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Electronics

A-Level Electronics is a quantitative engineering subject: it develops the analysis and design of real analogue and digital systems from the underlying physics of semiconductor devices, through operational amplifiers, filters, timing, sequential logic, data conversion and communication, to complete instrumentation, power-supply and audio systems built on the input-process-output systems approach. These notes anchor on the WJEC/Eduqas GCE Electronics specification, the only current A-Level in Electronics, regulated against the Ofqual common requirements.

0/68 Texts·16 Chapters·~259 min total

Continue reading — Chapter ITable of contents
LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 1 Analogue Electronics (semiconductor devices)LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 1 Analogue Electronics (diode)LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 1 Analogue Electronics (BJT switch)LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 3 Analogue Design (small-signal amplifier)LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 1/Unit 3 (MOSFET, device choice)LPWJEC/Eduqas A Level Electronics — Unit 1 Analogue Electronics (op-amp basics)+62 more●○○Foundation●●○Standard●●●Advanced
Table of contents · 16 ChaptersT·16
Ch. ISemiconductor components5 texts · 0 read
  • Semiconductors and dopingText L·01 · Recommended start4 min
  • The p-n junction and the diodeText L·024 min
  • The bipolar transistor as a switchText L·034 min
  • The transistor as an amplifierText L·044 min
  • The MOSFET and device selectionText L·054 min
Ch. IIOperational amplifiers5 texts · 0 read
  • The ideal op-amp and the comparatorText L·064 min
  • The inverting amplifier and the virtual earthText L·074 min
  • The non-inverting amplifier and the voltage followerText L·084 min
  • The summing amplifierText L·093 min
  • Bandwidth, gain-bandwidth product and slew rateText L·104 min
Ch. IIIAC circuits and passive filters5 texts · 0 read
  • AC signals and the rms valueText L·113 min
  • Reactance and impedanceText L·123 min
  • The RC low-pass filterText L·134 min
  • The RC high-pass filterText L·144 min
  • Decibels, roll-off and the band-pass filterText L·154 min
Ch. IVLogic systems5 texts · 0 read
  • Logic gates and truth tablesText L·164 min
  • Boolean algebra and De Morgan's theoremsText L·173 min
  • From truth table to circuitText L·184 min
  • Karnaugh map simplificationText L·194 min
  • Adders and universal gatesText L·204 min
Ch. VSequential logic systems4 texts · 0 read
  • The NAND latchText L·214 min
  • The D-type flip-flopText L·224 min
  • Ripple counters and frequency divisionText L·234 min
  • Modulo-n and synchronous countersText L·244 min
Ch. VITiming circuits4 texts · 0 read
  • RC charge, discharge and the time constantText L·254 min
  • The Schmitt triggerText L·264 min
  • The 555 monostableText L·274 min
  • The 555 astableText L·283 min
Ch. VIISignal conversion4 texts · 0 read
  • Why convert, and samplingText L·294 min
  • The summing (binary-weighted) DACText L·304 min
  • Resolution and quantisationText L·314 min
  • ADC architecturesText L·324 min
Ch. VIIIInstrumentation systems4 texts · 0 read
  • Sensors and the potential dividerText L·334 min
  • The Wheatstone bridgeText L·343 min
  • The difference and instrumentation amplifierText L·354 min
  • Position sensing and encoded discsText L·364 min
Ch. IXMains power supply systems4 texts · 0 read
  • The power-supply systems chainText L·373 min
  • RectificationText L·384 min
  • Smoothing and rippleText L·393 min
  • Regulation: zener and emitter-followerText L·404 min
Ch. XHigh power switching systems4 texts · 0 read
  • Switching high-power loadsText L·414 min
  • The thyristorText L·424 min
  • Phase control and the diacText L·434 min
  • The triac and AC controlText L·444 min
Ch. XIAudio systems4 texts · 0 read
  • The audio system block diagramText L·454 min
  • Input and voltage amplificationText L·463 min
  • Tone control and filteringText L·474 min
  • Power amplification and the overall gain budgetText L·484 min
Ch. XIIMicrocontrollers4 texts · 0 read
  • Inside the PICText L·494 min
  • The systems view and flowchartsText L·504 min
  • Assembler and portsText L·514 min
  • Programmable versus hard-wiredText L·524 min
Ch. XIIICommunications systems4 texts · 0 read
  • The communication system block modelText L·534 min
  • Carriers and bandwidthText L·544 min
  • Attenuation, noise and signal-to-noise ratioText L·554 min
  • Comparing channelsText L·564 min
Ch. XIVWireless transmission4 texts · 0 read
  • Why modulate, and the carrierText L·574 min
  • Amplitude modulationText L·583 min
  • Frequency modulationText L·593 min
  • Bandwidth and AM versus FMText L·603 min
Ch. XVDigital communications4 texts · 0 read
  • Digital modulation: ASK, FSK and PSKText L·614 min
  • Pulse code modulationText L·624 min
  • The Nyquist theorem and bit rateText L·633 min
  • Regeneration and time-division multiplexingText L·644 min
Ch. XVIOptical communication4 texts · 0 read
  • The optical linkText L·654 min
  • Total internal reflection and the fibreText L·664 min
  • Attenuation and dispersionText L·674 min
  • Evaluating optical communicationText L·684 min
Reading progress · subject
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Recommended start
Semiconductor components · Ch. I
Semiconductors and doping
Text L·01 · 4 min
Read now
Instrument · 01Recommended study order
  1. 1Semiconductor components
  2. 2Operational amplifiers
  3. 3AC circuits and passive filters
  4. 4Logic systems
  5. 5Sequential logic systems
  6. 6Timing circuits
  7. 7Signal conversion
  8. 8Instrumentation systems
  9. 9Mains power supply systems
  10. 10High power switching systems
  11. 11Audio systems
  12. 12Microcontrollers
  13. 13Communications systems
  14. 14Wireless transmission
  15. 15Digital communications
  16. 16Optical communication
Instrument · 02Exam structure
AS units: Analogue and Digital Electronics
Two written papers at AS. Unit 1 Analogue Electronics (1 h 30 min, 80 marks) covers semiconductor devices, potential dividers, the operational amplifier, and basic signal processing. Unit 2 Digital Electronics (1 h 30 min, 80 marks) covers logic gates, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, timing and counters. Each AS unit is worth 20% of the full A-Level. Questions mix short recall, structured circuit calculations and short design tasks.
A2 units: Analogue, Digital and Communication design
Two longer written papers at A2. Unit 3 Analogue Design and Techniques (2 h, 100 marks) develops filters, instrumentation, power supplies and high-power switching. Unit 4 Digital and Communication Design and Techniques (2 h, 100 marks) develops data conversion, microcontrollers and analogue, digital and optical communication. Each is worth 20% of the A-Level, with extended-response design-and-evaluate questions carrying significant marks.
Unit 5: Extended System Design and Realisation Task
A non-exam assessment (coursework, 20% of the A-Level) in which candidates specify, design, build, test and evaluate a complete electronic system to a brief. It assesses the practical build-and-test element and the full analyse-design-evaluate strand, and rewards a systems approach that partitions a problem into input, process and output sub-systems.
Assessment objectives and grading
Three assessment objectives are assessed across the units: AO1 (demonstrate knowledge and understanding of electronic principles), AO2 (apply that knowledge to analyse circuits and select and calculate component values), and AO3 (analyse and evaluate systems, and make and justify design decisions, including in the realisation task). AO2 carries the largest share and AO3 is substantial, reflecting the design emphasis. The A-Level is graded A*-E; AS grades A-E. Calculations, correct units and clearly reasoned design choices are rewarded throughout.
Instrument · 03Official sources
  • WJEC/Eduqas GCE AS and A Level Electronics specificationWJEC / Eduqas
  • Ofqual regulated GCE qualifications and assessment objectivesOfqual

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