EuraStudy
Notes/Italian/Family and education: l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana e l'istruzione
Notes · ItalianUK · A-Levels

Family and education: l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana e l'istruzione

This topic carries the first two sub-themes of Edexcel's Tema 1, I cambiamenti della società italiana: l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana, which the specification exemplifies as cambiamenti nell'atteggiamento verso il matrimonio, la coppia e la famiglia and i mammoni, and l'istruzione, exemplified as il sistema scolastico e i problemi degli studenti and la fuga dei cervelli. Tema 1 is set in the context of Italy only, so every example must be Italian; an argument built on French or Spanish evidence is off-scope however well expressed. The notes give the real social and legal ground — the 1970 divorce law and the 1974 referendum that confirmed it, the 1975 reform of family law, the 2016 legge Cirinnà on unioni civili, the ladder of the Italian school system from la scuola dell'infanzia to l'esame di Stato, the late age at which Italians leave the parental home and the graduate emigration Italians call la fuga dei cervelli — together with the Italian needed to describe change without caricature: l'imperfetto for how things were, il presente for how they are, sempre più and sempre meno for a trend, and the impersonal si that keeps a generalisation out of the first person.

5 sections·~40 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Standard 2 · Advanced 3

T·0111 / 13
Exam profile
AO1 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to spoken Italian on family life, school and young peopleAO2 · Understand and respond, in speech and in writing, to written Italian on marriage, the family and the education systemAO3 · Manipulate Italian accurately, using a range of lexis and structure to describe and explain social changeAO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of, and respond critically to, changes in the Italian family and Italian education
Operators:descrivereconfrontarespiegareanalizzareriassumeresosteneretradurre

basic level

At first-year standard the expectation is accurate description: naming the household models in Italian, describing the stages of the Italian school system, saying what has changed and giving a clear personal opinion, with secure present, passato prossimo and imperfetto and correct agreement.

higher level

The full A-Level expects the change to be explained rather than listed, and expects the explanation to be defended. Why did household size fall? Why do Italians leave home later than northern Europeans? Why does a country with free universal schooling still show a wide gap in outcomes between North and South? Answers must concede, weigh and conclude in Italian, using subordination, the congiuntivo after expressions of opinion and doubt, and vocabulary precise enough to distinguish a cause from a symptom.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. Family and education: l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana e l'istruzione
    • 01La famiglia che cambia: modelli, matrimonio e legge◐
    • 02I mammoni: leaving home late, and why the label is only half the story●
    • 03Il sistema scolastico italiano: the ladder, and the words for every rung◐
    • 04I problemi degli studenti e la fuga dei cervelli●
    • 05Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Italian without leaning on the text●
§ 01

La famiglia che cambia: modelli, matrimonio e legge#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 1 - I cambiamenti della società italiana: l'evoluzione della famiglia italianaLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

La grammatica del cambiamento sociale

La grammatica del cambiamentoTable with 3 columns and 6 rows, Data: Struttura · Funzione · Frase modello; Imperfetto · com'era prima · Una volta le famiglie erano più numerose.; Presente · com'è adesso · Oggi prevalgono i nuclei piccoli.; Passato prossimo · che cosa è cambiato · La famiglia è cambiata profondamente.; Futuro semplice · che cosa succederà · La popolazione continuerà a invecchiare.; Sempre più / meno · la direzione della tendenza · Sempre meno coppie si sposano in chiesa.; Si impersonale · generalizzare senza dire «la gente» · In Italia ci si sposa più tardi., highlighted cell: Si impersonaleSTRUTTURAFUNZIONEFRASE MODELLOIMPERFETTOcom'era primaUna volta le famiglie eranoπù numerose.PRESENTEcom'è adessoOggi prevalgono i nucleipiccoli.PASSATO PROSSIMOche cosa è cambiatoLa famiglia è cambiataprofondamente.FUTURO SEMPLICEche cosa succederàLa popolazione continuerà ainvecchiare.SEMPRE PIÙ / MENOla direzione della tendenzaSempre meno coppie sisposano in chiesa.SI IMPERSONALEgeneralizzare senza dire «lagente»In Italia ci si sposa πùtardi.
Fig. 1Every thematic essay and every stimulus card asks you to describe change. These six structures do almost all of that work; learn them as a set with their model sentences rather than as isolated grammar points.

Key points

Start with the words, because the whole sub-theme is built on them and because an examiner hears vocabulary precision before anything else. Il nucleo familiare is the household as a statistical unit. La famiglia nucleare is parents and children. La famiglia estesa is several generations living together or in daily contact — and here Italian sets a trap that English does not: la famiglia allargata is not the extended family but the blended family, the one formed when two adults bring children from earlier relationships, so if you mean three generations under one roof you must say estesa, not allargata. Una famiglia monogenitoriale has one parent; the same idea is often expressed as una madre single or un padre separato. La convivenza is cohabitation and i conviventi are the partners; una coppia di fatto is an unmarried couple living as a family; un'unione civile is the legally registered partnership available in Italy to same-sex couples. Le famiglie unipersonali, one-person households, are the fastest-growing category in most European countries, Italy included. Learn also the neutral adjectives you will need in order to describe without judging: diverso, vario, mutato, in evoluzione, maggioritario, minoritario.
The direction of travel is not in dispute and can be described safely without inventing a single statistic. Italian households have become smaller. Couples have children later and have fewer of them, which is why Italy's fertility rate is among the lowest in the European Union and why Italian journalism speaks of un inverno demografico. Life expectancy is high, so the population is ageing — l'invecchiamento della popolazione — and la piramide demografica si è rovesciata. Two consequences are worth connecting rather than merely listing, because connecting them is what the AO4 grid rewards. The first is la generazione sandwich, adults in their fifties who look after children and elderly parents at the same time. The second is that i nonni remain load-bearing: grandparents in Italy provide a great deal of the childcare that allows both parents to work, which complicates any simple story about the extended family disappearing. State the trend, then state the complication: that single move separates a band-3 answer from a band-1 one.
The legal history is short, precise and enormously useful, because dates are the cheapest possible evidence in an essay or a speaking test. Il divorzio was introduced by the legge Fortuna-Baslini in 1970; a 1974 referendum called to repeal it failed, and the fact that the electorate voted to keep divorce is a more interesting piece of evidence than the law itself. In 1975 la riforma del diritto di famiglia established legal equality between spouses and abolished the figure of the husband as capofamiglia. In 1978 legge 194 regulated l'interruzione volontaria di gravidanza. In 2015 il divorzio breve shortened the separation period required before a divorce. In 2016 la legge Cirinnà created le unioni civili for same-sex couples and gave a legal framework to le convivenze di fatto; Italy does not have same-sex marriage, and saying so accurately is worth more than a vague claim that Italy has become progressive. Note the register: a law is una legge, it is approvata by parliament and entra in vigore on a given date.
Attitudes to marriage have changed alongside the law and can be described in two clean sentences of Italian. Gli italiani si sposano più tardi e meno di un tempo, e la quota di matrimoni civili è cresciuta rispetto a quella dei matrimoni religiosi. The Catholic Church remains culturally present even where practice has declined — a distinction the specification rewards, because it is exactly the kind of nuance that separates analysis from description. The vocabulary is worth having ready: sposarsi, il matrimonio civile in comune, il matrimonio religioso or concordatario in chiesa, il testimone, la separazione, il divorzio, l'affido condiviso dei figli. And note the grammatical spine of the whole sub-theme. Use l'imperfetto for how things were (una volta le famiglie erano più numerose e più generazioni vivevano sotto lo stesso tetto), il presente for how they are (oggi prevalgono i nuclei piccoli), il passato prossimo for a change whose effects are still with us (la famiglia italiana è cambiata profondamente), and sempre più or sempre meno for a trend (sempre più coppie scelgono di non sposarsi). Use si plus the third person for impersonal statements, which is far more idiomatic than la gente: in Italia ci si sposa più tardi e si fanno meno figli.
Worked example

Paper 1 Section C: translation into English, worked sentence by sentence

Translate into English. Negli ultimi cinquant'anni la famiglia italiana si è trasformata più di quanto non fosse cambiata nel mezzo secolo precedente. I nuclei si sono ristretti, i figli arrivano più tardi e sono meno numerosi, e accanto al matrimonio si sono affermate altre forme di convivenza. Sarebbe però un errore parlare di declino: si tratta piuttosto di una pluralità di modelli, dal momento che la famiglia continua a essere, per la maggior parte degli italiani, la principale rete di protezione sociale.

  1. 01Read for the shape before touching a word

    The passage is three sentences: a claim about change, three pieces of evidence, and a correction of the obvious inference. Translation marks are awarded section by section for accurate rendering of meaning, so the safest order of work is to identify the main verb of each sentence first, then the subordination, and only then choose the English words. Do not begin translating at the first word.

  2. 02Negli ultimi cinquant'anni ... si è trasformata più di quanto non fosse cambiata

    Negli ultimi cinquant'anni is over the last fifty years; note the preposizione articolata in plus i giving negli. Si è trasformata is a pronominal verb in the passato prossimo with essere, so the participle agrees with la famiglia: has changed, or has been transformed. Più di quanto non fosse cambiata is a comparative clause with the congiuntivo trapassato and the pleonastic non, which carries no negative meaning at all: it means more than it had changed. Rendering it as more than it had not changed is the single commonest way to lose these marks.

  3. 03I nuclei si sono ristretti ... si sono affermate altre forme di convivenza

    I nuclei here means households, not nuclei: restringersi is to shrink, and the participle ristretti agrees with the masculine plural subject. Si sono affermate is again essere plus agreement, this time feminine plural to match altre forme; affermarsi means to establish itself or to take hold. Accanto al matrimonio is alongside marriage. Convivenza is cohabitation or living together — the plural forme di convivenza is best rendered as forms of living together rather than the false-friend forms of coexistence.

  4. 04Sarebbe però un errore parlare di declino

    Sarebbe is the condizionale presente of essere: it would be. Però is the contrastive however or though, and English prefers it inside the sentence: it would be a mistake, though, to speak of decline. Note that the Italian infinitive parlare becomes an English to-infinitive; keeping the Italian word order (to speak of decline would be a mistake) is also acceptable and sometimes reads better.

  5. 05si tratta piuttosto di ... dal momento che ... continua a essere

    Si tratta di is an impersonal expression meaning it is a matter of or it is rather a case of; never translate it as it treats. Dal momento che is a causal conjunction taking the indicative: since or given that. Continua a essere shows the verb continuare governing a plus the infinitive; English simply says continues to be, or more naturally here remains. La rete di protezione sociale is the social safety net — a translation where the natural English collocation is worth more than the literal network of social protection.

Result: Over the last fifty years the Italian family has changed more than it had changed in the preceding half-century. Households have grown smaller, children arrive later and there are fewer of them, and alongside marriage other forms of living together have taken hold. It would be a mistake, though, to speak of decline: it is rather a case of a plurality of models, since for most Italians the family remains the main social safety net.

Exam focus

  • Explain the causes of demographic change rather than listing its symptoms, and complicate at least one of your own claims — for example by pointing out the continuing role of i nonni (AO4).
  • Contrast past and present with imperfetto against presente, and mark trends with sempre più / sempre meno (AO3).
  • Use dates as evidence: 1970, 1974, 1975, 2016. A dated law is the cheapest and most convincing support you can give a point of view (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Using la famiglia allargata to mean the extended family. Allargata means blended or step-family; the extended family is la famiglia estesa.
  • Translating parents as parenti. I parenti are relatives in general; parents are i genitori.
  • Writing la famiglia sono cambiate. Famiglia is a singular collective noun and takes a singular verb: la famiglia è cambiata.
  • Claiming that Italy has same-sex marriage. Since 2016 Italy has le unioni civili, which are not il matrimonio; the difference is the point, not a detail.

Active revision

Scrivi in italiano un paragrafo di 130 parole che confronti la famiglia italiana degli anni Sessanta con quella di oggi, usando almeno tre verbi all'imperfetto, due al presente, un passato prossimo e un'espressione con «sempre più».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification (Pearson Edexcel)

§ 02

I mammoni: leaving home late, and why the label is only half the story#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 1 - l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana: i mammoniLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The specification prints the word itself: i mammoni. It is a real Italian word — from mamma, with the augmentative suffix -one — and it means adult sons who stay close to their mothers, materially and emotionally, long past the age at which northern Europeans expect them to leave. It is also a stereotype, and a stimulus card that offers it to you is offering you a trap and an opportunity in the same sentence. The trap is to agree with it and describe Italian young men as lazy. The opportunity is to accept the fact, reject the explanation, and say so in Italian: è vero che i giovani italiani lasciano la casa dei genitori molto più tardi che nel Nord Europa, ma attribuire questo fenomeno alla pigrizia significa confondere un sintomo con la sua causa. That sentence alone contains a concession, a claim, a comparison and a metaphor, and it is the kind of move the AO4 grid calls perceptive rather than straightforward.
The causes are economic and can be stated as a chain, which is the most useful way to hold them because the chain is itself the argument. La disoccupazione giovanile in Italy has long been far above the national rate. Work for those who have it is often precarious: il lavoro precario, i contratti a termine, i tirocini non retribuiti, la gig economy. Without a stable contract there is no mortgage, because banks want un contratto a tempo indeterminato before granting un mutuo; and le spese di affitto in the northern cities where the jobs are concentrated absorb a large share of a junior salary. Without housing there is no independent household, and without an independent household there is neither emancipation nor, for many, children. Say it as a chain in Italian and you have described a fact, explained a cause and connected two sub-themes at once, because youth unemployment belongs to il mondo del lavoro and delayed childbearing belongs back in la famiglia: senza un contratto stabile non c'è mutuo, senza casa non c'è indipendenza, e senza indipendenza si rimandano i figli.
There is a second explanation, and it is not economic: Italy's welfare state has historically leaned on the family. Sociologists call this il familismo or il welfare familistico — a system in which the household, rather than the state, absorbs unemployment, illness and old age. La famiglia funziona da ammortizzatore sociale, the family acts as a shock absorber. That framing changes the moral valence of the whole sub-theme, because staying at home stops looking like dependency and starts looking like a rational response to a thin safety net. It also gives you the counterweight for a balanced answer: the same familism that supports a jobless graduate also transmits inequality, since a young person's prospects depend heavily on what their parents can provide. Two Italian phrases carry this well: la famiglia supplisce allo Stato, and l'ascensore sociale si è fermato.
The debate is a real Italian public debate, not an invention of textbooks, and one episode is worth knowing because it dates the argument. In 2007 the then Minister of Economy and Finance, Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, used the word bamboccioni — big babies — of young adults still living with their parents, in the context of a tax measure for young renters; the storm that followed showed how contested the framing is, and the word entered ordinary Italian. Use it carefully. In a speaking test the strongest position is neither to defend nor to mock: si parla spesso di bamboccioni, ma il termine dice più sul dibattito pubblico che sui giovani stessi. Note the language you need to argue at this level: attribuire qualcosa a qualcuno, dipendere da, incidere su, mettere in discussione, ridimensionare un luogo comune, and the useful hedge non si tratta tanto di X quanto di Y.
Worked example

From a bare fact to a paragraph of argument in Italian

You have one fact: Italians leave the parental home later than most other Europeans. Build it into a paragraph of argued Italian of the kind the AO4 grid calls developed and justified.

  1. 01State the fact precisely, and comparatively

    A fact with a comparison in it is already worth more than a bare fact. In Italia l'età media in cui si esce dalla casa dei genitori è tra le più alte d'Europa. Note si esce, the impersonal si with an intransitive verb, and tra le più alte, a relative superlative. Avoid inventing an exact age; the comparison carries the point on its own and cannot be wrong.

  2. 02Refuse the easy explanation, explicitly

    Spesso si attribuisce questo ritardo a una presunta pigrizia dei giovani, ma è una spiegazione che non regge. Si attribuisce is the impersonal si with a transitive verb; presunta is supposed or alleged and is the single most useful adjective on this sub-theme; non regge means does not hold up. You have now signalled to the examiner that you are analysing rather than describing.

  3. 03Give the real causes as a chain, with subordination

    Le cause sono soprattutto economiche: la disoccupazione giovanile resta elevata, molti contratti sono a termine e, senza un contratto stabile, le banche non concedono un mutuo. Notice the three-part structure joined by e and the parenthetical senza plus noun clause. This is what the AO3 grid means by extended sentences that convey justified arguments.

  4. 04Add the structural explanation, using a congiuntivo

    A questo si aggiunge il fatto che il welfare italiano sia storicamente familistico: è la famiglia, più che lo Stato, ad ammortizzare la disoccupazione. Il fatto che takes the congiuntivo, hence sia. The cleft è la famiglia ... ad ammortizzare is a genuinely Italian emphatic structure and reads far better than una struttura in cui la famiglia ammortizza.

  5. 05Conclude by weighing, not by summarising

    Non si tratta dunque di un difetto culturale, ma di una risposta razionale a un mercato del lavoro chiuso — anche se ha un costo, perché ritarda l'autonomia e, con essa, le scelte familiari. The conclusion concedes a cost while holding the position. Dunque marks the inference; anche se plus indicative introduces the concession; con essa avoids repeating l'autonomia.

Result: In Italia l'età media in cui si esce dalla casa dei genitori è tra le più alte d'Europa. Spesso si attribuisce questo ritardo a una presunta pigrizia dei giovani, ma è una spiegazione che non regge. Le cause sono soprattutto economiche: la disoccupazione giovanile resta elevata, molti contratti sono a termine e, senza un contratto stabile, le banche non concedono un mutuo. A questo si aggiunge il fatto che il welfare italiano sia storicamente familistico: è la famiglia, più che lo Stato, ad ammortizzare la disoccupazione. Non si tratta dunque di un difetto culturale, ma di una risposta razionale a un mercato del lavoro chiuso — anche se ha un costo, perché ritarda l'autonomia e, con essa, le scelte familiari.

Exam focus

  • Concede the fact and contest the explanation. È vero che ... ma ... is the single most productive sentence shape on this sub-theme (AO4).
  • Build a causal chain rather than a list: contract, mortgage, rent, household, children. Chains are arguments; lists are description (AO4).
  • Deploy complex language deliberately — a relative clause, a congiuntivo after an expression of opinion, a passive — rather than sprinkling it (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Confusing pretendere with to pretend. Pretendere means to demand or to claim; to pretend is fingere.
  • Saying i giovani sono pigri without a hedge. An unqualified generalisation is exactly what the AO4 grid calls a straightforward, predictable response.
  • Writing dipendere di. The verb is dipendere DA: i giovani dipendono dai genitori.
  • Using attualmente to mean actually. Attualmente means currently; actually is in realtà.

Active revision

Prepara, in italiano e in non più di 90 secondi di parlato, una risposta all'affermazione «I giovani italiani restano a casa perché non hanno voglia di lavorare»: concedi un fatto, contesta la spiegazione e concludi con una tua posizione motivata.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 03

Il sistema scolastico italiano: the ladder, and the words for every rung#

●●○StandardLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 1 - l'istruzione: il sistema scolasticoLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Il sistema scolastico italiano

Il sistema scolastico italianoProbability tree, 9 paths, Data: infanzia 3-6 → non obbligatoria; primaria 6-11 → le elementari; secondaria I 11-14 → le medie; secondaria II 14-19 → liceo; secondaria II 14-19 → istituto tecnico; secondaria II 14-19 → istituto professionale; esame di Stato → la maturità; università → laurea triennale; università → laurea magistraleinfanzia 3-6primaria 6-11secondaria I 11-14secondaria II 14-19esame di Statouniversitàil percorsonon obbligatoriale elementarile medieliceoistituto tecnicoistituto professionalela maturitàlaurea triennalelaurea magistrale
Fig. 2The ladder in the words Italians actually use. The branching at fourteen is the point of the diagram: the choice of indirizzo is made early and is difficult to reverse.

Key points

You cannot discuss Italian education in Italian without the ladder, and the ladder is not the English one, so translating comprehensive school or sixth form will not do. La scuola dell'infanzia runs from three to six and is not compulsory. La scuola primaria, still widely called le elementari, runs five years from six to eleven. La scuola secondaria di primo grado, universally called le medie, runs three years from eleven to fourteen and ends with an examination. La scuola secondaria di secondo grado runs five years from fourteen to nineteen and splits three ways: il liceo, academic and subdivided into classico, scientifico, linguistico, artistico, musicale e coreutico and delle scienze umane; l'istituto tecnico, technical and vocational with a strong theoretical component; and l'istituto professionale, directly vocational. The course ends with l'esame di Stato, which everyone still calls la maturità, and a candidate in their final year is un maturando. Higher education follows the European pattern: la laurea triennale, then la laurea magistrale, then il dottorato.
Three structural facts about the system make good evidence. First, la scuola è gratuita e l'istruzione è obbligatoria fino ai sedici anni, with a duty to remain in education or training until eighteen. Second, the choice of secondary route is made at fourteen, earlier than in England, and it is consequential: it shapes what a student can study at university and it correlates strongly with family background, which is why Italian debate speaks of una scelta che pesa and of the school as un ascensore sociale che funziona male. Third, the state system is complemented by le scuole paritarie, private schools recognised by the state, and by regional variation that matters: education is national in law but outcomes differ sharply between regions, a divide measured by the national assessments run by INVALSI, the state body responsible for evaluating the school system. Naming INVALSI is a small thing that signals you know the country and not just the topic.
The everyday vocabulary of school life is what a listening passage will actually contain, and it is worth over-learning. Marks are given in tenths: il voto in decimi, so prendere otto is a good mark and la sufficienza is six. Un alunno or uno studente is taught by un insegnante, un professore or una professoressa, with il preside or il dirigente scolastico in charge. Attendance and marks are recorded in il registro elettronico. Being kept back a year is essere bocciato, moving up is essere promosso, and a subject failed but carried forward is un debito formativo. Work experience integrated into the curriculum was long called l'alternanza scuola-lavoro and is now officially i PCTO, Percorsi per le competenze trasversali e per l'orientamento — a renaming that Italian teachers still grumble about and that a well-informed candidate can mention. Add le classi pollaio, the journalistic term for overcrowded classes, and il precariato dei docenti, the widespread use of teachers on temporary contracts.
For the exam, hold the system as a sequence you can narrate, because a narrated system is a fluent minute of speech. Si comincia con la scuola dell'infanzia, poi si passa alle elementari, che durano cinque anni; dopo le medie si sceglie fra liceo, istituto tecnico e istituto professionale; il percorso si conclude con l'esame di Stato. Note passare a and concludersi con, both of which take a preposition English does not predict, and note the impersonal si, which lets you describe a whole national system without a single vague soggetto. Then keep one evaluative sentence ready: il sistema italiano offre un'istruzione gratuita e una formazione generale solida, ma la scelta precoce dell'indirizzo rischia di trasformare l'origine sociale in destino scolastico. That sentence turns description into analysis in one clause.
Worked example

Paper 2 Section A: translation into Italian, with every decision justified

Translate into Italian. In Italy children start secondary school at the age of eleven. At fourteen they must choose between an academic school and a technical one, and that choice is difficult to change later. Many teachers believe that the decision is taken too early, although the system offers a broad general education to everyone.

  1. 01In Italy children start secondary school at the age of eleven

    In Italia i ragazzi cominciano la scuola secondaria a undici anni. Choose i ragazzi rather than i bambini: at eleven they are no longer bambini, and the register matters. Cominciare takes a direct object here, so no preposition before la scuola. Age is expressed with a plus the number plus anni — a undici anni — never with the verb avere in this construction. Do not write all'età di undici anni unless the English emphasis demands it; it is correct but heavier.

  2. 02At fourteen they must choose between an academic school and a technical one

    A quattordici anni devono scegliere tra un liceo e un istituto tecnico. Devono is the third person plural of dovere, irregular in the stem. Between two things is tra or fra, and the two are interchangeable except for euphony. The English pro-form one has no Italian equivalent here: Italian repeats the noun or, better, uses the specific institutional names, which is why liceo and istituto tecnico are the right translation of academic school and technical one rather than una scuola accademica, which is not idiomatic Italian.

  3. 03and that choice is difficult to change later

    e quella scelta è difficile da cambiare in seguito. Two traps. First, the adjective plus da plus infinitive construction: difficile DA cambiare, not difficile a cambiare and not difficile di cambiare. Second, quella scelta, with the demonstrative agreeing with the feminine noun scelta; if you had written quel scelta the gender error would be visible to any examiner. In seguito is the neutral later; più tardi is also correct but slightly more colloquial.

  4. 04Many teachers believe that the decision is taken too early

    Molti insegnanti ritengono che la decisione venga presa troppo presto. Ritenere che is an expression of opinion and therefore triggers the congiuntivo. The English passive is taken can be rendered with essere plus participle (sia presa) or with venire plus participle (venga presa); venire is the better choice here because the sentence describes a process rather than a resulting state, and the specification's grammar list explicitly names venire and andare as passive auxiliaries. Troppo presto, not troppo primo.

  5. 05although the system offers a broad general education to everyone

    anche se il sistema offre a tutti una formazione generale ampia. Anche se takes the indicative; benché and sebbene would take the congiuntivo, so if you prefer them you must write benché il sistema offra. Education here is formazione or istruzione, never educazione. Italian prefers the indirect object before the direct object when the direct object is long: offre a tutti una formazione generale ampia reads better than offre una formazione generale ampia a tutti.

Result: In Italia i ragazzi cominciano la scuola secondaria a undici anni. A quattordici anni devono scegliere tra un liceo e un istituto tecnico, e quella scelta è difficile da cambiare in seguito. Molti insegnanti ritengono che la decisione venga presa troppo presto, anche se il sistema offre a tutti una formazione generale ampia.

Exam focus

  • Name the Italian institutions in Italian — liceo, istituto tecnico, esame di Stato, INVALSI — rather than translating English ones. Accurate institutional vocabulary is the fastest route to the AO4 knowledge marks.
  • Use the impersonal si to narrate the system: si comincia, si passa a, si sceglie fra, si conclude con (AO3).
  • Keep one critical sentence about the early choice of route; it converts a descriptive answer into an analytical one (AO4).

Typical mistakes

  • Using educazione for education. L'educazione is upbringing and manners; schooling is l'istruzione or la formazione.
  • Saying la scuola alta or il collegio for secondary school. It is la scuola secondaria di secondo grado, or informally le superiori; un collegio is a boarding school.
  • Writing il liceo scientifico è come A-level Maths. Comparisons with the English system are welcome but must be signalled: l'equivalente italiano di ... sarebbe ...
  • Forgetting that professore and professoressa are the ordinary words for a secondary-school teacher in Italy, not a university title.

Active revision

Descrivi in italiano, in 120 parole e senza elenchi puntati, il percorso scolastico di uno studente italiano dai tre ai diciannove anni, usando almeno quattro volte il si impersonale.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 04

I problemi degli studenti e la fuga dei cervelli#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Tema 1 - l'istruzione: i problemi degli studenti; la fuga dei cervelliLPDfE GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Key points

The specification names two problems, and they are different in kind. The first is what students experience inside the system: il carico di studio, l'ansia da prestazione, la pressione dei voti, and above all la dispersione scolastica — early school leaving, which in Italy is above the European average and is markedly worse in the South and on the islands than in the North. That regional pattern is the single most useful fact in this section, because it connects l'istruzione to il divario Nord/Sud in Tema 3 and lets you build an answer that crosses themes. Add the structural complaints that fill Italian newspapers: le classi pollaio, l'edilizia scolastica, il precariato dei docenti, i fondi insufficienti. And add the counterweight, because the AO4 grid rewards balance: the Italian secondary curriculum is broad and demanding, with philosophy, art history and Latin taught to a degree that surprises visitors, and un maturando affronta un esame che valuta una formazione generale, non tre sole materie.
The second problem is what happens after the system: la fuga dei cervelli. Every year a substantial number of Italian graduates and researchers leave the country to work abroad, most often for the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and France. The mechanism is not mysterious and can be stated in Italian in one sentence: i salari d'ingresso sono bassi, le carriere universitarie sono lente e spesso i concorsi sono percepiti come poco trasparenti, quindi chi ha una qualifica spendibile la spende altrove. Note the useful verb spendere used of qualifications, and note percepire come, which lets you report a perception without asserting it as fact — an important habit when writing about a country's institutions. Italian keeps a register of citizens abroad, l'AIRE, l'Anagrafe degli Italiani Residenti all'Estero, which is how emigration is measured; and the state has offered tax incentives for returning researchers under what is popularly called il rientro dei cervelli.
The mature position is not that emigration is simply a loss, and saying so distinguishes a strong answer. First, mobility is normal and often circular: si parte, si acquisisce esperienza, a volte si torna. Second, the loss is real but asymmetric — a country that pays for a doctor's education and then watches them practise elsewhere has transferred a public investment abroad, which is why Italian commentary speaks of un investimento che va perduto. Third, the underlying problem is demand rather than supply: Italy's share of graduates in the population is among the lowest in the European Union, so the shortage is not of qualifications but of jobs that require them. Hold all three positions in Italian and you can answer any version of this stimulus: non è solo una questione di partenze, ma di ritorni mancati; il problema non è che troppi se ne vadano, ma che troppo pochi tornino. That last sentence uses the congiuntivo twice after a negated statement of fact, exactly the complex language the AO3 grid names.
For speech, prepare three named, concrete anchors so that you never have to speak in generalities: l'Erasmus, which almost every Italian university student knows and which frames mobility positively; i concorsi pubblici, the competitive examinations that govern entry to much of the Italian public sector and to academia; and la laurea triennale, so you can talk about a student's decision point at twenty-two rather than in the abstract. Then keep the connective apparatus ready, because this sub-theme rewards a candidate who can concede and turn: certo, ... tuttavia ...; se da un lato ..., dall'altro ...; non tanto ... quanto ...; il che significa che ... The last of these, il che, is a relative referring back to a whole clause, and using it correctly is a small, visible marker of range.
Worked example

Paper 3 Task 1: a spoken answer built from a stimulus statement

The stimulus card for the sub-theme l'istruzione carries this statement: «Chi studia in Italia dovrebbe restare in Italia a lavorare.» The teacher-examiner asks the two printed questions and then invites you to give your view. Build the answer.

  1. 01Open by reframing the statement, not by agreeing or disagreeing

    Personalmente non credo che la questione si possa porre in questi termini. Non credo che triggers the congiuntivo (si possa), and porre la questione in questi termini is a genuinely Italian way of saying that the question is badly framed. Opening with a reframe immediately puts you above the descriptive band, and it buys you the rest of the answer, because you now have to say what the right terms are.

  2. 02Concede the real concern behind the statement

    Capisco l'idea di fondo: se lo Stato paga la formazione di un medico e quel medico va a lavorare all'estero, l'investimento pubblico si trasferisce altrove. L'idea di fondo is the underlying idea; the conditional sentence uses se plus indicative because it describes a real, repeated situation, not a hypothesis. Conceding in concrete terms — a doctor, a public investment — is what the grid calls supporting ideas with pertinent examples.

  3. 03Give the counter-argument with a named anchor

    Detto questo, la mobilità non è di per sé un danno. L'Erasmus, per esempio, è stato per generazioni di studenti italiani un'esperienza formativa, e molti tornano con competenze che in Italia non avrebbero acquisito. Detto questo is having said that; di per sé is in itself; and naming Erasmus keeps the answer specific rather than abstract. Note avrebbero acquisito, a condizionale passato inside a relative clause — genuinely complex language, used because the meaning requires it.

  4. 04Locate the real problem, and use the congiuntivo to do it

    Il problema, semmai, non è che i giovani partano, ma che troppo pochi tornino, e che il mercato del lavoro italiano non offra abbastanza posti qualificati. Semmai is if anything. The negated non è che takes the congiuntivo: partano, tornino, offra. Three subjunctives in one sentence, all required by the structure rather than decorative, is precisely the AO3 evidence the examiner is listening for.

  5. 05Close, and hand the conversation back

    Quindi direi che la vera domanda non è come trattenere i giovani, ma come renderli capaci di scegliere. Lei che cosa ne pensa? Direi is a hedging conditional that sounds educated and native. The closing question is not decoration: the Interaction grid (AO1, out of 6) explicitly requires you to elicit the examiner's point of view and to check that yours has been understood, and the specification's own examples of this include «Che cosa pensa di ...?» and «È d'accordo con me?». Do it two or three times across the discussion, naturally, and never all at the end.

Result: Personalmente non credo che la questione si possa porre in questi termini. Capisco l'idea di fondo: se lo Stato paga la formazione di un medico e quel medico va a lavorare all'estero, l'investimento pubblico si trasferisce altrove. Detto questo, la mobilità non è di per sé un danno: l'Erasmus è stato per generazioni di studenti italiani un'esperienza formativa, e molti tornano con competenze che in Italia non avrebbero acquisito. Il problema, semmai, non è che i giovani partano, ma che troppo pochi tornino, e che il mercato del lavoro non offra abbastanza posti qualificati. Quindi direi che la vera domanda non è come trattenere i giovani, ma come renderli capaci di scegliere. Lei che cosa ne pensa?

Exam focus

  • Connect early school leaving to the North-South divide. Cross-theme connections are exactly what the AO4 grid means by making connections between ideas and information.
  • Report perceptions rather than asserting them: sono percepiti come, si ritiene che plus congiuntivo, secondo molti (AO4 and AO3 together).
  • Use se da un lato ... dall'altro ... at least once in any answer on this sub-theme; it structures the balance the grid is looking for (AO3).

Typical mistakes

  • Translating brain drain literally. The Italian is la fuga dei cervelli, never il drenaggio del cervello.
  • Using la fuga dei cervelli of any emigration. It refers specifically to the departure of the highly qualified; general emigration is l'emigrazione.
  • Writing troppi giovani vanno via after a negation without the congiuntivo. Non è che troppi se ne VADANO — the negated fact triggers the subjunctive.
  • Saying la scuola è gratis in a written essay. Gratis is adverbial and colloquial; write la scuola è gratuita.

Active revision

Rispondi in italiano, in circa 150 parole, alla domanda «La fuga dei cervelli è una perdita o un'opportunità per l'Italia?», usando almeno un congiuntivo dopo una negazione e la struttura «se da un lato ..., dall'altro ...».

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

§ 05

Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Italian without leaning on the text#

●●●AdvancedLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 1 Section B - reading, 30 marks, questions set and answered in ItalianLPPearson Edexcel 9IN0 Paper 1 Section A - listening, 30 marks, including questions testing summary skills

Key points

The structural fact that governs every thematic topic in this qualification is simple and easy to forget: in Paper 1 the questions are set in Italian and must be answered in Italian, everywhere except the translation into English in Section C. So knowing about the Italian family in English is worth nothing. Reading Section B carries 30 marks over five questions in a recommended fifty minutes, and mixes multiple-choice with open response; listening Section A carries 30 marks over four questions in a recommended fifty minutes, and includes questions that test summary skills. The consequence for revision is that a thematic topic is only learned when you can produce it: name the household models, narrate the school ladder, explain the causal chain behind late emancipation — out loud, in Italian, without notes.
In an open-response question the temptation is to copy the sentence of the text that seems to contain the answer. Resist it, for a reason that has nothing to do with rules and everything to do with the question. Open-response questions on a reading text rarely ask what the text says; they ask why, how, what the writer implies, or what the difference is between two positions in it. A copied sentence answers a question that was not asked, and it demonstrates nothing about your Italian. Train the habit of reformulation instead, and train it with a small set of moves: change the part of speech (la disoccupazione è aumentata becomes l'aumento della disoccupazione), turn a positive into a negated opposite (i giovani restano a casa becomes i giovani non se ne vanno), swap a noun for a hyperonym (un contratto a termine becomes un impiego instabile), and nominalise a verb or verbalise a noun. Each move is one second of thought and produces language that is visibly yours.
Summary questions have their own discipline. What is being tested is the ability to report key points and subject matter, which means selecting rather than compressing: identify the two or three claims the passage actually makes, drop the examples that illustrate them, and write in your own structures. A summary that reproduces the passage's order and its connectives is not a summary. Build yours around a small number of reporting frames — secondo il testo, l'autore sostiene che, il passaggio mette in evidenza che, se ne deduce che — and let the frames carry the organisation. And because listening in this paper is under your own control, use the control: the specification allows you to stop, revisit and replay as you wish, so a summary question should be heard at least twice, once to identify the structure and once to fill it.
Finally, protect the marks that are lost silently. Answer in complete Italian clauses, because a fragment that would be clear in a conversation can be ambiguous on paper. Watch agreement, which is where a fluent candidate leaks marks: participles after essere agree with the subject, adjectives agree with what they modify, and le famiglie sono diventate more small is nonsense in two directions at once. Watch the tense of your reporting: if the passage is about the past, say it in the past. And leave four or five minutes at the end of each section for a single targeted check — not a reread, but a hunt for the three errors you personally make most often. Almost everyone can name their own three; the candidates who write them down before the exam are the ones who find them in it.
Worked example

Reformulating an answer instead of lifting it

A reading passage contains this sentence: «Negli ultimi anni il numero di giovani italiani che si trasferiscono all'estero per lavoro è cresciuto in modo costante, soprattutto tra i laureati.» The question is: «Perché il fenomeno riguarda soprattutto i laureati?» Show how to answer it.

  1. 01Notice that the sentence does not contain the answer

    The sentence states that the phenomenon particularly affects graduates. The question asks WHY. Copying the sentence would restate the premise of the question, which is the single commonest wasted answer on a reading paper. The answer has to come from elsewhere in the text or from the inference the text supports.

  2. 02Locate the causal material and name it in your own structures

    Suppose the passage elsewhere mentions salari d'ingresso bassi and carriere lente. Do not reuse those phrases whole. Convert: salari d'ingresso bassi becomes una retribuzione iniziale poco competitiva; carriere lente becomes prospettive di avanzamento limitate. Two conversions, five seconds, and the language is now yours.

  3. 03Build the answer as a because-clause with a subject

    Perché chi ha una laurea può far valere il proprio titolo anche fuori dall'Italia, dove la retribuzione iniziale è più alta e le prospettive di carriera più rapide. Chi plus a verb is the idiomatic Italian for those who; far valere un titolo is to make a qualification count; il proprio is the possessive used with an impersonal or generic subject, which is more elegant than il suo here.

  4. 04Add the contrast that shows you have understood the selectivity

    Chi non ha un titolo di studio, invece, trova all'estero le stesse difficoltà che trova in Italia. This sentence does the analytical work: it explains why the phenomenon is concentrated among graduates rather than general. Invece is the contrastive marker; the repetition of trova is deliberate parallelism, not poverty of vocabulary.

  5. 05Check the three things that leak marks

    Agreement (la retribuzione ... è più alta, feminine singular), the mood after perché meaning because (indicative, not congiuntivo — the congiuntivo would only follow perché in its purpose sense, where it is interchangeable with affinché), and completeness (the answer is a full clause, not a noun phrase). Three checks, ten seconds.

Result: Perché chi ha una laurea può far valere il proprio titolo anche fuori dall'Italia, dove la retribuzione iniziale è più alta e le prospettive di carriera più rapide. Chi non ha un titolo di studio, invece, trova all'estero le stesse difficoltà che trova in Italia.

Exam focus

  • Every answer in Paper 1 except Section C is written in Italian. Revise thematic content by producing it aloud in Italian, not by reading about Italy in English (AO2 and AO3).
  • Reformulate rather than copy: change part of speech, negate the opposite, generalise the noun. Three drilled moves cover most open-response questions (AO2).
  • Use your individual control of the listening recording deliberately: first pass for structure, second pass for detail (AO1).

Typical mistakes

  • Answering an Italian question in English. It scores nothing outside Section C, and under pressure it happens more often than candidates expect.
  • Reproducing whole sentences from the passage as an answer to a why or how question, which answers a different question from the one asked.
  • Writing a summary that follows the passage's own order and connectives, which shows selection has not happened.
  • Neglecting participle agreement after essere: le riforme sono stato approvate instead of sono state approvate.

Active revision

Prendi un articolo italiano di circa 400 parole sulla scuola o sulla famiglia. Scrivi tre domande aperte in italiano che comincino con «Perché», «In che modo» e «Quale differenza», poi rispondi senza riutilizzare nessuna frase intera del testo.

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages (Department for Education)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01La famiglia che cambia: modelli, matrimonio e legge◐
    • 02I mammoni: leaving home late, and why the label is only half the story●
    • 03Il sistema scolastico italiano: the ladder, and the words for every rung◐
    • 04I problemi degli studenti e la fuga dei cervelli●
    • 05Exam technique: answering thematic questions in Italian without leaning on the text●

0/5 Read

From notes into training

Family and education: l'evoluzione della famiglia italiana e l'istruzione

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~40
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

Pearson Edexcel

  • Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Italian (9IN0) specification

Department for Education

  • GCE AS and A level subject content for modern foreign languages

Next topic

Work and the two Italies: il mondo del lavoro e il divario Nord/Sud

EuraStudy·Notes T·01·MMXXVI

Carry on to the next topic — your learning path is kept.