper prescription: the doctor issues an electronic one and the pharmacy dispenses the medicine against a code. Many official matters can be settled without leaving the house, because a trusted profile confirms who you are. But not everyone benefits equally. Older people and residents of smaller towns use the internet less often, and some of them lack not the connection but the skills. If public offices closed their counters, those people would be excluded. That is why commentators write about digital exclusion as a problem of fairness rather than of technology.' Tekst pomocniczy: «W ostatnich latach w Polsce rozwinęły się e-usługi. Pacjent nie nosi już papierowej recepty — lekarz wystawia e-receptę, a apteka wydaje lek na podstawie kodu. Wiele spraw urzędowych można załatwić przez internet dzięki Profilowi Zaufanemu. Mówi się jednak o wykluczeniu cyfrowym: osoby starsze i mieszkańcy mniejszych miejscowości rzadziej korzystają z sieci.»

  1. 01Mine the supporting text before writing a word

    The supporting text is not decoration, and reading it first is the highest-value minute in the question. It hands you e-usługi, wystawia e-receptę, na podstawie kodu, wiele spraw urzędowych można załatwić, dzięki Profilowi Zaufanemu, wykluczenie cyfrowe, osoby starsze, mieszkańcy mniejszych miejscowości and korzystać z sieci — nine items you would otherwise have to invent, several with their cases already correct in context. Underline them and map each onto the English phrase it will serve. Then notice what it does not give you, because that is what you must build yourself: the conditional sentence at the end, and the contrast between having a connection and having the skills.

  2. 02Decide aspect before anything else

    Aspect is decided by meaning, not by English tense. Poland has developed is a completed result, so the perfective rozwinęła. A patient does not carry, the doctor issues and the pharmacy dispenses are habitual presents, so imperfective throughout: nie nosi, wystawia, wydaje. Can be settled is a general possibility whose individual instances do get finished, so można załatwić with the perfective infinitive. Use the internet less often is habitual, so korzystają. If offices closed is a single hypothetical act, so zamknęły, perfective, inside the conditional. Getting those six decisions right is worth more marks than any quantity of vocabulary.

  3. 03Build the conditional, the one structure the supporting text withholds

    The English if X closed, those people would be excluded is a second conditional, and Polish builds it with gdyby plus the -by past in both halves: Gdyby urzędy zamknęły okienka, ci ludzie zostaliby wykluczeni. Note three things. Gdyby carries the conditional particle itself, so the verb after it is a plain past — zamknęły, non-virile plural agreeing with urzędy. The main clause needs its own -by: zostaliby, virile plural, because ludzie is a masculine personal noun. And zostać plus a passive participle is the ordinary Polish dynamic passive, with wykluczeni the virile plural of wykluczony.

  4. 04Case-govern every preposition and quantifier as you write

    Polish grammar is decided at the noun, so check as you go rather than at the end. Na podstawie kodu: na podstawie takes the genitive. Dzięki Profilowi Zaufanemu: dzięki takes the dative and the adjective agrees, so both words change. Wiele spraw: wiele takes the genitive plural and a third-person singular verb. Korzystać z sieci: korzystać z takes the genitive, and sieć is a feminine noun whose genitive is sieci. Nie nosi papierowej recepty: negation converts an accusative object to the genitive, which is exactly why the supporting text writes recepty and not receptę — the text is teaching you the rule while supplying the words.

  5. 05Translate the analytical sentence the supporting text deliberately withheld

    Some of them lack not the connection but the skills is the sentence carrying the argument, and it must be built from scratch. Brakować takes a dative person and a genitive thing — brakuje komuś czegoś — so: Niektórym brakuje nie tyle łącza, ile umiejętności. Nie tyle … ile … is the precise Polish for not so much X as Y, and it leaves both nouns in the genitive that brakować already demanded. If you are unsure of łącze, dostęp serves perfectly: nie tyle dostępu, ile umiejętności. Choosing a word you can decline correctly over one you half-remember is a strategy, not a retreat.

  6. 06Read the Polish alone and check the four things that always go wrong

    Cover the English and read your Polish as Polish. Four checks, in this order. Aspect: is every perfective a completed event and every imperfective a habit or a state? Case after every preposition and every quantifier. Agreement, including the virile against non-virile distinction that decides zamknęły rather than zamknęli and wykluczeni rather than wykluczone. And word order: Polish is flexible but not free, and the specification's own example — Ładny jest ten kolor beside To dziecko jest wesołe — is a reminder that fronting an element emphasises it. Do not front anything by accident.

Result: W ciągu ostatnich dwudziestu lat Polska rozwinęła cyfrowe usługi publiczne, które należą do wygodniejszych w Europie. Dziś pacjent nie nosi papierowej recepty: lekarz wystawia e-receptę, a apteka wydaje lek na podstawie kodu. Wiele spraw urzędowych można załatwić bez wychodzenia z domu, ponieważ Profil Zaufany potwierdza tożsamość. Nie wszyscy jednak korzystają na tym tak samo. Osoby starsze i mieszkańcy mniejszych miejscowości rzadziej korzystają z sieci, a niektórym brakuje nie tyle dostępu, ile umiejętności. Gdyby urzędy zamknęły okienka, ci ludzie zostaliby wykluczeni. Dlatego komentatorzy piszą o wykluczeniu cyfrowym jako o problemie sprawiedliwości, a nie technologii.

Exam focus

  • Name real services — Profil Zaufany, mObywatel, e-recepta, BLIK, paczkomaty — instead of writing that Poland is very digital; AO4 credits knowledge and understanding, not enthusiasm (AO4).
  • Pair every convenience with the person excluded from it, because the analytical half of this pair of bullets is wykluczenie cyfrowe (AO4).
  • In the Paper 3 translation into Polish, mine the supporting Polish text for exactly this vocabulary before inventing any of your own (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing cyfryzacja when you mean digital skills. Cyfryzacja is the process of moving services and processes online; the skills are kompetencje cyfrowe.
  • Assuming wykluczenie cyfrowe means having no internet. It also covers the person who has a connection and lacks the skills or the confidence to use what is on it.
  • Treating BLIK as a bank or as a standalone app. It is a payment standard used inside the banks' own apps.
  • Ignoring the supporting Polish text in Paper 3's translation. It exists precisely to supply vocabulary and structures, and not reading it is throwing marks away.
  • Capitalising internet in Polish by analogy with older English usage. Contemporary Polish prose writes internet lower-case; the capitalised form is now the marked, older option.

Active revision

Opisz po polsku jeden zwykły dzień, w którym korzystasz z pięciu usług cyfrowych: bankowości mobilnej (BLIK), e-recepty, paczkomatu, Profilu Zaufanego lub aplikacji mObywatel oraz pracy albo nauki zdalnej. Każde zdanie musi zawierać czasownik w świadomie wybranym aspekcie. Następnie napisz dwa zdania o osobie, która nie mogłaby przeżyć tego dnia tak samo — użyj trybu przypuszczającego oraz wyrażenia „wykluczenie cyfrowe”.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Media społecznościowe i streszczenie: benefits, dangers, and the Paper 1 reading summary#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7687 section 3.1.1.2 - sub-theme The evolution of the digital world in Poland, bullet: social media, benefits and dangersLPAQA 7687 section 4.4.2 - Paper 1 assessment: summary content (AO2) and language (AO3, out of 5) awarded independently, and the first natural break between 90 and 100 words

Key points

This section serves the third bullet of sub-theme 3.1.1.2, social media and their benefits and dangers, and it is also where this topic teaches its exam-technique rotation, the Paper 1 reading summary. Take the content first. The bullet is explicitly two-sided, so an answer that is only alarmed, or only enthusiastic, has failed the question as set. The benefits are real and easy to name concretely: media społecznościowe keep emigrant families in daily contact across borders, which in Poland is not a small thing; they let a small business reach customers without a shopfront; they let causes organise quickly; and for a teenager in a village they are a route to people who share an interest nobody within ten kilometres shares. Say it with verbs — pozwalają utrzymać kontakt, umożliwiają organizowanie się, ułatwiają dostęp do informacji — and it stops being a list.
The dangers have their own Polish, and two words in particular are worth owning. Hejt, borrowed from English and fully naturalised as hejter, hejtować and hejtowanie, names abusive online speech, and Poles use it for a spectrum running from ordinary rudeness up to the coordinated campaigns that the broader term mowa nienawiści, hate speech, covers. Dezinformacja names the deliberate spreading of false or misleading material, and Polish public debate distinguishes it carefully from ordinary error. Around those two sit cyberprzemoc, cyberbullying; bańka informacyjna, the filter bubble; uzależnienie od telefonu; and the whole question of prywatność and dane osobowe. What must be attributed rather than asserted is effect: whether social media damage adolescent wellbeing is an open research question in Poland as elsewhere, so write badania nie są jednoznaczne and you are on ground you can hold.
Now the exam-technique half. One question in Paper 1's reading section asks you to summarise in Polish what you have understood from a stimulus text, and its mark scheme is unusual enough to be worth learning literally. Content and language are awarded independently: the content mark is AO2, the language mark is AO3 and is out of five. You must write in full sentences and use your own words as far as possible. If your summary runs long it is marked, for content or for language, only up to the first natural break — usually the end of a sentence or of a main clause — occurring between ninety and one hundred words, and nothing after that break is read at all. A short summary carries no automatic penalty, but it is self-penalising, because it cannot hold all the content points.
The lifting rule is the part students get wrong, and the specification is precise about it. The AO2 content mark is awarded for a point containing the required information regardless of whether you expressed it in your own words or lifted it from the text. But no content mark is given where you include irrelevant material, or where you copy inappropriately by lifting an element from the original that does not match the phrasing of the point being credited. And lifted language is never eligible for credit when the AO3 mark is awarded. Put those three sentences together and the practical rule falls out of them: reformulate everything you can, because reformulation is what the language mark pays for; and never pad, because irrelevant material costs a content point you had already earned. Write about ninety-five words, count them, and stop.
Worked example

The Paper 1 reading summary, built to ninety-one words

Here is a stimulus text of the kind Paper 1 sets, with the summary question that goes with it. Build an answer of between ninety and one hundred words, and show separately where the AO2 content marks and the AO3 language mark come from. Tekst: «Polscy nastolatkowie spędzają w mediach społecznościowych coraz więcej czasu, ale ich powody rzadko są takie, jakich spodziewają się dorośli. W rozmowach powtarzają się trzy: kontakt z rodziną, która wyjechała za granicę; dostęp do ludzi o podobnych zainteresowaniach, zwłaszcza tam, gdzie takich ludzi w okolicy nie ma; oraz informacje, których nie da się znaleźć w szkole. Jednocześnie ci sami nastolatkowie mówią o kosztach. Najczęściej wymieniają hejt, poczucie ciągłego porównywania się z innymi i trudność z odłożeniem telefonu. Autorzy raportu podkreślają, że badania nad wpływem mediów społecznościowych na samopoczucie młodych nie są jednoznaczne, i ostrzegają przed prostymi wnioskami.» Pytanie: «Streść własnymi słowami, dlaczego młodzi Polacy korzystają z mediów społecznościowych, jakie widzą w tym koszty i jak autorzy raportu oceniają stan badań.»

  1. 01Extract the content points before writing any Polish

    The question names three jobs — reasons, costs, and the authors' assessment of the research — so the points cluster in three groups, and you should list them in note form, in Polish, before composing anything. Reasons: kontakt z emigrantami w rodzinie; ludzie o wspólnych zainteresowaniach, zwłaszcza poza dużym miastem; informacje spoza szkoły. Costs: hejt; porównywanie się; trudność z odłożeniem telefonu. Assessment: badania niejednoznaczne; ostrzeżenie przed prostymi wnioskami. That is eight items. In ninety-five words you cannot expand all eight, so decide now which will compress into a single clause each and which have to stand alone.

  2. 02Budget the words before writing them

    Ninety-five words across three jobs is roughly forty for the reasons, twenty-five for the costs and twenty-five for the assessment, with a few in reserve. That budget is not pedantry: it is what stops an answer spending sixty words on the reasons and arriving at the authors' caution with no room left. Write the budget in the margin. Then decide the shape: three or four sentences rather than one long one, because the AO3 grid rewards a consistently secure grasp of grammar and a single ninety-word sentence is the fastest way to lose it. Full sentences are required by the specification, so no notes and no dashes standing in for verbs.

  3. 03Reformulate deliberately, item by item

    Every reformulation is a bid for the AO3 mark, and the content mark is safe either way. Kontakt z rodziną, która wyjechała za granicę becomes utrzymywanie więzi z bliskimi za granicą — a verbal noun replacing a clause, and bliskimi replacing rodziną. Note the case shift there: za granicę with the accusative is direction, za granicą with the instrumental is location. Dostęp do ludzi o podobnych zainteresowaniach becomes poznawanie osób o tych samych pasjach. Trudność z odłożeniem telefonu becomes problem z ograniczeniem czasu spędzanego przed ekranem. Hejt is a term rather than a phrase and may stay: a technical word you cannot reformulate is not what the rule is aimed at.

  4. 04Write it, counting as you go

    Compose in three sentences, one per job, keeping a running count at the end of each. Sentence one carries the three reasons under a shared purpose clause, po to, by, with three infinitives hanging off it. Sentence two carries the costs, and the specification's own grammar list supplies the tool that saves words here: the impersonal, wymienia się. Sentence three carries the authors' position and must keep its attribution — autorzy raportu podkreślają, że — because dropping it converts a reported caution into your own claim and misrepresents the text. Then stop at the first sentence end past ninety words, since nothing after the first natural break between ninety and one hundred is marked.

  5. 05Show where the content marks are

    Run through the finished summary and label each point against the question's three jobs. Reasons: contact with relatives who have gone abroad; access to people with the same interests, especially where there are none nearby; knowledge school does not supply — three points. Costs: abuse, constant comparison with peers, and difficulty limiting screen time — three points. Assessment: the research so far gives no clear answers, and the authors warn against hasty conclusions — two points. Eight content points inside ninety-one words. Each earns its AO2 mark on its information alone, whether reformulated or not; what would lose it is padding, or a lifted phrase attached to a point it does not actually match.

  6. 06Show where the language mark is, and check it separately

    The AO3 mark is out of five and is a wholly separate judgement about the Polish. Five requires language mainly accurate with only occasional minor errors, a consistently secure grasp of grammar, and complex language manipulated accurately where the task requires it. So run a language-only pass with the content forgotten: case after every preposition, aspect on every verb, virile against non-virile agreement, and at least one genuinely complex structure handled correctly — here the impersonal wymienia się, the purpose clause po to, by with three infinitives, and the genitives forced by brakuje and by the negated nie dają. Then confirm that none of the language you hope to be credited for was lifted.

Result: Streszczenie, 91 słów: «Młodzi Polacy poświęcają mediom społecznościowym coraz więcej czasu, ale robią to przede wszystkim po to, by utrzymywać więzi z bliskimi, którzy wyjechali za granicę, poznawać osoby o tych samych pasjach — zwłaszcza tam, gdzie w okolicy takich osób brakuje — oraz zdobywać wiedzę, której szkoła im nie daje. Ci sami nastolatkowie dostrzegają jednak koszty: wymienia się hejt, ciągłe porównywanie się z rówieśnikami i problem z ograniczeniem czasu spędzanego przed ekranem. Autorzy raportu podkreślają natomiast, że dotychczasowe badania nad wpływem tych mediów na samopoczucie młodych nie dają jednoznacznych odpowiedzi, i przestrzegają przed pochopnymi wnioskami.» The AO2 content marks come from eight separate points — three reasons, three costs and two elements of the authors' assessment — each credited on its information alone. The AO3 mark, out of five, comes from something entirely different inside the very same words: the impersonal wymienia się, the purpose clause po to, by governing three infinitives, the genitive after brakuje and after the negated nie dają, the virile agreement in którzy wyjechali, and the fact that none of it was lifted.

Exam focus

  • Answer the two-sided bullet with both sides; a summary or essay that is only alarmed about social media has not answered the question set (AO4).
  • Reformulate everything you can in the summary: the content point survives lifting, the language mark cannot (AO3).
  • Build to roughly ninety-five words and finish a sentence there, because past the first natural break between ninety and one hundred words nothing is marked (AO2 and AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Writing a long summary in the belief that more content points will be picked up. Marking stops at the first natural break between ninety and one hundred words.
  • Copying the text's best sentences into the summary. The content point may survive, but the AO3 language mark cannot be awarded for lifted language.
  • Padding with an introduction — W tym tekście autor pisze o … — which spends words on nothing and risks counting as irrelevant material.
  • Writing notes, dashes or a bulleted list. The specification requires full sentences.
  • Treating hejt as a synonym for krytyka. Criticism is not abuse, and Polish keeps the two firmly apart.
  • Asserting as settled fact that social media harm young people's mental health. Attribute it, because the research is not conclusive.

Active revision

Weź dowolny polski artykuł prasowy o mediach społecznościowych, długi na mniej więcej czterysta słów, i streść go po polsku w dziewięćdziesięciu pięciu słowach, pełnymi zdaniami i własnymi słowami. Policz słowa. Następnie podkreśl w swoim streszczeniu każde wyrażenie przepisane z oryginału i przeformułuj je — punkt za treść przetrwa przepisanie, ale punkt za język nie. Na koniec sprawdź, czy nie ma tam ani jednego zdania wstępu.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Polish (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7687 specification (AQA) · GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01Zmieniające się role w rodzinie: changing roles within the family◐
    • 02Przepaść pokoleniowa: the generation gap without caricature◐
    • 03Wartości tradycyjne i nowoczesne: values held together, not opposed●
    • 04Internet w życiu codziennym i cyfryzacja: daily life, and a state that went digital◐
    • 05Media społecznościowe i streszczenie: benefits, dangers, and the Paper 1 reading summary●

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From notes into training

Rodzina i cyfrowy świat: the Polish family and the digital world

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~50
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level Polish (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7687 specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

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Różnorodność, awans społeczny i emigracja: Poland's past and current social issues

EuraStudy·Notes T·01·MMXXVI

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