EuraStudy
Notes/Bengali/স্বতন্ত্র গবেষণা প্রকল্প: the research topic and the 40-mark essay
Notes · BengaliUK · A-Levels

স্বতন্ত্র গবেষণা প্রকল্প: the research topic and the 40-mark essay

This topic is section 3.5 of AQA 7637 together with the individual research project question in Paper 1, which at 40 raw marks and 80 scaled marks is the single largest task anywhere in the qualification. You choose ONE of four published research topics and must cover all three of its bullet points: The role of women in Bengali society; Child labour in Bengali society; Tourism in Bengali-speaking countries; and Emergence of Bangladesh. In the exam you are given an unseen Bengali source on your topic and an unseen question about it, and you write approximately 300 words in Bengali using information from that source together with the knowledge gained from your own research. The marks divide AO2 out of 10, AO3 out of 10 and AO4 out of 20 - and AQA states explicitly that the AO4 marks are for relevant evidence drawn from the student's individual research, that is, evidence BEYOND what the provided source contains. The platform's topic id is individual-research-project. Sections three and four go deep on Emergence of Bangladesh, which is both the hardest and the richest of the four; section two gives the other three honestly, so that a student who chose differently is not stranded; and section one carries the cross-paper exclusion list.

5 sections·~35 min reading time·4 competencies·Level Foundation 1 · Standard 1 · Advanced 3

T·131313 / 13
Exam profile
AO4 · Show knowledge and understanding of a self-researched topic and use evidence from your own research, beyond the provided source, to justify conclusionsAO2 · Understand and evaluate an unseen Bengali source on the research topic and use information from it in writingAO3 · Manipulate Bengali accurately across a 300-word evaluative essay, using a range of lexis and structureAO4 · Respond critically and analytically to contested historical and social material, attributing rather than asserting
Operators:গবেষণা করাবিশ্লেষণ করামূল্যায়ন করাউল্লেখ করাযুক্তি দেওয়াউৎস চিহ্নিত করাসিদ্ধান্তে আসা

basic level

In the first year, choose the topic, read widely in Bengali and English, and build a file organised by the topic's three bullet points rather than by source. Learn the vocabulary of your topic as a block. Get used to writing down, beside every fact, where it came from and whether it is a fact, a figure, an interpretation or a claim by an interested party.

higher level

The full A-Level expects an evaluative response, which means an argument that the evidence supports, and it reserves the largest single grid in the qualification for evidence you found yourself. That means research must produce dated institutional facts, named bodies and attributed positions - not opinions and not statistics you cannot source. It also means practising the exam task itself: an unseen question on an unseen source, 300 words, under the clock.

Depth

Reading depth: In depth

Text

Text size: Standard

Contents · 5 sections▾
  1. স্বতন্ত্র গবেষণা প্রকল্প: the research topic and the 40-mark essay
    • 01নিয়ম ও পরীক্ষা: the rules, the task, and the exclusion list○
    • 02চারটি বিষয়: the other three topics, and how to choose◐
    • 03ভাষা আন্দোলন: background to the war of independence, and the language movement●
    • 04মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ১৯৭১: the war, its names, and what cannot be counted●
    • 05উত্তর লেখা: the 40-mark answer under the clock●
§ 01

নিয়ম ও পরীক্ষা: the rules, the task, and the exclusion list#

●○○FoundationLPAQA 7637 - 3.5 Research topic: students choose one of four topics and must cover all its bullet points; research must be the student's own even if others chose the same topic; sources may be visual, audio or written but must include online sourcesLPAQA 7637 - 3.5 Teacher role: teachers may suggest sources, advise on research technique and set deadlines; teachers must not design material for the project, download or hand over specific sources or extracts, or give feedback on notes or preparatory workLPAQA 7637 - 4.4.4 Writing (Research project): unseen question on an unseen target-language source; approximately 300 words; 40 marks; AO2 /10, AO3 /10, AO4 /20; no dictionaries or notes

Key points

The rules are short and worth reading literally, because two of them are frequently broken by well-meaning teachers. You choose one of the four published topics and must cover ALL of its bullet points - a topic is three questions, not one. The research must be your own even if other students in your class have chosen the same topic. Sources may be visual, audio or written, and must include online sources. Teachers MAY suggest sources of reference including websites, books and magazines; MAY provide support on research technique, including how to store and assimilate what you find; and MAY set deadlines or milestones against which progress is monitored. Teachers MUST NOT provide material designed specifically for the project, MUST NOT download or hand over specific sources or copied and pasted extracts, and MUST NOT give feedback, oral or written, on your notes or preparatory work.
The exam task is not what most candidates expect. There is no coursework, no submitted project and no presentation. In Paper 1 you are given an unseen Bengali source on your chosen research topic and an unseen question about it, and you write approximately 300 words in Bengali, using information from the source together with the knowledge gained from your own research. No dictionaries, no notes and no research materials are permitted in the room. The 40 marks divide into AO2 out of 10, which is about evaluating the topic through the provided source; AO3 out of 10 for quality of language; and AO4 out of 20 for the critical and analytical response and, in AQA's own words, for relevant evidence drawn from the student's individual research, that is, evidence beyond that in the written source text provided.
That last clause deserves emphasis because it is the whole design of the task. The largest single grid in the qualification is reserved for what you know that the source did not tell you. A candidate who paraphrases the provided source skilfully for 300 words can score well on AO2 and can barely score at all on AO4, which is worth twice as much. So the year of research is not preparation for understanding the source; it is preparation for having something to say that the source does not contain. Build the file accordingly: dated institutional facts, named bodies, named laws with their years, attributed positions and documented disagreements are what AO4 counts, and each of them is something a source is unlikely to hand you.
Finally, the choice of research topic interacts with the choice of works in Paper 2, and this subject has a real collision that most do not. আমার বন্ধু রাশেদ, on the specification's film list, is set during 1971 - which is the third bullet of research topic 3.5.4, Emergence of Bangladesh. লন্ডনী কন্যা takes the Sylhet-to-Britain connection as its subject, which brushes research topic 3.5.1 on the role of women as well as the migration sub-theme. And Tagore's গল্পগুচ্ছ contains a great deal about the position of women in family and village life, brushing 3.5.1 again. AQA forbids none of these combinations and states no rule against double credit; the risk is that one body of preparation is asked to do two jobs that two different mark schemes define differently. Write the exclusion list before you choose.
Worked example

Building the research file so that AO4 can be scored

You have chosen a topic and have a year. Build the file that the 20-mark AO4 grid will actually reward.

  1. 01Organise by bullet, not by source

    Three sections, one per bullet point, because the exam question will fall inside one of them and a file organised by source will not surrender its contents under time pressure. Everything you read gets filed into one of the three.

  2. 02Record four kinds of thing and label each

    Dated institutional facts - a law with its year, a body with its founding date, an agreement with its signatories. Named publishing bodies - so that where you would want a statistic you can name who publishes it instead. Attributed positions - who says what, and who disagrees. And documented disagreements - questions that are genuinely open.

  3. 03Record what you do NOT have

    A fourth column for the questions you cannot answer. This is not a weakness in the file; it is what lets you write এ বিষয়ে নির্ভরযোগ্য উপাত্ত সীমিত honestly in the exam, which is a creditable sentence and far better than a figure you half-remember.

  4. 04Use online sources deliberately, because the specification requires them

    Sources may be visual, audio or written but MUST include online sources. Bengali-language news sites in both countries, published reports of international organisations, government portals, recorded interviews and documentary film all qualify. Note the date you accessed each, because online material changes.

  5. 05Do the reading in both languages and write the file in Bengali

    Reading in English is legitimate and often necessary; the essay is in Bengali, so the file has to be in Bengali or you will be translating under exam pressure. Write each entry as a Bengali sentence you could use as it stands.

  6. 06Test the file against an invented question

    Once a term, write yourself an unseen-style question on one bullet and answer it in 300 words from the file alone, in an hour. Whatever you could not answer goes back into the file. Three of these across the year is the single best preparation available for this task.

Result: A file in three sections, four labelled kinds of entry, written in Bengali, with online sources dated and gaps recorded. The test of the file is not its length but whether you can write 300 evaluative words from it without the source in front of you - which is precisely what the AO4 grid asks.

Exam focus

  • All three bullets of your chosen topic are examinable. Prepare all three.
  • AO4 is 20 of the 40 marks and is explicitly for evidence beyond the provided source.
  • No coursework, no submission, no presentation. The whole project is assessed by one 300-word essay written under exam conditions.
  • Write the exclusion list against your Paper 2 works before you commit to a research topic.

Typical mistakes

  • Preparing one bullet of the topic and being asked about another.
  • Building a file of opinions rather than of dated facts, named bodies and attributed positions.
  • Expecting the teacher to supply sources or to correct notes; the specification forbids both.
  • Writing an answer that is a skilful paraphrase of the provided source, and therefore forfeiting most of the AO4 grid.
  • Choosing the research topic that overlaps a Paper 2 work without having thought about it.

Active revision

আপনার গবেষণা বিষয়ের তিনটি বুলেট আলাদা পাতায় লিখুন এবং প্রতিটির নিচে চারটি করে জিনিস সংগ্রহ করুন: (১) একটি তারিখসহ প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক তথ্য, (২) একটি সংস্থার নাম যারা তথ্য প্রকাশ করে, (৩) একটি বিতর্কিত দাবি এবং তা কারা করেন, (৪) একটি প্রশ্ন যার উত্তর আপনি এখনও জানেন না। কোনো সংখ্যা লিখবেন না।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 02

চারটি বিষয়: the other three topics, and how to choose#

●●○StandardLPAQA 7637 - 3.5.1 The role of women in Bengali society; 3.5.2 Child labour in Bengali society; 3.5.3 Tourism in Bengali-speaking countriesLPAQA 7637 - 3.5 Research topic: students must cover all the bullet points of the topic chosen

Key points

3.5.1, The role of women in Bengali society, has three bullets: the changing role of women in society, the role of women in the family, and the impact of working women on Bengali society. The material is abundant and dateable. In Bangladesh: the overwhelmingly female workforce of the ready-made garment industry and the argument, seriously made on both sides, about whether that employment is best described as empowerment or as exploitation; the secondary-school stipend programme for girls from the 1990s, widely credited by researchers with narrowing the gender gap in enrolment; the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 2017, whose special provision drew documented public criticism from women's-rights organisations; and the fifty parliamentary seats reserved for women. In West Bengal: the Kanyashree scheme of conditional payments for girls' education, introduced by the state government in 2013, and the constitutional reservation framework. Personal law differs by religious community in both countries, which is itself a live public argument, and it should be described as an argument.
3.5.2, Child labour in Bengali society, has three bullets: historical background, current situation, and action to eliminate child labour. It is the topic that most demands the discipline of this whole subject, because children are easy to write about badly - as a statistic or as a spectacle - and the correct register is neither. Historically, children have worked in agricultural and household economies across the region for as long as there are records, and the industrial and urban forms are more recent. Currently the documented concentrations are in domestic work, which is the least visible; agriculture; brick fields; transport; small workshops; and the processing of dried fish and leather. It is worth knowing the distinction that the International Labour Organization draws between children in employment, child labour, and hazardous work, because it is the distinction that makes any figure or policy intelligible.
The action bullet of 3.5.2 is where the dated institutional facts are, and there are plenty without a single number. Bangladesh has ratified the ILO's core conventions on the minimum age and on the worst forms of child labour; its Labour Act of 2006 sets a general minimum age for employment and a higher one for hazardous work, and a national list of hazardous occupations for children has been published under it; a National Child Labour Elimination Policy was adopted in 2010. In 1995 the Bangladeshi garment manufacturers' association, the ILO and UNICEF signed a memorandum of understanding to remove under-age workers from export garment factories and place them in schooling - a dated, documented action, and one accompanied by an attributed criticism from researchers that removal without support can displace children into work that is less visible and less regulated. India's Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986, as amended in 2016, prohibits the employment of children below fourteen with an exception for family enterprises outside school hours that child-rights organisations publicly criticised, and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009 sits alongside it. Where you want a number, name the publisher: the ILO, UNICEF, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and its national child labour survey, the census and survey machinery of India.
3.5.3, Tourism in Bengali-speaking countries, has three bullets: the development of a tourist infrastructure, popular sites and places of interest, and regional gastronomy. It is the least contested of the four and the easiest to research safely. Sites with documented international recognition are the safest anchors: in Bangladesh, the Sundarbans, the ruins of the Buddhist vihara at Paharpur and the mosque city of Bagerhat are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List; in India, the Sundarbans on the Indian side, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and, more recently, Santiniketan. Beside them sit Cox's Bazar, Sylhet and the tea gardens of Srimangal, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Old Dhaka, Murshidabad, Bishnupur and Digha. On gastronomy, one item is a documented naming dispute and therefore ideal material: the origin of the rosogolla was publicly contested between West Bengal and Odisha, and in 2017 West Bengal was granted a geographical indication for its own version - a dated fact about a sweet that is also a case study in how food and identity are argued about.
Worked example

Writing about child labour as people rather than as a statistic

Draft a paragraph on the current situation bullet of 3.5.2 that would score on the AO4 grid without a single number and without either sentimentality or dismissal.

  1. 01Start with what the work actually is

    শিশুশ্রমের সবচেয়ে বড় অংশ চোখে পড়ে না, কারণ তা ঘটে বাড়ির ভেতরে - গৃহকর্মে। The largest part of child labour is not visible, because it happens inside houses, in domestic work. A specific, documented observation rather than a general lament.

  2. 02Name the sectors without listing them mechanically

    এর বাইরে কৃষি, ইটভাটা, পরিবহন, ছোট কারখানা এবং শুঁটকি ও চামড়ার কাজে শিশুদের উপস্থিতি নথিভুক্ত হয়েছে। Beyond that, children's presence has been documented in agriculture, brick fields, transport, small workshops and dried-fish and leather work. নথিভুক্ত হয়েছে - has been documented - is the honest verb.

  3. 03Introduce the definitional distinction, because it is what makes policy intelligible

    আন্তর্জাতিক শ্রম সংস্থা কর্মে নিয়োজিত শিশু, শিশুশ্রম এবং ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ - এই তিনটিকে আলাদা করে, আর এই পার্থক্য না জানলে কোনো নীতিই বোঝা যায় না। This single sentence demonstrates that you have read something serious.

  4. 04Write the children as people

    যে শিশু ইটভাটায় কাজ করে, সে সাধারণত পরিবারের সঙ্গেই কাজ করে, আর তার আয় পরিবারের হিসাবের অংশ - এই বাস্তবতা না বুঝলে নিষেধাজ্ঞা কাজ করে না। A child who works in a brick field usually works alongside their family and their earnings are part of the household's accounts; a prohibition that does not understand this does not work. This is analysis and it is also respect.

  5. 05Refuse both the easy registers

    Do not write শিশুদের জীবন নরকের মতো, which is spectacle, and do not write অনেক শিশু কাজ করতে চায়, which is dismissal. Write what is documented and what is argued, and let the reader feel what they will.

  6. 06Name the publisher instead of the number

    সঠিক সংখ্যা নিয়ে মতভেদ আছে; বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরোর শিশুশ্রম জরিপ এবং আন্তর্জাতিক শ্রম সংস্থার প্রতিবেদনই এখানে প্রধান সূত্র। There is disagreement about the exact figures; the national child labour survey and the ILO's reports are the principal sources here.

Result: শিশুশ্রমের সবচেয়ে বড় অংশ চোখে পড়ে না, কারণ তা ঘটে বাড়ির ভেতরে - গৃহকর্মে। এর বাইরে কৃষি, ইটভাটা, পরিবহন, ছোট কারখানা এবং শুঁটকি ও চামড়ার কাজে শিশুদের উপস্থিতি নথিভুক্ত হয়েছে। আন্তর্জাতিক শ্রম সংস্থা কর্মে নিয়োজিত শিশু, শিশুশ্রম এবং ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ কাজ - এই তিনটিকে আলাদা করে, আর এই পার্থক্য না জানলে কোনো নীতিই বোঝা যায় না। যে শিশু ইটভাটায় কাজ করে, সে সাধারণত পরিবারের সঙ্গেই কাজ করে, আর তার আয় পরিবারের হিসাবের অংশ - এই বাস্তবতা না বুঝলে নিষেধাজ্ঞা কাজ করে না। সঠিক সংখ্যা নিয়ে মতভেদ আছে; বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরোর শিশুশ্রম জরিপ এবং আন্তর্জাতিক শ্রম সংস্থার প্রতিবেদনই এখানে প্রধান সূত্র। About 110 words, no number, no spectacle, and four things an examiner can see you know.

Exam focus

  • Every topic is three questions. Prepare all three bullets or accept a one-in-three risk.
  • For 3.5.1, the empowerment-or-exploitation argument about garment employment is the strongest evaluative question available.
  • For 3.5.2, the 1995 memorandum and its attributed criticism is the model of a dated action with a documented critique.
  • For 3.5.3, UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions and the 2017 rosogolla geographical indication are dated anchors that need no statistics.

Typical mistakes

  • Writing about women, or children, as a category rather than as people with circumstances, choices and constraints.
  • Quoting a figure for garment employment, child labour or tourist arrivals from memory.
  • Presenting garment employment as straightforwardly empowering or straightforwardly exploitative.
  • Confusing Bangladeshi and Indian legislation, which have different names and different years.
  • Choosing tourism because it looks easy and then writing a travel brochure, which has no argument in it and cannot reach the AO4 bands.

Active revision

চারটি বিষয়ের প্রতিটির জন্য একটি করে মূল্যায়নধর্মী প্রশ্ন লিখুন - এমন প্রশ্ন যার উত্তরে দুটি পক্ষ থাকতে পারে। তারপর প্রতিটি প্রশ্নের জন্য দুটি করে পক্ষ ও তাদের যুক্তি এক বাক্যে লিখুন, এবং প্রতিটি যুক্তির সঙ্গে কারা তা বলেন তা যুক্ত করুন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 03

ভাষা আন্দোলন: background to the war of independence, and the language movement#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.5.4 Emergence of Bangladesh: Background to the war of independenceLPAQA 7637 - 3.5.4 Emergence of Bangladesh: Language movement

From partition to International Mother Language Day

1947 to 1999Timeline from 1945 to 2000, 1947: Partition, 1948: Language question, 1952: Ekushey, 1956: State language, 1971: Liberation war, 1999: UNESCO day194520001947Partition1948Languagequestion1952Ekushey1956State language1971Liberation war1999UNESCO day
Fig. 1The dated spine of research topic 3.5.4, from the partition of 1947 to UNESCO's proclamation of 1999. Only years are shown, because a timeline is a frame for a sequence and not a substitute for knowing the days - and the days matter here, particularly 21 February and 16 December. Note how tightly 1947, 1948, 1952 and 1956 sit together: the whole language movement occupies less than a decade.

Key points

The first two bullets of 3.5.4 have a documented sequence and the sequence is the safest and richest way into the topic. The partition of British India in 1947 divided Bengal, and its eastern part became East Bengal, later East Pakistan, a province separated from the rest of the state by more than a thousand miles of Indian territory and differing from it in language. In 1948 the question of a state language became a public issue in Dhaka, following the proposal that Urdu alone should be the state language of Pakistan, and student demonstrations followed. The movement continued through the early 1950s, and on 21 February 1952 - the eighth of Falgun, 1358, in the Bengali calendar - police fired on a student demonstration in Dhaka that had deliberately defied a prohibitory order under section 144. Several people were killed; the names commonly recorded include Abul Barkat, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Abdul Jabbar and Abdus Salam. The number of deaths is not reliably established and no figure is given here.
What happened afterwards is what makes 21 February a hinge rather than an incident. A monument, the শহীদ মিনার, was raised by students within days, was destroyed, and was rebuilt; the day became an annual observance, একুশে ফেব্রুয়ারি, marked by processions to the monument at dawn and by the laying of flowers. In 1956 the constitution of Pakistan recognised Bengali alongside Urdu as a state language of the country - the movement's stated objective, achieved four years after the killings. And in 1999 UNESCO proclaimed 21 February as International Mother Language Day, observed from 2000, so that a demonstration in Dhaka became the origin of an observance now marked internationally. That last fact is documented, dateable and unusually useful, because it lets a candidate connect a local event to a global institution in one sentence.
The language movement matters for this specification beyond its own bullet, and noticing the connections is what an AO4 grid means by knowledge and understanding. It is the origin of the annual book fair in Dhaka, which grew out of the February observance and is now the centre of the Bangladeshi publishing year - which links this research topic to the festivals sub-theme. It is the reason 21 February is written ২১শে ফেব্রুয়ারি with the ordinal date suffix taught in the grammar list. It is a founding episode in the student-political tradition that runs through 1969, 1990 and 2024 - which links it to the politics-and-young-people sub-theme. And it is the reason the word রাষ্ট্রভাষা, state language, carries the weight it does in Bengali.
The events between 1952 and 1971 supply the rest of the background bullet, and they should be given as a dated sequence with the interpretation attributed. In 1966 a six-point programme of provincial autonomy was put forward by the Awami League. In 1969 a mass upsurge in East Pakistan brought down the military government of the day. In December 1970 a general election was held in which the Awami League won a large majority of the National Assembly's seats; the Assembly was not convened on the date first announced, and negotiations over the transfer of power did not succeed. On 7 March 1971 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed a very large gathering at the Racecourse Ground in Dhaka; the recording of that speech was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2017. How much each of these steps made the war inevitable is precisely the kind of question historians disagree about, and the correct treatment is ঐতিহাসিকদের মধ্যে এ নিয়ে মতভেদ আছে.
Worked example

Writing about 1952 without a casualty figure

Draft the paragraph on the language movement that an examiner would credit, in Bengali, with no number invented.

  1. 01Give the date in both calendars

    ১৯৫২ সালের ২১শে ফেব্রুয়ারি, বাংলা পঞ্জিকায় ৮ই ফাল্গুন ১৩৫৮, ঢাকায় ছাত্রদের একটি মিছিলে পুলিশ গুলি চালায়। Both calendars is how Bangladeshi writing dates this event, and doing it shows you have read Bengali sources rather than English ones.

  2. 02Say what the demonstration was doing

    মিছিলটি ১৪৪ ধারা ভেঙেই বের হয়েছিল, কারণ ছাত্ররা রাষ্ট্রভাষার দাবিতে নীরব থাকতে রাজি ছিলেন না। The procession went out in deliberate breach of the order under section 144. This connects the event to the politics sub-theme's vocabulary and shows the act was deliberate rather than accidental.

  3. 03Handle the deaths honestly

    কয়েকজন নিহত হন; নিহতদের মধ্যে বরকত, রফিক, জব্বার ও সালামের নাম সাধারণত উল্লেখ করা হয়। সঠিক সংখ্যা নিয়ে নির্ভরযোগ্য হিসাব নেই। Several were killed; the names usually recorded are these; there is no reliable count of the exact number. Naming individuals who are publicly commemorated is appropriate; inventing a total is not.

  4. 04Give the consequence, dated

    ১৯৫৬ সালের সংবিধানে বাংলা উর্দুর পাশাপাশি রাষ্ট্রভাষার স্বীকৃতি পায়। In the 1956 constitution Bengali received recognition as a state language alongside Urdu. Consequence, four years later, dated.

  5. 05Give the international consequence

    ১৯৯৯ সালে ইউনেস্কো ২১শে ফেব্রুয়ারিকে আন্তর্জাতিক মাতৃভাষা দিবস হিসেবে ঘোষণা করে, আর ২০০০ সাল থেকে দিনটি আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে পালিত হয়। Note পালিত হয় rather than উদযাপিত হয়: the day commemorates deaths and the verb has to be observance rather than celebration.

  6. 06Close with the connection, not a summary

    এই আন্দোলনের ধারাবাহিকতাতেই ঢাকার অমর একুশে বইমেলা গড়ে ওঠে - অর্থাৎ একটি শোকের দিন থেকেই দেশের সবচেয়ে বড় সাংস্কৃতিক আয়োজনটি জন্ম নেয়। The book fair grew out of the observance: a day of mourning became the country's largest cultural event. That sentence is an argument, and it is the kind of thing the AO4 grid means by evidence used to justify a conclusion.

Result: About 120 words carrying five dates, four named individuals who are publicly commemorated, one explicit statement that the total is not reliably known, one international consequence and one analytical closing connection - and not a single invented figure. Saying that a number is not established is stronger than guessing it, and an examiner can tell the difference.

Exam focus

  • 1947, 1948, 21 February 1952, 1956, 1966, 1969, December 1970, 7 March 1971, 1999 - the dated spine of the first two bullets.
  • No death toll is given for 1952 because none is reliably established. Say so rather than guessing.
  • The UNESCO proclamation of 1999 and the Memory of the World inscription of 2017 are dated, checkable and unusually useful.
  • Attribute every claim about causation. Historians disagree about how inevitable the war was.

Typical mistakes

  • Giving a number of deaths for 21 February 1952.
  • Treating the language movement as a single day rather than as a movement across years.
  • Saying that Bengali became the state language in 1952; the constitutional recognition came in 1956.
  • Asserting that any one event caused the war.
  • Missing the connections to the festivals, grammar and youth-politics parts of the specification, which are free marks for knowledge and understanding.

Active revision

১৯৪৭ থেকে ১৯৭১ পর্যন্ত একটি তারিখভিত্তিক ক্রম লিখুন - অন্তত আটটি ঘটনা, প্রতিটির সাল ও এক লাইনের বর্ণনা সহ। তারপর আলাদা করে লিখুন কোন দাবিগুলো নথিভুক্ত তথ্য এবং কোনগুলো ব্যাখ্যা, এবং প্রতিটি ব্যাখ্যার পাশে লিখুন তা কারা দেন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 04

মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ১৯৭১: the war, its names, and what cannot be counted#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 3.5.4 Emergence of Bangladesh: Liberation war of 1971LPAQA 7637 - 4.7.1 Paper 1 Research project AO4: relevant evidence drawn from the student's individual research, used to justify conclusions

Key points

Begin with the names, because the naming is part of the content and because a candidate who handles it well has demonstrated exactly the critical response this specification asks for. In Bangladesh the events of 1971 are called the মুক্তিযুদ্ধ, the liberation war, and the state's own commemorative vocabulary follows from that: মুক্তিযোদ্ধা, freedom fighter; শহীদ, martyr; বিজয় দিবস, Victory Day. AQA's own bullet uses war of independence. In Indian accounts the concurrent state-to-state conflict is generally called the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. In Pakistani accounts the events have often been described in terms of a civil war, and the end of the conflict as the fall of Dhaka or the separation of East Pakistan. These are not neutral alternatives: each name carries a claim about what happened and who did it. Say so, name the users, and then use the name your own account requires while acknowledging the others.
The dated sequence is documented and should be given plainly. On the night of 25 March 1971 the Pakistan Army launched a military operation in Dhaka. Bangladesh observes 26 March as Independence Day. On 17 April 1971 a provisional government took its oath at Mujibnagar. The Bengali resistance forces, the মুক্তিবাহিনী, fought through the year, and very large numbers of people crossed into India as refugees. On 3 December 1971 India entered the war. On 14 December a number of Bengali intellectuals were killed in Dhaka, and the day is commemorated as শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী দিবস. On 16 December 1971 the Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka, and Bangladesh observes the day as বিজয় দিবস. A constitution was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into effect on 16 December 1972.
On casualties, the honest position is the only defensible one and it is worth writing out. The figure used officially in Bangladesh and the figure given in the report of Pakistan's own commission of inquiry into the events differ by orders of magnitude. Independent scholarly estimates lie between the two and disagree substantially with one another. No figure is given in these notes, and none should be given in an exam answer, because a number recalled imprecisely on this subject is worse than no number at all. What CAN be written, and is worth more, is why the estimates differ: there was no contemporaneous count; the killing occurred across a whole territory over nine months rather than in identifiable events; the population was displaced on a very large scale, which makes even census-based estimation unreliable; and the number carries political weight in three countries, so the bodies producing estimates are not disinterested. A candidate who explains that has demonstrated more historical understanding than one who recites a figure.
The atrocities of 1971 are documented and must be stated without invention. Mass killings of civilians are documented. Sexual violence against women was widespread and is documented; the Bangladeshi state subsequently conferred the honorific বীরাঙ্গনা, war heroine, on survivors, and the history of that designation - what it recognised and what it failed to provide - is itself a subject of published research and public argument. The targeted killing of intellectuals in December 1971 is commemorated annually. No testimony is invented in these notes and none should be invented in an answer: where a survivor's account is used, it must be a published account you have actually read, and it must be attributed. On accountability, an International Crimes Tribunal was established in Bangladesh in 2010, under legislation of 1973, to try offences committed in 1971. Its work has been publicly defended by the government as delivering long-delayed justice and publicly criticised by international human-rights organisations on fair-trial grounds. Both positions are stated here; no individual case is discussed, and no verdict is anticipated.
Worked example

Answering a research-project question on a contested history

The unseen source is a Bengali article about how 1971 is taught in schools, and the unseen question asks whether the events of 1971 are remembered in the same way by everyone. Plan the 300 words.

  1. 01Read the question for what it actually asks

    It asks about REMEMBERING, not about what happened. That is a question about historiography and public memory, and a candidate who answers it with a narrative of the war has answered a different question. Notice this in the first thirty seconds.

  2. 02Take two points from the source and mark them

    উৎসের তথ্য অনুযায়ী … Two points, no more; the source is worth 10 marks and your own research is worth 20. If the source is about school teaching, take what it says about the curriculum and what it says about disagreement.

  3. 03Bring the naming dispute from your own research

    This is the strongest single piece of evidence available on this question and the source will almost certainly not supply it. বাংলাদেশে একে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ বলা হয়; ভারতীয় বিবরণে ১৯৭১ সালের ভারত-পাকিস্তান যুদ্ধ; পাকিস্তানি বিবরণে প্রায়ই গৃহযুদ্ধ বা ঢাকার পতন। নামই বলে দেয় কে কী দাবি করছে.

  4. 04Bring the estimates problem

    হতাহতের সংখ্যা নিয়ে বাংলাদেশের সরকারি হিসাব ও পাকিস্তানের তদন্ত কমিশনের প্রতিবেদনের হিসাবের মধ্যে বিরাট ব্যবধান আছে, আর স্বাধীন গবেষকদের হিসাবও একে অন্যের সঙ্গে মেলে না। No figure; the disagreement itself is the evidence.

  5. 05Bring one institutional fact

    ২০১০ সালে গঠিত আন্তর্জাতিক অপরাধ ট্রাইব্যুনাল নিয়ে সরকার ও আন্তর্জাতিক মানবাধিকার সংস্থাগুলোর অবস্থান আলাদা - যা দেখায় স্মৃতি এখনও প্রতিষ্ঠানের প্রশ্ন হয়ে আছে। An institution with a date, and both positions named.

  6. 06Conclude by answering the question asked

    উপসংহারে বলা যায়, ১৯৭১ সাল সবাই একইভাবে মনে রাখে না; নামকরণ, সংখ্যা ও বিচার - তিনটি ক্ষেত্রেই মতভেদ আছে, এবং এই মতভেদ নিজেই ইতিহাসের অংশ। Naming, numbers and justice: three sites of disagreement, and the disagreement is itself part of the history.

Result: About 300 words: 40 framing, 60 from the source, 150 from your own research across three kinds of evidence, 50 for the conclusion. The answer never states what happened in 1971 beyond the dated minimum, because the question was not about that - and it scores on the 20-mark AO4 grid because every one of its three main pieces of evidence came from a year of reading rather than from the page in front of it.

Exam focus

  • Teach the naming as part of the content: muktijuddho, war of independence, Indo-Pakistani war, and the terms used in Pakistani accounts.
  • 25 March, 26 March, 17 April, 3 December, 14 December and 16 December 1971 are the dated spine.
  • Give no casualty figure. Explain instead why the estimates differ by orders of magnitude - that is the better answer.
  • For the tribunal, give the dates, the purpose, the government's defence and the human-rights criticism, and stop.

Typical mistakes

  • Reproducing a casualty figure from memory or from a single source, on a question where the figure is itself contested.
  • Using one name for the war as though it were the neutral one.
  • Inventing testimony, or attributing a quotation to a survivor.
  • Discussing individual tribunal cases or anticipating verdicts.
  • Writing about 1971 as a single event rather than as nine months across a whole territory.

Active revision

একটি অনুচ্ছেদ লিখুন (১৩০ শব্দ) যেখানে আপনি ব্যাখ্যা করবেন কেন ১৯৭১ সালের হতাহতের সংখ্যা নিয়ে হিসাব এত আলাদা। কোনো সংখ্যা লিখবেন না। অন্তত তিনটি কারণ দিন এবং প্রতিটি কারণ কেন সংখ্যা নির্ধারণকে কঠিন করে তা এক বাক্যে ব্যাখ্যা করুন। শেষে লিখুন কোন কোন প্রতিষ্ঠান বা গবেষক এই বিষয়ে হিসাব প্রকাশ করেছেন।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

§ 05

উত্তর লেখা: the 40-mark answer under the clock#

●●●AdvancedLPAQA 7637 - 4.4.4 Writing (Research project): approximately 300 words; no dictionaries or notesLPAQA 7637 - 4.7.1 Paper 1 Research project: AO2 out of 10, AO3 out of 10, AO4 out of 20; AO4 marks are for evidence beyond that in the provided source

Key points

The task has an unusual shape and the shape decides the answer. You have an unseen Bengali source, an unseen question, 300 words and three grids. AO2 out of 10 rewards your evaluation of the topic through the provided source. AO3 out of 10 rewards the quality of the Bengali. AO4 out of 20 - half the marks - rewards the critical and analytical response and, explicitly, evidence drawn from your own individual research beyond what the source contains. It follows arithmetically that the source should occupy roughly a fifth of the answer and your own material roughly half, and that an answer which is a well-written summary of the source is structurally capped at about half the available marks however good it is.
The first two minutes decide the rest. Read the QUESTION first, twice, and identify which of your topic's three bullets it falls in; then read the source, marking only the two things you will actually use. Do not read the source first: a source read before the question is a source that colonises the answer, and the commonest failure in this task is an essay that follows the source's structure rather than the question's. Then spend three minutes on a plan that names the claim, the two source points, three pieces of your own evidence and the conclusion. Five minutes of reading and planning out of the sixty-five you have budgeted is cheap, and it is what makes the writing fast.
The architecture that satisfies all three grids in 300 words is fixed. Open with a claim that answers the question - about forty words including the framing of the source. Then one paragraph using the source, marked as such with উৎসে বলা হয়েছে যে or উৎসের তথ্য অনুযায়ী, about sixty words: this is your AO2. Then two paragraphs of your own evidence, about seventy words each, each one a dated fact, a named institution or an attributed position that the source did not supply: this is your AO4. Then a conclusion of about fifty words that draws something the argument earned rather than restating the opening. Five paragraphs, 300 words, three grids served in known proportions.
The AO3 marks are earned inside that architecture, not alongside it, and they are earned by deliberate range. Plan five structures before writing: a relative clause in the claim, an impersonal passive in the source paragraph, a concessive in one evidence paragraph, a compound or conjunct verb in the other, and a conditional in the conclusion. Then run the two check passes at the end: language first - honorific level, tenses, classifiers, case, নুক্তা and চন্দ্রবিন্দু, connectives - and argument second - does each paragraph advance the claim, is every contested statement attributed, and is there any number in the answer that you cannot source? If there is, delete it and name the publishing body instead. That single substitution has never lost a candidate a mark and has often saved one.
Worked example

Marking your own answer against the three grids

You have written a 300-word practice answer. Mark it yourself against AO2, AO3 and AO4, and find out where the marks actually went.

  1. 01AO2, out of 10: count the source

    Underline every sentence that uses the provided source. Is it clearly marked as the source's - উৎসে বলা হয়েছে, উৎসের তথ্য অনুযায়ী? If the examiner cannot tell which material came from the source, they cannot award AO2 for it. Two clearly marked points, evaluated rather than merely reported, is a good AO2 answer.

  2. 02AO4, out of 20: count what the source did not give you

    Underline in a different colour every dated fact, named institution and attributed position that the source did not contain. If there are fewer than three, the answer cannot reach the upper AO4 bands, because the descriptor asks for CONSISTENT selection of relevant information and use of appropriate evidence.

  3. 03AO4 again: check for a critical response

    Is there a sentence anywhere that acknowledges a position other than yours? The top band asks for an excellent critical and analytical response, and an answer with no counter-position has not been critical of anything, including itself.

  4. 04AO3, out of 10: run the language list

    Honorific level consistent? Tenses deliberate? Every counted noun with a classifier? Genitives before genitive-governing postpositions? নুক্তা and চন্দ্রবিন্দু present? At least four different connectives? Six checks, each of which is either passed or not.

  5. 05Check the proportions

    Roughly 20 per cent source, 50 per cent own evidence, 30 per cent claim and conclusion. If the source occupies half the answer, you have written a summary; if your own material is a single sentence, you have not researched enough.

  6. 06Find the one number and delete it

    Search the answer for any figure. If you cannot name where it came from, delete it and write the publishing body instead. Then read the sentence again: it is almost always stronger.

Result: A self-marking routine in six checks: source marked and evaluated, three or more pieces of own evidence, one acknowledged counter-position, six language checks, the 20-50-30 proportion, and no unsourced number. Run it on every practice answer and the pattern of your own losses becomes visible within a term.

Exam focus

  • AO4 is 20 of the 40 marks and is for evidence the source did not give you. Structure the answer around that fact.
  • Read the question before the source, always.
  • Five paragraphs: claim, source, own evidence, own evidence, conclusion - roughly 40, 60, 70, 70, 50 words.
  • Delete any number you cannot source and name the publishing body instead.

Typical mistakes

  • Reading the source first and writing an answer shaped by it.
  • Paraphrasing the source at length and forfeiting most of the AO4 grid.
  • Writing 500 words and taking the time from the reading section or the translation.
  • Failing to mark which material is the source's, so the examiner cannot award AO2.
  • Including a remembered statistic on a subject where the statistics are contested.

Active revision

নিজের গবেষণা বিষয়ে একটি অদেখা প্রশ্ন লিখে ফেলুন এবং একটি বাংলা সংবাদ প্রতিবেদনকে উৎস হিসেবে ধরুন। ঘড়ি ধরে ৬৫ মিনিটে ৩০০ শব্দের উত্তর লিখুন - পাঁচ মিনিট পড়া ও পরিকল্পনা, পঞ্চাশ মিনিট লেখা, দশ মিনিট যাচাই। শেষে গুনে দেখুন কত শব্দ উৎস থেকে এসেছে এবং কত শব্দ আপনার নিজের গবেষণা থেকে।

Active recall

Recall the key points — then reveal.

Sources: AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification (AQA)

Contents

Section -- / 05

    • 01নিয়ম ও পরীক্ষা: the rules, the task, and the exclusion list○
    • 02চারটি বিষয়: the other three topics, and how to choose◐
    • 03ভাষা আন্দোলন: background to the war of independence, and the language movement●
    • 04মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ১৯৭১: the war, its names, and what cannot be counted●
    • 05উত্তর লেখা: the 40-mark answer under the clock●

0/5 Read

From notes into training

স্বতন্ত্র গবেষণা প্রকল্প: the research topic and the 40-mark essay

Reinforce this topic with matching tasks from the question bank.

~35
min
4
Competencies
Practise

References & sources

Sources

AQA

  • AQA A-level Bengali (Listening, Reading, Writing) 7637 specification

Previous topic

নির্ধারিত চলচ্চিত্র: the prescribed films and how to write about them

EuraStudy·Notes T·13·MMXXVI

Last topic of this subject — back to the subject overview.